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Cas 301 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Basic Research

A
  • Designed to address theoretical issues concerning a phenomenon
  • tries to answer fundamental questions about nature of behavior
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2
Q

Applied Research

A

• conducted to address issues in which there are practical problems and potential solutions

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3
Q

Examples of research questions:

  1. Is extraversion related to sensation seeking?
  2. Do video games such as grand theft auto increase aggression among children and young adults?
  3. How do neurons generate neurotransmitters?
  4. Does memory process visual images and sound simultaneously?
  5. How can a city increase recycling by residents?
  6. Which strategies are best for coping with natural disasters?
A

Basic=1,3,4

Applied=2,5,6

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4
Q

Empiricism

A
  • fundamental characteristic of the scientific method
  • the idea that knowledge is based on observations
  • data are collected that form the basis of conclusions about the sure of the world
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5
Q

Scientific skepticism

A

• means hat ideas must be evaluated on the basis of careful logic and results from scientific investigations

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6
Q

Pseudoscience

A

• “fake” science in which seemingly scientific terms and demonstrations are used to substantiate claims that have no basis in scientific research

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7
Q

Facilitated communication

A
  • example of pseudoscience

* ex. Facilitator holds child’s hand while the child presses keys to type messages on keyboard

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8
Q

Temporal precedence

A

• there is a temporal order of events in which the cause precedes the effect

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9
Q

Covariation of cause and effect

A

• when the cause is present, the effect occurs; when the cause is not present, the effect does not occur

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10
Q

Elimination of Alternative explanations

A

• nothing other than a causal variable should be responsible for the observed effect

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11
Q

Falsifiability

A
  • can either be supported or be falsified by data
  • if an idea is falsified when it is tested, science is thereby advanced because this result will spur the development of new no better idea
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12
Q

Science is adversarial

A

• science is a way of honking in which ideas do battle with other ideas in order to move closer to the truth

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13
Q

Science is peer reviewed

A

Before a study is published in a top quality journal, other scientists who have he expertise to carefully evaluate the research review it

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14
Q

Hypothesis

A

• tentative idea or question that is waiting for evidence to support or refute it

Example: do males and females differ in there use of cell phones while driving?

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15
Q

Prediction

A
  • a guess at the outcome of a hypothesis
  • if a prediction is confirmed by the results of the study, the hypothesis is supported
  • if a prediction is not confirmed, the researcher will either reject the hypothesis or conduct further research using different methods to study the hypothesis

Example: females are more likely to use a cell phone while driving.

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16
Q

Research question

A

A description of the broad topic of study

Example: are there differences among groups in terms of cell phone use while driving?

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17
Q

Theory

A
  • consists of a systematic body of ideas about a particular topic of phenomenon
  • organize and explain a variety of specific facts or descriptions of behavior
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18
Q

PSYCHinfo

A
  • cognitive development
  • communication
  • behavior
  • personality
  • social psychology
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19
Q

ERIC

A
  • humanities
  • social science
  • education
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20
Q

Abstract

A
  • Brief summary of the research report
  • typically runs no more than 120 words in length
  • Includes information about the hypothesis, the procedure, and the broad pattern of results
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21
Q

Introduction

A
  • outline the problem, tie to past research, point to question and method
  • tends to start broad (with a statement of the topic) and narrow toward the study method
  • expectations of the researcher are noted
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22
Q

Method

A

• detailed description of the study design

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23
Q

Results

A
  • objective report of study results
  • researcher presents findings, usually in 3 ways: description in narrative form, results are described in statistical language, material is often depicted in tables and graphs
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24
Q

Discussion

A
  • interpretation of study results
  • tents to recap results and then provide more general information
  • do the results support the hypothesis?
  • if the hypothesis has not been supported the author should suggest potential reasons
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25
Q

References

A

List of all works cited

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26
Q

APA ethics code

A

• A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
-beneficence refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation

•B: fidelity and responsibility
-establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work

• C: integrity

  • psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology
  • psychologists do not cheat, steal, or engage in fraud

• D: Justice
-refers to fairness and equity

• E: respect for People’s Rights and Dignity
-respect the dignity and worth of all people and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality and self determination

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27
Q

Risks

A

• psychological or physical harm and loss of confidentiality

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28
Q

Confidentiality

A

• an issue when the researcher has assured subjects that the collected data are only accessible to people with permission, generally only the researcher

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29
Q

Informed consent

A
  • potential participants in a research project should be provided with all information that might influence their active decision of whether or not to participate in a study
  • Research participants should be informed about the purposes of the study, the risks and benefits of participation, and their rights to refuse or terminate participation in the study.
  • they can freely consent or refuse to participate
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30
Q

Deception

A
  • occurs when there is active misrepresentation of information about the nature of a study
  • withholding information, not being honest
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31
Q

Debriefing

A
  • Occurs after the completion of a study
  • an opportunity for the researcher to deal with issues of withholding information, deception, and potential harmful effects of participation
  • one way researchers can follow the guidelines in the APA ethics code
  • if participants were deceived in any way, the researcher needs to explain why the deception was necessary
  • if the Research altered a participants physical or psychological state in some way-as in a study that produces stress-the researcher must make sure that the participant has calmed down and is comfortable about having participated
  • provides an opportunity for the researcher to explain the purpose of the study and tell participants what kinds of results are expected and perhaps discuss the practical implications of the results
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32
Q

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A

• responsible for the review of research conducted within the institution

33
Q

Exempt research

A
  • research in which there is no risk is exempt from review

* anonymous questionnaires, surveys and educational tests are all considered exempt research

34
Q

Minimal risk

A
  • the risks of harm to participants are no greater than risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests
  • approval by the IRB is routine
35
Q

