Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Policy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The original 13 states were created from ________ to private companies and _______

A
  • British land grants

- Individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why did the English Crown make land grants?

A

To promote mercantilism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Economic development was promoted when:

A
  • A colony exported raw materials to Mother Country
  • Manufactures in Mother Country added value by processing raw materials into goods
  • Then the processed goods were shipped back to colony and purchased by colonists colonies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

After winning the Revolutionary War, the original 13 states:

A

owned all the land within their borders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The Federal Government never owned any land in the _______ except when _______

A
  • orignial 13 colonies

- it was purchased or acquired for military bases, post offices, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Problems after Independence

A
  • Vague colonial boundaries led to large (sometimes overlapping) claims by some of the original 13 states
  • US and all original 13 states had war debts to foreign nations and veterans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The original 13 states ceded _____ million acres, which makes up _____% of the current US

A

236, 10.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hamiltons solution to war debt:

A
  • Orignial 13 states transferred lands west of current boundaries to the federal government
  • US sold “new public lands” at public auctions or transferred to veterans to pay US war debts and the debts the US acquired from the states
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What were the results of Hamiltons war debt idea

A
  • US repaid its existing and newly acquired debts quickly

- purposes of land disposal changes after debt repaid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 establish

A

-Established the General Land Office (GLO), Northwest Territory, and how states would entire the union

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What did the Land Ordinance of 1785 actually do

A
  • Create townships (36 sq miles) compromised of 36 sectors (1 sq mile each = 640 acres) as the basis for all property boundaries (6mile x 6 mile)
  • Section 16 was for the support of education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How did the US pay off solider debt

A
  • Orignial 13 states and fed gov made land grants to soldiers
  • Most soldiers didn’t want to move so they sold their land to speculators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Because land prices were fairly high and the auctioned lands were usually very isolated, ______ purchased most land and:

A
  • Speculators

- sold the land often after establishing towns to individuals and families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preemption is the predecessor to

A

The Homestead Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Before Preemption (1785 - 1829)

A
  • Squatters had no rights to land they occupied

- Government wanted to sell the land and squatters had no money to buy the land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

US Government Policy of Preemption (1830-1861)

A

-Squatters had the right of first refusal to buy 160 acres for $1.25 per acre if (s)he agreed to improve the land before it was auctioned to the public

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Homestead Act (1862)

A
  • Gained more support as more western states were admitted to union
  • 80 (later 160) acres to free white male who: cleared land, improved land, and held it in the family for 5 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why did the Homestead Act fail (myth vs reality)

A

-Because the line of settlement was west of the 100th meridian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Railroad Land Grants (1850)

A
  • US conveyed alternating sections, 6 (later up to 40) miles on each side of the tracks
  • Encouraged expansion of railroads and increased the value of government land
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

O & C lands

A
  • Oregon and California

- contains incredible amounts of biodiversity and timber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

US Policy: Retain Land (1891-Present)

A

These lands became the “Public Domain” and are some of the lands the US Gov currently owns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

US Policy: Aquire Land (1911-Present)

A

Some of these lands became NFs, NPs, NWRs, and other lands the US Gov currently owns
-Generally in the eastern US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Emersion

A
  • Nature is morally instructive

- The ‘Nobel Savage’ concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Transcendentalists (Bryant, Emerson, and Thoreau)

A
  • Humans through their inner perceptions are one with each other and one with nature, and nature is one with God
  • Believed an explicit link between nature and God
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

George Perkins Marsh

A
  • Linked the condition of land to the condition of civilizations
  • Theory: Us needs to wisely use resources if we want our civilization to last
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Progressive movement (1870-1920)

A

-Post Civil War: American Industrial Revolution -> Rise of corporate influence (trusts) -> Economic transformation and the concentration of wealth -> Progressivism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Progressive Philosophy

A
  • Regulate monopolies through anti-trust laws
  • Enact public health laws
  • Change Constitution to directly elect the US Senate
  • Create a civil service system
  • Use natural resources based on scientific knowledge and the use of technology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Retention - Withdrawals

A

Lands withdrawn from homesteading and other acquisition mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Retention - Reservations

A

Lands reserved for a purpose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reserved Lands - National Forest System (HISTORY)

A
  • Created in 1891 by the Creative Act
  • 1905: Forest Reserve renamed National Forests
  • 1911 Weeks Act
  • 1960: National Grasslands
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Currently _____ National Forests that cover _____ million acres
Currently ____ National Grasslands that cover _____ million acres

A
  • 155/192
  • 20/3
  • All Under the National Forest System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Creative Act

A
  • Creates National Forests System (1891)

- Allows President to create federal Forest Reserves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Weeks Act (1911)

A
  • Where we see the beginning of acquisition of property by US
  • Allows purchase of eastern National Forests
  • Allows US Gov to acquire land for national parks/forests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Reserved Lands - NPS (National Parks System) HISTORY

