exam 2 Flashcards
three stages of memory
encoding, storage, retrieval
encoding
involves forming a memory code. you emphasize something about it to make it stick in your memory
involves forming a memory code. you emphasize something about it to make it stick in your memory
encoding
storage
involves maintaining coded information in memory over time.
involves maintaining coded information in memory over time.
storage
retrieval
involves recovering information from memory stores.
involves recovering information from memory stores.
retrieval
attention
involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
attention
depth perception
brain uses retinal disparity to calculate how far something is
retinal disparity
difference between the views in each eye
difference between the views in each eye
retinal disparity
circadian rhythm
the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
REM sleep characteristics
active brain but muscles are immobilized. the stages lengthen over time, the brain is processing things.
the 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species
circadian rhythm
non-REM sleep
brain is resting but muscles can move, four stages and back before REM sleep.
sleep stage progression
1 to four, then back to one, then REM sleep. REM sleep lengthens throughout night
historical thought on importance of dreams
manifestations of our wishes/hopes, creative problem solving, or random bursts of neural activity
current thinking on dreams
represent fragments of memories being transferred to long-term
sleep deprivation affects
reduced brain activity during hard tasks.
ivan pavlov dog experiment
food made the dogs slobber, he began ringing a tuning fork when giving them their food and after some time they salivated just like with food just at hearing tuning fork
unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
a natural response from an unconditioned stimulus
a natural response from an unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
neutral stimulus
a stimulus that typically has no response
conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that typically has no response but is trained to give a response (same as neutral stimulus)
conditioned response
the response that you get from the conditioned stimulus after conditioning, when usually you would get no response
acqusition
the formation of a new response/tendency
the formation of a new response/tendency
acquisition
extinction
when a conditioned response becomes less frequent, then disappears altogether
when a conditioned response becomes less frequent, then disappears altogether
extinction
generalization
conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli
conditioned response is elicited by stimuli similar to the conditioned stimuli
generalization
discrimination
conditioned response is only elicited by the specific conditioned stimuli (opposite of generalization)
fixed ratio
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of repetitions
variable ratio
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of repetitions
fixed interval
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of time
variable interval
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of time
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of repetitions
fixed ratio
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of repetitions
variable ratio
getting a response reinforced at a fixed amount of time
fixed interval
getting a response reinforced at a random amount of time
variable interval
positive reinforcement and example
giving something in order to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement and example
taking away something in order to increase a behavior
positive punishment and example
giving something in order to decrease a behavior
negative punishment and example
taking away something in order to decrease a behavior
giving something in order to increase a behavior
positive reinforcement
taking away something in order to increase a behavior
negative reinforcement
giving something in order to decrease a behavior
positive punishment
taking away something in order to decrease a behavior
negative punishment
observational learning
learning behaviors and patterns by observing others
attention and encoding interaction
you have to be paying close attention
shaping
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior, until you reach the goal behavior
reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the target behavior, until you reach the goal behavior
shaping
sensory memory
very brief trace of sensation (what something looked/sounded/felt like), goes into STM
short term memory (STM)
about 20 seconds long, capacity of 7 plus or minus 2
working memory
Using/manipulating information in STM
long term memory (what part of the brain)
the hippocampus converts short-term memories to long term. they can theoretically be remembered indefinitely but memories can be manipulated into existing. (“lost in the mall” study)
recall
reproducing information with no real cues
reproducing information with no real cues
recall
recognition
matching things to memories
matching things to memories
recognition
how can you improve your LTM?
full attention, rehearsing, retrieval cues, review.
model of memory process
(next tab)
confirmation bias
Tendency to believe and remember information that confirms what we already think
Tendency to believe and remember information that confirms what we already think
confirmation bias
representative heuristic
Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes
Judging likelihood based on similarity to stereotypes
representative heuristic
availability heuristic
Judging likelihood based on examples that immediately come to mind
Judging likelihood based on examples that immediately come to mind
availability heuristic
gambler’s fallacy
Belief that the probability of something increases if it hasn’t happened in a while
Belief that the probability of something increases if it hasn’t happened in a while
gambler’s fallacy
Simons Theory of Bounded Rationality
When making decisions, we balance available information with cognitive shortcuts – this often leads to mistakes
When making decisions, we balance available information with cognitive shortcuts – this often leads to mistakes
Simons Theory of Bounded Rationality
IQ tests
originally used to predict school performance (aptitude). scores most heavily/average on 100. 130 is gifted, 70 is developmentally delayed.
flynn effect
average score of IQs is increasing
Gardner’s theory of intelligence
there are multiple kinds of intelligence not just one.