Fraud

A
  • fabrication of data

* lying about results, making things up

36
Q

Plagiarism

A

• misrepresenting another’s work as your own

37
Q

Construct validity

A
  • concerns whether our methods of studying variables are accurate
  • How a researcher can tell if they are measuring what they intended to measure
38
Q

Variable

A

• any event, situation, behavior or individual characteristic that varies

39
Q

Operational definition

A

• operational definition is a variable is the set of procedures used to measure or manipulate it

40
Q

Positive linear relationship

A

• increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by increases in the values of the second variable

41
Q

Negative linear relationship

A

• in a negative linear relationship, increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by decreases in the values of the other variable

42
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A

• increases in the values of one variable are accompanied by systematic increase and decreased in the value of the other variable

43
Q

No relationship

A

• when there is no relationship, the graph is simply a flat line

44
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

• a numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables

45
Q

Nonexperimental method

A
  • relationships are studied by making observations or measures of the variables of interest
  • people describe their behavior, directly observing behavior, recording physiological responded, or even examining various public records such as a sensual data
  • variables are observed as they occur naturally
46
Q

Experimental method

A
  • involves direct manipulation and control and control of variables
  • the researcher manipulates the first variable of interest and then observes the response
47
Q

Third variable problem

A
  • a third variable is any variable that is extraneous to the two variables being studied
  • any number of other third variables may be responsible for an observed relationship between two variables
  • third variables could be operating is a serious problem, because third variables introduce alternative explanations that reduce the overall validity of a study
48
Q

Confounding variable

A
  • when we actually know that an uncontrolled third variable is operating
  • if two variables are confounded, they are intertwined So you cannot determine which of the variables is operating a given situation
49
Q

Independent variable

A

• manipulated variable

• what you think is causing the other variable
X axis (predictor)
50
Q

Dependent variable

A 
• variable that is measured 
• variable being affected 
Y axis (criterion)
51
Q

Experimental control

A
  • all extraneous variables are kept constant
  • if a variable is held constant, it cannot be responsible for the results of the experiment
  • any variable that is held constant cannot be a confounding variable
  • experimental control is accomplished by treating participants in all groups in the experiment identically; the only difference between groups is the manipulated variable
52
Q

Randomization

A

• ensures hat an extraneous variable is just as likely to affect one experimental group as it is to affect the other group

53
Q

Internal validity

A
  • ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships from the results of a study
  • accuracy of conclusions made about relationships
54
Q

External validity

A
  • the extent to which the results can be generalized to other populations and settings
  • generalizability of the findings
55
Q

Field experiment

A

• the independent variable is manipulated in a natural setting

56
Q

Participant variables

A

• characteristics of individuals, such as age, gender, ethnic group, nationality, birth order, personality, or marital status

57
Q

Reliability

A
  • refers to the consistency or stability of a measure of behavior
  • test should yield the same result every time
  • others should get the same results
58
Q

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient

A

• -1 to 1

59
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

• measuring the same individuals at 2 points in time

60
Q

Split half reliability

A
  • correlation of the total score on one half of the test with the total score in the other half
  • two halves are created by randomly dividing the items into two parts
61
Q

Internal consistency reliability

A
  • assessment of reliability using responses at only one point in time
  • because all items measure the same variable, they should yield similar or consistent results
62
Q

Interrater reliability

A

• the extent to which raters agree in their observation

63
Q

Fave validity

A
  • the content of the measure appears to reflect the construct being measured
  • does it seem it fit at a glance
64
Q

Content validity

A
  • the content of the measure is linked to the universe of content that defines the construct
  • Looking at what you’re actually using to measure if that matches the construct
65
Q

Null hypothesis

A

There is no difference or there is no relationship

66
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

There is a difference or there is a relationship

67
Q

Risk to benefit analysis

A

The benefit has to outweigh the risk for participants

68
Q

Fabricating

A

Changing data to suit your own investigation

69
Q

Correlational studies

A
  • non experimental
  • no control
  • cannot make causal claims
  • may be confounding variables
  • can only determine whether or not a relationship exists
  • no manipulation
70
Q

Causal studies

A
  • experimental
  • involves manipulations of the independent variable
  • greater ability to determine the nature of the relationship
  • experimental control
  • randomization
71
Q

Predictive validity

A

• assesses the ability to predict something it should theoretically be able to predict

  • checking it against something that has validity on it
  • can your measure be used to predict other scores
72
Q

Concurrent validity

A
  • assesses how well a particular test correlates with a previously validated measure hat is administered around the same time
  • use/give an already established measure at the same time as the one we have just created
  • measures can be exactly the same or similar
73
Q

Convergent validity

A

• scored on the measure are related to scores on other measure of the same or a similar construct

  • not happening at the same time
  • already established measure along with yours
  • want positive relationship
74
Q

Discriminant validity

A
  • scores on a measure are not related to other measures that are theoretically different
  • opposite of concurrent and convergent
  • want a negative relationship
  • doesn’t measure what it shouldn’t
75
Q

Criterion

A

Construct correlates to standards for that construct

76
Q

Nominal scale

A

• categories with no numeric scales

-males/females, introverts/extroverts

77
Q

Ordinal scale

A
  • rank ordering
  • numeric values limited
  • two-three-four star restaurants,ranking tv programs by popularity
  • intervals between items not known
78
Q

Interval scale

A
  • numeric properties are literal
  • assume equal interval between values
  • no true zero
  • intelligence, aptitude test score, temperature
79
Q

Ratio scale

A 
Zero indicates absence of variable measured 
• there can be a zero 
• reaction time
• weight
• age 
• frequencies of behavior

Cas 301 (3 decks)

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