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Applied Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

effect of low plasma Ca on kidneys:

A
  1. increased parathyroid hormone secretion
  2. increase Ca reabsorption in kidneys (decrease phosphate reabsorption)
  3. increased calcitrol activation
  4. increased calcitrol in plasma
  5. kidneys and digestive tract absorb Ca
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2
Q

what else do you need to absorb Ca?

A

calcitrol (vitamin D)

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3
Q

does calcitonin play a bigger role in children or adults?

A

children

-keeps calcium in bone

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4
Q

most important function of bone:

A

calcium homeostasis

needed for cellular processes

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5
Q

if ingestion of Ca stops then:

A

bone is left to supply plasma levels (resorption)

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6
Q

effect of renal failure on calcium:

A

-renal failure doesn’t allow reabsoption so PTH stimulates more on bone to increase plasma Ca levels

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7
Q

effect of bone calcification from aging:

A

diminished:

  • loading
  • GH/IGF
  • testosterone
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8
Q

effect of aging on bone resorption:

A

-resorption increased from diminished estradiol

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9
Q

effects of aging on calcium metabolism:

A
  • diminished absorption from digestive tract
  • diminished reabsorption from kidneys
  • diminished calcification
  • increased bone resorption
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10
Q

effect of growth hormone on bone length growth:

A
  • increased deposition of protein by chondrocytic and osteogenic cells
  • proliferation of chondrocytic and osteogenic cells
  • conversion of chondrocytes into osteogenic cells
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11
Q

effect of androgens on bone length growth

A
  • similar to GH

- increased deposition of calcium salts closes the growth plate

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12
Q

effect of T3 and T4 on bone length growth:

A

-promotes osteoblastic activity

and synthesis of bone matrix

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13
Q

where does bone length growth occur?

A

epiphyseal cartilage

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14
Q

process of growth of bone circumference:

A
  • osteoblasts create new bone on outer surface by secreting osteoid, then calcium phosphate (strong heavy)
  • osteoclasts break down bone on inner surface by secreting acid/enzyme
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15
Q

difference between girls/boys bone circumference:

A
  • boys have greater periosteal diameter (outer)

- girls have narrowing of the endocortical surface

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16
Q

bone modeling:

A
  • independent action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

- effects size/shape bones during lengthening and mechanical load

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17
Q

Bone remodeling:

A
  • coupled action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
  • osteoclasts first resorb pit, osteoblasts form and mineralize area
  • in response to fatigue and damage
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18
Q

osteoblasts stimulated by:

A

GH/IGFs

compressive forces

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19
Q

osteoblasts inhibited by:

A

cytokines

20
Q

osteoclasts stimulated by:

A

PTH
cortisol
cytokines

21
Q

osteoclasts are inhibited by:

A

calcitonin

estrogen

22
Q

chondrocytes are stimulated by:

A

GH/IGFs

23
Q

chondrocyte inhibitors:

A

sex hormones

24
Q

effect of glucocorticoids on bone:

A
  • inhibits osteoblasts for calcification
  • stimulates osteoclasts for bone resorption
  • inhibits Ca absorption from digestive tract
  • inhibits Ca reabsorption from kidneys
25
Q

dietary factors that promote bone health:

A

exercise

low sodium diet

26
Q

factors that diminish bone health

A
  • inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake
  • high caffeine intake
  • high carbonated soda intake
  • excessive alcohol use
  • smoking
  • high protein intake
  • inadequate caloric intake
27
Q

loading of bone causes what mechanical effect?

A

shear stresses in canaliculi

  • osteocytes detect mechanical strain
  • bone is more responsive to dynamic than static loading
  • bone accomodates to prolonged mechanical stimuli
  • bone tolerates compression better than tensile force
28
Q

muscle secretes:

A
  • growth factors
  • extracellular matrix molecules
  • inflammatory cytokines
29
Q

myostatin

A
  • only cytokine produced from skeletal muscle

- huge impact on muscle atrophy

30
Q

neuromuscular effect of immobilization:

A

reduces muscle activation in old but not young adults

31
Q

structural effect of immobilization:

A
  • aging results in less loss of muscle mass with immobilization
  • aged muscles have a diminished capacity to restore muscle size
32
Q

satellite cells:

A
  • muscle speciic stem cells

- can be induced to proliferate and differentiate in response to inury, exercise, stretch, and denervation

33
Q

myonuclear domain

A

ratio of skeletal muscle nuclei to volume of cytoplasm

-each nucleus regulates protein synthesis within a given cell volume

34
Q

satellite cell activation process:

A
  1. injury activation
  2. asymmetric division (outside sarcolemma)
  3. myoblast maturation
  4. myoblast fusion (donates nucleus)
35
Q

effect of exercise on connective tissue from immobilization:

A

both low intensity and high intensity exercise decreased amount of CT drastically

36
Q

effect of exercise on decreased capillarity from immobilization:

A

high intensity training increased capillarity number the most

37
Q

effect of exercise on decreased fiber size from immobilization:

A

high intensity restored a little more than low intensity

38
Q

will have a loss fo muscle mass within how long?

A

14 days

39
Q

if immobilizaion after a strain/contusion is prolonged:

A

-the regenerated myofibers with remain atrophic and disoriented

40
Q

systemic positive factors of muscle growth:

A
  • IGF-1
  • GH
  • Testosterone
41
Q

systemic negative factors of muscle growth:

A

-Myostatin (produced by skeletal muscle)

42
Q

loss of muscle type with aging vs immobilization:

A

aging: more loss of Type II fiber
immobilization: more loss of Type I

43
Q

effects of chronic disuse:

A
  • increase collagen, adipose
  • decrease myofibers
  • poor Ca release during excitation
44
Q

aged muscle has diminished capacity to:

A

restore muscle size

45
Q

difference between multiple rep injury vs 1 time heavy injury:

A
  • MR injury requires satellite cell function for recovery

- 1 time injury doesn’t require satellite cell for recovery

46
Q

reasons older muscle injury results in generation of fewer myoblasts:

A
  • satellite cells have more trouble responding to stimuli
  • smaller inflammatory response
  • decline in environmental stimulus
47
Q

difference in recovery time for old vs young muscle:

A

with same amount of injury old muscle takes at least 2x longer to recover

Applied Physiology (4 decks)

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