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Applied Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

macromolecules for aerobic metabolism

A

carbs
fatty acids
proteins

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2
Q

macromolecules for anaerobic metabolism

A

carbohydrates

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3
Q

only significant foods that can be used to provide energy without utilization of 02 is:

A

carbohydrates

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4
Q

ATP-PCr system

A
  • phosphocreatine is 3-8x more abundant
  • cannot be used directly for cellular work
  • acts as a buffer system for ATP
  • replenishes ATP during exercise
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5
Q

ATP-PCr system is catalyzed by

A

creatine kinase

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6
Q

ATP-PCr system can generate ATP for how long?

A

15 sec

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7
Q

glycolytic system

A
  • uses glucose or glycogen as its substrate

- occurs with or without oxygen

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8
Q

glycolytic system can generate ATP for how long?

A

2 min

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9
Q

ATP yield from glycolytic system

A
  • 2 ATP for glucose

- 3 ATP for glycogen

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10
Q

cons of glycolytic system

A
  • low ATP yield, inefficent use of substrate
  • lack of 02 converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
  • lactic acid impairs glycolysis, muscle contraction
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11
Q

pros of glycolytic system

A
  • allows muscles to contract when 02 limited

- permits shorter term, higher intensity exercise than oxidative metabolism can sustain

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12
Q

high energy demands during exercise comes from:

A

anaerobic sources:

  • ATP present in muscle cells
  • Phosphocreatine stores
  • glycolytic breakdown of glycogen into lactic acid
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13
Q

ATP yield from oxidative system:

A
  • 32 to 33 ATP per 1 glucose

- 100+ ATP per 1 FFA

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14
Q

Oxidative system

A
  • occurs in the mitochondria
  • takes hours to days
  • includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
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15
Q

oxidation of fat

A
  • triglycerides: major fat energy source
  • rate of FFA entry into muscle depends on concentration gradient
  • yields 3 to 4 times more ATP than glucose
  • slower than glucose oxidation
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16
Q

beta-oxidation of fat

A
  • process of converting FFAs to acetyl-CoA before entering Krebs cycle
  • requires up-front expenditure of 2 ATP
  • fat oxidation require more 02 now, but yields far more ATP later
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17
Q

oxidation of protein

A
  • rarely used

- can be converted to glucose, acetyl-CoA, or as intermediate in the Krebs cycle

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18
Q

hormones of absorption

A

insulin

growth hormone

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19
Q

hormones of postabsorption

A
  • glucagon
  • epinephrine
  • norephinephrine
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
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20
Q

stimulants of insulin release:

A
  • increase in plasma glucose
  • increase in plasma amino acids
  • GIP secretion
  • parasympathetic activity
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21
Q

insulin release is decreased with increased:

A
  • sympathetic activity

- epinephrine secretion

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22
Q

how insulin effects most tissues:

A
  • increase glucose uptake
  • amino acid uptake
  • increase protein synthesis
  • decreased protein breakdown
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23
Q

how insulin effects adipose tissue

A
  • increased fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis

- decreases lipolysis

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24
Q

how insulin effects liver and muscle

A

increases glycogen synthesis

-decreases glycogenolysis

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25
Q

how insulin effects the liver

A
  • increases fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis

- decreases gluconeogenesis

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26
Q

normal blood glucose

A

70-100 mg/dL

27
Q

hyperglycemia

A

glucose greater than 140 mg/dL

28
Q

hypoglycemia

A

glucose less than 60 mg/dL

29
Q

glucagon is secreted by which cells?

A

alpha cells

30
Q

effect of glucagon on thee liver

A

-increases glycogenolysis
-decreases glycogen synthesis
-increases gluconeogensis
-increase ketone synthesis
-increase protein breakdown
decrease protein synthesis

31
Q

effect of glucagon on adipose tissue

A
  • increases lipolysis

- decreases triglyceride synthesis

32
Q

effect of increased plasma glucose:

A

increase insulin

decrease glucagon

33
Q

effect of increased plasma amino acids

A

increase both insulin and glucagon

34
Q

effect of increased plasma GIP

A

increase insulin and glucagon

35
Q

effect of increased parasympathetic activity

A

increased insulin decreased glucagon

36
Q

effect of increased sympathetic activity

A

decrease insulin

increase glucagon

37
Q

effect of increased plasma epinephrine

A

decrease insulin

increase glucagon

38
Q

respiratory exchange ratio

A
  • ratio between CO2 released and oxygen consumed

- tells us which substrate is being used

39
Q

RER at rest (fasted)

A

0.78 to 0.80

40
Q

RER oxidation of fat

A

0.70

41
Q

RER oxidation of carbohydrate

A

1.0

42
Q

endogenous energy sources:

A
  • reside inside the tissue

- provide a readily available energy source

43
Q

what substrates are used first at the beginning of exercise?

A

endogenous substrates

44
Q

systems that are major energy contributors during the early minutes of high-intensity exercise:

A

ATP-PCr system
Glycolytic system
(lack of oxygen)

45
Q

what substrate is used at the beginning of exercise?

A 
intramuscular carbohydrates
(as time goes on more fat metabolism
46
Q

with an increase of parasympathetic activity then glucagon release is:

A

decreased

47
Q

1 MET=

A
  1. 5 mL oxygen/ kg body weight/ min.

- oxygen required to sustain metabolism at rest

48
Q

resting metabolic rate varies in proportion to:

A
  • body’s surface area
  • body mass
  • lean body mass
49
Q

% of daily energy usage:

A

60% basal metabolic rate
25% purposeful physical activity
7% nonexercise activity
8% thermic effect of food

50
Q

factors that raise BMR

A
  • lean body mass
  • thyroid hormone, growth hormone, testosterone
  • sympathetic system (increase cell activity; brown fat)
  • fever
  • cold climate/thermal regulation
  • small body size
51
Q

Effect of triiodothyronine on tissue:

A

T3

  • increase BMR
  • increase heat production
  • increase responsiveness to sympathetic input
  • permits normal growth and development
52
Q

effect of T4/T3 on brain

A

facilitte activity of sympathetic nervous system by stimulating synthesis of beta receptors

53
Q

average fat content in mature women

A

25%

54
Q

average fat content in mature men

A

15%

55
Q

Alpha cells of the pancreas secrete:

A

glucagon to increase blood glucose

56
Q

beta cells of the pancreas secrete:

A

insulin to decrease blood glucose

57
Q

delta cells of the pancreas secrete:

A

somatostatin(inhibits growth hormone) to inhibit glucagon

58
Q

cells that are part of the exocrine function of the pancreas:

A

acinar cells

  • secrete digestive enzymes
  • mainly tripsinogen
59
Q

processing of insuling:

A
  1. preproinsulin
  2. proinsulin
  3. insulin and C peptide
  4. insulin and C peptide packaged into secretory granulations
  5. insulin circulates unbound and can be removed from plasma by unsulinase
60
Q

people with type II diabetes secrete more:

A

proinsulin

61
Q

effects of insulin within seconds:

A
  • increased glucose uptake by cells

- cell membranes more permeable to AAs and K+ and phosphate ions

62
Q

effects of insulin within minutes:

A
  • effects due to changing states of phosphorylatd enzymes

- ion channel movement

63
Q

effects of insulin within hours to days:

A

-due to altered rates of translation of mRNA

protein synthesis

64
Q

catecholamines use what mechanism for signaling?

A

cytoplasmic hormone receptors

Applied Physiology (4 decks)

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