Exam 2

Question 1

Naturalistic observation

Answer 1

Researcher makes observations of individuals in their natural environments (the field).

Question 2

Participant observation

Answer 2

Allows researcher to observe the setting from the inside, he or she may be able to experience events in the same way as natural participants

Question 3

Systematic observation

Answer 3

Refers to the careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting

Researcher is only interested in a few very specific behaviors

Question 4

Coding system

Answer 4

A set of rules used to categorize observations

Question 5

Reactivity

Answer 5

The possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people’s behaviors

Can be reduced by concealed observation

Question 6

Case study

Answer 6

An observational method that provides a description of an individual

May be a person or setting

Question 7

Psychobiography

Answer 7

A type of case study in which the researcher applies psychological theory to explain the life of an individual, usually an important historical figure

Question 8

Archival Research

Answer 8

Using previously compiled information to answer research questions

Researcher does not actually collect the original data

Instead he or she analyzed existing data such as statistics that are part of public records

Question 9

Content analysis

Answer 9

Systematic analysis of existing documents

Question 10

Response set

Answer 10

Tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than to provide answers that are directly related to the questions

Question 11

Social desirability

Answer 11

Faking good

Response set leads the individual to answer in the most socially acceptable way—the way most people are perceived to respond or the way that would reflect most favorably on the person

Question 12

Yea-saying and nay-saying

Answer 12

When you ask several questions about a topic, a respondent may employ a response set to agree or disagree with all the questions ototiiy

Question 13

Rating scales

Answer 13

Ask people to provide “how much” judgements on any number of dimensions—

Question 14

Close-ended questions

Answer 14

A limited number of response alternatives are given

Question 15

Open-ended questions

Answer 15

Respondents are free to answer in any way they like

Question 16

Graphic rating scale

Answer 16

Requires a mark along a continuous line that is anchored with descriptions at each end

Not very enjoyable—

Question 17

Semantics differential scale

Answer 17

Measure of meaning of concepts

Question 18

Face-to face interviews

Answer 18

Interviewer and respondent meet to conduct the interview

Question 19

Telephone interviews

Answer 19

Less expensive, allow data to be collected relatively quickly because many interviewees can work on the same survey at once

Question 20

Computer assisted telephone interview

Answer 20

Interviewers questions are prompted on the compiler screen and the data are entered directly into the computer for analysis

Question 21

Focus group

Answer 21

An interview with a group of about 6-10 individuals brought together for a period of 2-3 hrs

Virtually any topic can be explored

Question 22

Interviewer bias

Answer 22

Describes all of the biases that can arise from the fact that the interviewer is a unique human being interacting with another human

Question 23

Panel study

Answer 23

The same people are surveyed at two or more points in time

Important when the research question addresses one variable at “time 1” and another variable at “time 2”

Question 24

Sample

Answer 24

Portion of population

Question 25

Population

Answer 25

All individuals of interest

Question 26

Confidence interval

Answer 26

An interval of values within which there is a given level of confidence where the population value lies

Question 27

Probability sampling

Answer 27

Each member of the population has a specifiable probability of being chosen

Question 28

Nonprobablity sampling

Answer 28

The probability of any particular member of the population being chosen is unknown

Question 29

Sampling frame

Answer 29

The actual population of individuals (or clusters) from which a random sample will be drawn

Question 30

Response rate

Answer 30

The percentage of people in the sample who actually completed the survey

Question 31

Frequency distribution

Answer 31

Indicates the number of individuals who receive each possible score in a variable

Question 32

Restriction of range

Answer 32

When the individuals in your sample are very similar on the variable you are studying

Question 33

Effect size

Answer 33

The strength of associations between the variables

Question 34

Probability

Answer 34

The likelihood of the occurrence of some event or outcome

Question 35

Statistical significance

Answer 35

A significant result is one that has a very low probability of occurring if the population means are equal

Significance indicates that there is a low probability that the difference between the obtained sample means was due to random error

Significance is a matter of probability

Question 36

Alpha level

Answer 36

The probability required for significance

Question 37

ANOVA ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Answer 37

An extension of the f test

Question 38

Systematic variance

Answer 38

The deviation of the group means from the grand mean or the mean score of all individuals in all groups

Question 39

Error variance

Answer 39

The deviation of the individual scores in each group from their respective group means

Question 40

Type 1

Answer 40

Reject the null but the null hypothesis is actually tru

Question 41

Type 2

Answer 41

Null hypothesis is accepted when it should’ve been rejected because the research/alternative hypothesis is true