Exam 1 continued

Question 1

What are the agricultures impact on the environment?

Answer 1

• alters ecosystem functions (removes energy and nutrients and increases frequency and duration of pest outbreaks
• emits greenhouse gases
• Impacts water quality and quantity
• Loss of biodiversity
• degrades soil and causes erosion

Question 2

How can government change farmers behavior?

Answer 2

• Command and control (ESA, CAA, CWA.. some agricultural policies use C&C)
• Information: reporting, publicity, and labeling (ex. organic foods)
• Incentives and subsidies
• Taxes and penalties
• Education, knowledge, and technical assistnace

Question 3

What emerged due to the dust bowl?

Answer 3

• Soil Conservation Services (SCS) established in 1935
• Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP - 1936) PAID farmers to:
• shift cultivated acreage from soil depleting crops to soil conserving crops (ex. legumes and grasses)
• using soil building practices AND idle land

Question 4

The farm Bill

Answer 4

• enacted every 5 years that established national agriculture, nutrition, and conservation (related to private lands) policy
• first enacted in 1985.. most recent was passed in 2014.. next likely to be enacted in 2019
• called the Farm Bill but has a different real name
• Farm Bill programs come and go

Question 5

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)

Answer 5

• offers annual rental payments to farmers for retiring and restore marginal (usually highly erodible) cropland to perennial cover (grassland)
• example of incentive or subsidy

Question 6

Agricultural Conservation Easement Program (ACEP)

Answer 6

• FKA Wetland Reserve Program of “swamp buster”
• offers landowners money to protect, restore, and enhance wetlands (ex of incentive or subsidy)
• withold federal farm support payments to farmers who clear, drain, or convert a wetland for cultivation ( example of tax or penalty)

Question 7

Environmental Quality Incentive Program (EQIP)

Answer 7

• financial and technical assistance to eligible agriculture producers who install or implement conservation practices on eligible agricultural land
• example of a “cost-share” AND an information program

Question 8

Diffusion of Innovations: The cooperative extension model

Answer 8

-a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate new ideas and technology spread through cultures`

Question 9

Federal Land Assistance, Management, and Enhancement Act of 2009 (FLAME Act)

Answer 9

Designed to address impacts of increasing wildfire suppression costs and their effects on other agency programs

Question 10

WUI

Answer 10

Wildland-urban interface

Question 11

What does FLAME stand for

Answer 11

Federal Land Assistance, Management, and Enhancement Act of 2009

Question 12

What did VIFPCs do to repay their debt?

Answer 12

Sold forestland which raised share price

Question 13

How much income from TIMOs and REITs is distributed to investors?

Answer 13

90% to avoid double taxation

Question 14

How long do TIMOs and REITs typically hold land

Answer 14

7-15 years