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psy 101 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

three stages of memory

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

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2
Q

encoding

A

involves forming a memory code. you emphasize something about it to make it stick in your memory

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3
Q

involves forming a memory code. you emphasize something about it to make it stick in your memory

A

encoding

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4
Q

storage

A

involves maintaining coded information in memory over time.

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5
Q

involves maintaining coded information in memory over time.

A

storage

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6
Q

retrieval

A

involves recovering information from memory stores.

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7
Q

involves recovering information from memory stores.

A

retrieval

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8
Q

attention

A

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

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9
Q

involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events

A

attention

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10
Q

depth perception

A

brain uses retinal disparity to calculate how far something is

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11
Q

retinal disparity

A

difference between the views in each eye

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12
Q

difference between the views in each eye

A

retinal disparity

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13
Q

circadian rhythm

A

the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

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14
Q

REM sleep characteristics

A

active brain but muscles are immobilized. the stages lengthen over time, the brain is processing things.

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15
Q

the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species

A

circadian rhythm

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16
Q

non-REM sleep

A

brain is resting but muscles can move, four stages and back before REM sleep.

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17
Q

sleep stage progression

A

1 to four, then back to one, then REM sleep. REM sleep lengthens throughout night

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18
Q

historical thought on importance of dreams

A

manifestations of our wishes/hopes, creative problem solving, or random bursts of neural activity

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19
Q

current thinking on dreams

A

represent fragments of memories being transferred to long-term

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20
Q

sleep deprivation affects

A

reduced brain activity during hard tasks.

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21
Q

ivan pavlov dog experiment

A

food made the dogs slobber, he began ringing a tuning fork when giving them their food and after some time they salivated just like with food just at hearing tuning fork

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22
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response

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23
Q

a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response

A

unconditioned stimulus

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24
Q

unconditioned response

A

a natural response from an unconditioned stimulus

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25
Q

a natural response from an unconditioned stimulus

A

unconditioned response

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26
Q

neutral stimulus

A

a stimulus that typically has no response

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27
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that typically has no response but is trained to give a response (same as neutral stimulus)

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28
Q

conditioned response

A

the response that you get from the conditioned stimulus after conditioning, when usually you would get no response

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29
Q

acqusition

A

the formation of a new response/tendency

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30
Q

the formation of a new response/tendency

A

acquisition

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31
Q

extinction

A

when a conditioned response becomes less frequent, then disappears altogether

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32
Q

when a conditioned response becomes less frequent, then disappears altogether

A

extinction

33
Q

generalization

A

conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli

34
Q

conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli

A

generalization

35
Q

discrimination

A

conditioned response is only elicited by the specific conditioned stimuli (opposite of generalization)

36
Q

fixed ratio

A

getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of repetitions

37
Q

variable ratio

A

getting a response reinforced at a random amount of repetitions

38
Q

fixed interval

A

getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of time

39
Q

variable interval

A

getting a response reinforced at a random amount of time

40
Q

getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of repetitions

A

fixed ratio

41
Q

getting a response reinforced at a random amount of repetitions

A

variable ratio

42
Q

getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of time

A

fixed interval

43
Q

getting a response reinforced at a random amount of time

A

variable interval

44
Q

positive reinforcement and example

A

giving something in order to increase a behavior

45
Q

negative reinforcement and example

A

taking away something in order to increase a behavior

46
Q

positive punishment and example

A

giving something in order to decrease a behavior

47
Q

negative punishment and example

A

taking away something in order to decrease a behavior

48
Q

giving something in order to increase a behavior

A

positive reinforcement

49
Q

taking away something in order to increase a behavior

A

negative reinforcement

50
Q

giving something in order to decrease a behavior

A

positive punishment

51
Q

taking away something in order to decrease a behavior

A

negative punishment

52
Q

observational learning

A

learning behaviors and patterns by observing others

53
Q

attention and encoding interaction

A

you have to be paying close attention

54
Q

shaping

A

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior, until you reach the goal behavior

55
Q

reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior, until you reach the goal behavior

A

shaping

56
Q

sensory memory

A

very brief trace of sensation (what something looked/sounded/felt like), goes into STM

57
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

about 20 seconds long, capacity of 7 plus or minus 2

58
Q

working memory

A

Using/manipulating information in STM

59
Q

long term memory (what part of the brain)

A

the hippocampus converts short-term memories to long term. they can theoretically be remembered indefinitely but memories can be manipulated into existing. (“lost in the mall” study)

60
Q

recall

A

reproducing information with no real cues

61
Q

reproducing information with no real cues

A

recall

62
Q

recognition

A

matching things to memories

63
Q

matching things to memories

A

recognition

64
Q

how can you improve your LTM?

A

full attention, rehearsing, retrieval cues, review.

65
Q

model of memory process

A

(next tab)

66
Q

confirmation bias

A

Tendency to believe and remember information that confirms what we already think

67
Q

Tendency to believe and remember information that confirms what we already think

A

confirmation bias

68
Q

representative heuristic

A

Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes

69
Q

Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes

A

representative heuristic

70
Q

availability heuristic

A

Judging likelihood based on examples that immediately come to mind

71
Q

Judging likelihood based on examples that immediately come to mind

A

availability heuristic

72
Q

gambler’s fallacy

A

Belief that the probability of something increases if it hasn’t happened in a while

73
Q

Belief that the probability of something increases if it hasn’t happened in a while

A

gambler’s fallacy

74
Q

Simons Theory of Bounded Rationality

A

When making decisions, we balance available information with cognitive shortcuts – this often leads to mistakes

75
Q

When making decisions, we balance available information with cognitive shortcuts – this often leads to mistakes

A

Simons Theory of Bounded Rationality

76
Q

IQ tests

A

originally used to predict school performance (aptitude). scores most heavily/average on 100. 130 is gifted, 70 is developmentally delayed.

77
Q

flynn effect

A

average score of IQs is increasing

78
Q

Gardner’s theory of intelligence

A

there are multiple kinds of intelligence not just one.

psy 101 (4 decks)

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