A
  • 1872 yellowstone reserved
  • 1906 Antiquities Act
  • 1916 National Park Service
  • 1970 Natural, historic, and recreational areas included in National Park system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

There are currently _____ units on ____ million acres that are managed by the NPS

A

-390+ / 79

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

HISTORY

Reserved lands-National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS)

A
  • First National Wildlife Refuge: Pelican Island, Florida 1903
  • Fish and Wildlife Service created in 1940
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

FWS

A

Fish and Wildlife Service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

There are currently _____ NWRs on _____ million acres

A

520 / 95.6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Withdrawn Lands: Bureau of Land Management Lands (BLM) History

BLM manages 1/8 US lands mass
mostly grazing and desert lands

A
  • These are the lands no-one else wanted or had no use for
  • 1984 Taylor Grazing Act that ended the Homestead
  • 1976 Federal Land Policy and Management Act: Retention of current public lands becomes official US policy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

BLM

A

Bureau of Land Management

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

BLM manages the _________ out of all the services

A

most land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Why does the federal government own more land in the west

A

because they switched from disposal to retention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Characteristics of Bureaucratic Systems

A
  • Hierarchal authority
  • Job specialization
  • Formalized rules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hierarchal Authority

A

A chain of command

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Job specialization

A

Precise, defined, devision of labor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Formalized Rules

A

Standardized and established procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

4 Types of Agencies

A

Cabinet Agencies
Indépendent Agencies
Regulatory Agencies
Government Corporations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Cabinet Agencies

A

Semiautonomous operating units (BLM FWS) in Departments (DOI, DOD, DOA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Indépendent Agencies

A

Narrower responsibilities than cabinet agencies - placement often to address symbolic or practical issues

50
Q

Regulatory Agencies

A
  • Have executive, legislative, and judicial functions

- Some autonomous, some not

51
Q

Government Corporations

A

-receive some federal funding

52
Q

DOA secretary

A

Dept of Agriculture

Sonny Perdue

53
Q

Services under the DOA

A

Forest Services (FS) and National Resource Conservation Services (NRCS)

54
Q

DOD

A

Department of Defense

55
Q

ACE

A

Army Corps of Engineers

56
Q

What department falls under the DOD

A

ACE

57
Q

DOC

A

Department of Commerce

58
Q

EPA Administrator

A

Andrew Wheeler

59
Q

DOI and secretary

A

Department of Interior

Ryan Zinke

60
Q

What departments fall under the DOI

A
  • BIA
  • BLM
  • BOR
  • GS
  • NPS
  • FWS
61
Q

BLM

A

Bureau of Land Management

62
Q

BIA

A

Bureau of Indian Affairs

63
Q

BOR

A

Bureau of Reclamation

64
Q

FWS

A

Fish and Wildlife Service

65
Q

GS

A

Geologic Survey

66
Q

NRCS

A

National Resource Conservation Service

67
Q

FS

A

Forest Service

68
Q

CURRENT Management Mandates of the Forest Service

A

-Since 1960, the NFS has been managed for (as equals ) “multiple use” : WATER/WILDLIFE/WOOD/RANGE/RECREATION

69
Q

CURRENT management mandates of the NPS

A
  • since 1970 NPS has been managed for (in order)
    1) Preservation of Resources
    2) Recreation
70
Q

CURRENT management mandates of the FWS

A
  • Has been managed for IN ORDER
    1) Conserve resources and habitat
    2) Compatible wildlife dependent recreation
    3) Non-wildlife dependent use
71
Q

CURRENT management mandate for BLM

A
  • Since 1976 BLM lands have been managed for AS EQUALS

- WATER/WILDLIFE/WOOD/RANGE/RECREATION

72
Q

Congress/Presidnet have created specific management mandates for lands designated as:

A

Wilderness
Wild and Scenic rivers
National Trails

73
Q

Lands managed (LOCATION) - FS

A

-Most lands are located in Western US, but there are lands throughout the US

74
Q

Lands managed (LOCATION) - NPS

A

-Most lands are in Alaska but there are parts of the entire system in every state

75
Q

Lands managed (LOCATION) - FWS

A

-Most lands are in Alaska, but parts of every system in every state

76
Q

Lands managed (LOCATION) - BLM

A

-Lands split between Alaska and western US, No lands are east of the Mississippi

77
Q

FS resources managed

A

155 national forests

20 national grasslands

78
Q

NPS resources managed

A

417 total units, 77.6 million acres

79
Q

__________ has the most acres, ________ have the second most

A
  • Naitonal Parks

- National Preserves

80
Q

Resources managed by FWS

A
  • National Wildlife Refuge (520 most in Alaska)

- Fisheries Program (69 hatcheries)

81
Q

Resources managed by BLM

A
  • 261 million acres all in west
  • On shore subsurface rights
  • manages more lands in the west than any other agency
82
Q

