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Policy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The illusion vs the reality

A

Illusion: Public natural resource police determine how resources are used
Reality: Mega-forces determine the use of resources and government policy

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2
Q

Petersham between 1773–1791

A

1771: 10% cleared land
1791: 15% clear land
Road system: initially 2 roads then a few more

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3
Q

Petersham between 1791-1859

A

1830: 77% clear land
1850:90% clear land
Road system: very extensive and intricate

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4
Q

Petersham between 1850-1910

A

Cleared land: <50% (abandoned fields)
Road system: Less extensive
Little agriculture

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5
Q

Why did land have value in 1910

A

presence of white pine

demand for boxes and barrels

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6
Q

Petersham between 1910-1960

A

1910: >50% white pine forests cleared and regrown
1960: Mostly hardwood forest
Road system went from abandoned to stabilized

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7
Q

What does Petersham look like now

A

Nearly completely forested

Extensive road system

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8
Q

Burnsteins hypothesis (4 things) for growth in the world GDP after 1820

A

1) Property rights
2) scientific rationalism
3) Credit markets
4) improvements in communications and transportations

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9
Q

What caused changes to Petersham land?

A

Human perception of the lands value. Due to changes in: transportation improvements/industrial revolution/improvements in credit

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10
Q

Historical territorial limitations

A

Canon shot rule

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11
Q

Territorial Sea limitations

A

12 Nm. 3 or 9 state Nm control

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12
Q

Exclusive economic zone

A

200 Nms

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13
Q

ITQs

A 
Individual Transferable Quotas. 
"market creation" policy tool 
Transferable 
set limits on total allowable catch 
allocated to individuals (usually vessel owners)
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14
Q

1976 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation Act

A

Protect national fisheries established by “Law of the Sea” treaty

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15
Q

Who was NY’s largest private landowner in 2005

A

International Paper (300,000+ acres)

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16
Q

Conservation Easement (CE)

A

legal agreement between a landowner and a land trust or government agency that limits use of land to protect one or more conservation values

17
Q

Who is NY’s largest private landowner

A

Lyme Timber Company (LTC)

Purchased 275,000 acres from IP for $137 million

18
Q

TIMO

A

Timberland Management Organizations

19
Q

REIT

A

Real Estate Investment Trusts

20
Q

What is a TIMO

A

partnerships, or other “tax pass through” organizations

TIMO owners are investors that invest through TIMO in timberlands

21
Q

Whats a REIT

A

Tax designation for a corporation investing solely in real estate.
Invest in all types of properties

22
Q

VIFPC

A

Vertically integrated forest products companies.

responsible for shift from timber companies to TIMOs and REITs.

23
Q

How do TIMOs and REITs make money

A

Capital appreciation and then sale of the lands

Profits from timber sale, hunting leases, etc

24
Q

Why was there a shift from timber companies to TIMOs and REITs

A

Performance issues with VIFPCs
VIFPCs had to repay debt
Development of more efficient tax structures for owning forestland

25
Q

1974 Federal Employee Retirement Income Security Act

A

Required diversification of assets in federal employees portfolios

26
Q

1986 Tax Reform Act

A

Lowered taxes for individuals, partnerships, TIMOs, pensions, REITs

27
Q

Why do investors/pensions invest in TIMOs and REITs

A

Good returns, low viability, low correlation with other types of stocks

28
Q

1926 Wildfire prevention procedure

A

10-acre rule

29
Q

1935 wildfire prevention procedure

A

10;00am policy

30
Q

1944 wildfire prevention procedure

A

smoky the bear

Based on a concern that Japan would set fire to American forest

31
Q

1970 wildfire prevention procedure

A

let it burn policy

32
Q

1995 wildfire prevention policy

A

fire management policy and program review

33
Q

Human costs due to wildfires

A

lives lost/home destroyed
decreased municipal taxes
decreased tourism
increased insurance payouts

34
Q

Wildlife costs due to wildfires

A

vegetation and soil loses
water pollution via erosion
Increased runoff -> flooding
Wildlife habitat changes

35
Q

Environmental costs due to wildfires

A

Air pollution

GHG emissions

36
Q

what is a policy?

A

a course of action adopted by entity

37
Q

what is a public policy?

A

a course of action adopted by a government

public policies are what a government chooses to do and what not to do

38
Q

Mega trend

A

global and sustained circumstances that impact societies, economics, and people

39
Q

three agriculture policies

A

Conservation Reserve program
Agriculture Conservation Easement Program
Environmental Quality Incentive Program

Policy (4 decks)

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