Organization of FS

A

-Spatially with regional office and 9 regions

83
Q

Organization of NPS

A

-Regions separated by names

84
Q

Organization of FWS

A

-Regions separated by number

85
Q

Organization of BLM

A
  • Only Western US and organized to state boundaries

- Some states are combined

86
Q

Agency Planning

A

Long term assessments (50 years) -> Unit plans (15 years) -> Projects

87
Q

Long term assessments

A

-Evaluate supply and demand for systems resources 50 years in the future, based on historic trends and predictions

88
Q

Unit Planning process

A
  • Every 15 years
  • Divides lands into management areas and define objectives for each management area
  • Pre-plan planning and public participation -> Draft Plan -> Public comment -> Final Plan
89
Q

Projects

A

-implement final plan during 15 years covered by the unit plans

90
Q

NEPA

A
  • National Environmental Policy Act
  • Requires federal agencies to consider environmental effects of their actions but does not require them to choose the most environmental friendly action
  • Covers federal actions only
91
Q

New York States Public Lands are split between

A

OPRHP and DEC

92
Q

OPRHP

A
  • Office of Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation

- administers state park system

93
Q

DEC - State Forests

A

-Lands are managed for WATERSHED, WOOD, RECREATION, WILDLIFE

94
Q

DEC - WMUs

A
  • Wildlife Management Units
  • Boundaries determined mostly by highways and water bodies
  • Used to set hunting, trapping seasons, especially doe permits
95
Q

DEC - WMAs

A
  • Wildlife Management Areas
  • Acquired for the production and use of wildlife
  • Used extensively for hunting, fishing, and trapping
96
Q

WMAs are _______ WMUs

A

Within

97
Q

Catskill and ADK Parks “cut and run”

A
  • Best lands purchased by wealthy citizens, and hunting and fishing clubs, other lands were purchased by timber companies
  • Timber companies cut and run other lands -> taxes unpaid -> land escheated to counties
98
Q

Solution to cut and run

A
  • NYS took over lands from county, but counties were still responsible for taxes to NYS
  • Counties taxes to NYS later forgiven
99
Q

Catskill and ADK parks : 1984 Constitutional Convention

A

-Article 14: State lands = “Forever Wild”

100
Q

What does Forever wild mean

A
  • Lands owned by the state of NY will be forever kept as wild forest lands. State cannot sell, remove, or destroy timber on the lands
  • IN ORDER FOR LAND TO BE FOREVER WILD IT MUST BE OWNED BT THE STATE OR IN CATSKILL PARK
101
Q

APA

A

Adirondack Park Agency

102
Q

Catskill and ADK park expansion and administration

A
  • State gradually purchased private lands within the blue line
  • ADK 6 million acres, approx 50% private and 50% forest preserve
  • Catskills 700,000 acres 2005: 54% private, 41% forest preserves 5% NYC
103
Q

State lands managed by

A

DEC

104
Q

Private lands regulated by

A

ADK Adirondack park agency and local governments

105
Q

NEPA is triggered when …..

A

1) When a agency undertakes/permits/funds and action

106
Q

Whats the first thing looked at when NEPA is triggered

A

Is there a categorial exclusion for the agency action?

107
Q

CE

A

Categorial exclusion

regular actions that and agency undertakes

108
Q

EIS trigger language (occurs if there is no CE)

A

(Agency determines if the proposed action is) a major federal action, that significantly affects the human environment

109
Q

EA

A

Environmental Assessment
-Purpose is the answer whether the proposed action is a major federal action that significantly affects the human environment

110
Q

FONSI

A
  • Finding of no significant impact

- Purpose is to explain there is no significant impact

111
Q

Who prepares the EIS/FONSI/EA

A

-Agency or Environmental consulting firm or third party

112
Q

EIS Process (IN ORDER)

A

1) Notice of intent and scoping
2) Prepares a draft EIS (DEIS)
3) Comment period (must be written)
4) Agency makes final EIS (FEIS)
5) Record of division (ROD) (final decision on action)

113
Q

EIS

A

Environmental Impact Statement

114
Q

EIS Process (2) DEIS must contain

A

1) A range of alternatives (5-8 alt ways action can be done)
- One alternative must be the no action alternative
- Must identify preferred alternative
2) Must describe env consequences for each alternative
- Must include env consequences that cant be avoided
- Must include mitigation measures that can be undertaken to avoid env impacts

115
Q

EIS Process (1) Notice of Intent and Scoping purpose

A

-to inform the public and other agencies that the entity will prepare and EIS

116
Q

EIS Process (3) Comment Period

A
  • written comments must be accepted

- purpose is to make a better FEIS

117
Q

EIS Process (4) FEIS must include

A

1) Responses to categories of comments

2) Name the current preferred alternative

118
Q

EIS Process (5) Record of Division

A

-Final decision on the action

119
Q

ROD

A

Record of Division

120
Q

CEQ

A

Council of Environmental Quality

121
Q

CEQ regulations define

A

what a major federal action is, significant effects, and human environment

Policy (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions