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Abnormal Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

set of physical and psychological responses that help us fight a threat.

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2
Q

How does the fight or flight system work?

A
  1. Stressor enters the amygdala. 2. goes to hypothalmus which initiates sympathetic division of the ANS. 3.
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3
Q

What is cortisol?

A

A hormone released during a stressful situation that comes from the adrenal glands

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4
Q

What a threatening stimulus has passed what happens in the brain?

A

The hippocampus, responsible for regulating emotions, turns off the physiological reaction.

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5
Q

DSM 5 criteria to be diagnosed with PTSD:

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Reoccurrence of distressing event
  3. Persistent avoidance of stimulus in regards to traumatic event
  4. Negative thoughts and mood associated with event
  5. Hyper vigilance and Persistent/chronic increased arousal
  6. Duration more than a month
  7. Causes significant distress
  8. Symptoms not explained by substance, etc.
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6
Q

What is dissociation?

A

Process in which different facets of self, memories, or consciousness become disconnected from one another.

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7
Q

What is adjustment disorder related to?

A

PTSD

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of adjustment disorder? Does it involve trauma?

A

Behavioral and emotional symptoms following a stressor but does not meet criteria for PTSD. Yes, involves trauma and stress.

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9
Q

What are some of the predictors of how people will react to trauma?

A

severity, duration, proximity, available social support, higher experience to trauma or stress before event, coping styles, culture, genetics or inherited

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10
Q

Are men or women more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety, PTSD, panic disorder, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety disorder?

A

women

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11
Q

Men are more likely to get PTSD off of what types of events?

A

Events that carry less stigma, like war. women are more likely to get it from stigmatized events like sexual assault.

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12
Q

What race has higher percentage of getting PTSD?

A

African american

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13
Q

What does neuroimaging believe happens in the brain of someone with PTSD?

A

amygdala increases with emotional stimuli and the prefrontal cortex is less active. AKA More reactive to emotional stimulus and less to dampening its effects.

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14
Q

How does the hippocampus impact PTSD?

A

damage to it might influence PTSD more severely, shrinkage might be because of overexposure to neurotransmitters and hormones bc of stress response, it functions in memory

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15
Q

Leaky facet explained:

A

The HPA axis might not be able to shut off completely and allows small levels of cortisol to always release

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16
Q

Proven therapy for PTSD?

A

CBT.

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17
Q

Systematic desensitization:

A

Client identifies thoughts/situations that induce anxiety, then rank them from most anxiety inducing to least. The therapist uses relaxation techniques to decrease the thoughts.

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18
Q

Stress inoculation therapy:

A

for those who cannot do systematic desensitization. Therapist teaches client skills to overcome problems in life that increase stress and PTSD symptoms

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19
Q

Specific phobia:

A

Irrational marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

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20
Q

What are the types of specific phobias?

A

Animal-type: most common. fear of specific animal. example: fear of cockaroaches.
Natural Environment: fear of heights, storms, water, etc. also kind of common.
Situational type: fear of public transportation, bridges, claustrophobia, etc.
Blood-Injection type: fear of seeing blood or injury, needles, etc. People generally do not do fight or flight, they faint.
Other:

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21
Q

What percentage of people will have a specific phobia in their life?

A

13%

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22
Q

Agoraphobia:

A

fear places you might have trouble escaping or getting help if you become anxious. and fear of embarrassment if someone realizes their anxiety.

23
Q

what percentage of people with agoraphobia have anxiety attacks?

A

50%

24
Q

What is prepared classical conditioning, and how does it help explain the development of certain phobias?

A

Evolutionarily our ancestors developed phobias to certain things (insects, etc) that have been passed down to benefit us and let us know to avoid. Many objects more likely to cause harm (guns, knives) have not been around long enough, from an evolutionary standpoint, so we do not have rapid conditioning.
Prepared classical conditioning talks about the evolution and passed down aspect to some phobias that cannot be explained through classical conditioning.

25
Q

Implosion therapy vs flooding:

A

Flooding deals with the actual stimulus or its image, while in implosion therapy anxiety is aroused by only imagining the simuli (without direct contact)

26
Q

What is the applied tension technique?

A

Used in blood-injection phobias. Therapists teach patients to tense muscles so they can feel blood and warmth go to their faces. This increase in blood pressure and heart rate keeps individuals from fainting, etc.

27
Q

What is secondary gain?

A

significant subconscious psychological motivators patients may have when presenting with symptoms. example: agnes and her control and stress over her daughter

28
Q

What is articulation of affect?

A

expressing feelings, learning empathy, or giving and recieving compliments. Helps break down barriers and walls built up by someone with a disorder (PTSD like Paul) which allows for healing, friendship bonding, etc.

29
Q

What treatment is suggested for young children with PTSD?

A

nondirective or minimally directive play therapy.

30
Q

What are four questions that are asked to determine where along the continuum (from normal to abnormal) anxiety symptoms fall?

A
  1. How realistic is it? 2. How severe is it? 3. How persistent is it? 4. How problematic is it?
31
Q

Which anxiety disorder is most likely to be circumscribed (not comorbid with another disorder)?

A

Specific phobia, 90% of people with this disorder do not seek treatment.

32
Q

What are the most common obsessions people with OCD have?

A

germs, contamination, fears of harm to self or others, concern with symmetry, excessive moralization or religiosity.

33
Q

What are primary, secondary and terminal insomnia?

A

primary: problems falling asleep, Secondary: wake up in the middle of the night, terminal: early morning waking

34
Q

Know the characteristics of the different DSM-5 subtypes of major depression

A

melancholic features, psychotic features, catatonic features (someone who is so shut down-not moving, the idea they’ve closed the world out), atypical features (gain weight, more hypersomnia), postpartum onset, seasonal pattern (seasonal affect behavior-usually northern climates), mixed features (presence of 3 manic symptoms but does not meet manic episodes), and anxious distress (prominent anxiety symptoms)

35
Q

Understand the pattern in the prevalence of Major Depression across the lifespan in the
U.S., and some hypotheses for why this pattern occurs (discussed in [N] text & class).

A

Lifetime prevalence: 16% (varies internationally); Women > Men twice as more likely; Prevalence decreases from 30-85 years. Hypothesis is that as we get older, we become more rational, happier, etc. Or older adults are less likely to admit symptoms because of cohort stigma.

36
Q

What disorders are most often comorbid with the different mood disorders?

A

substance abuse, anxiety disorder, eating disorder

37
Q

What are some explanations for the difference in prevalence across gender in major depression?

A

Societal effects, stigma associated with men to turn to substance abuse. Women are more likely to ruminate. Hormones.

38
Q

What is meant by rapid cycling in Bipolar Disorder?

A

When four or more episodes of manic, hypomanic and major depressive symptoms happen within a year, someone is diagnosed with rapid cycling Bi polar.

39
Q

What neurotransmitters are most implicated in the development and maintenance of
Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder?

A

Monoamines: norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine. Theory thinks there may be issues in regulation or less sensitive.

40
Q

What is the HPA-Axis, what hormones are released, and what is the nature of the
disregulation that is associated with depression?

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary –Adrenal, involved in the fight or flight response. Cortisol and CRH (corticotropin) is released. Individuals with depression show elevated levels of cortisol and CRH which indicate chronic hyperactivity in the HPA axis and the axis’ inability to return to normal functioning after exposure to stress. “Leaky facet”

41
Q

What has research shown to be the most effective treatments for depression and bipolar
disorder?

A

Psychotherapy with any other form of treatment. Example: medication with psychotherapy.

42
Q

Why is it critical to carefully evaluate for the presence of bipolar disorder in family
members before prescribing SSRI’s to a person with major depression?

A

Very important to assess family history of bipolar disorder before prescribing SSRIs. If this occurs, then someone with this criterion will swing manic and it’ll be harder to diagnose and “cure” and harder to treat

43
Q

Why do people who take MAOIs have to be careful about the foods and beverages they
consume?

A

Tricyclics and Monoamine (MAOI’s)—but need to avoid fermented products with MAOI’s: easy to overdose on or eat cheese (fermented) and cause issues as serious as death. creates potential fatal rise in blood pressure.

44
Q

What is the difference between suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, Nonsuicidal self
injury, and completed suicide? Which is most common?

A

Complete suicides: end in death
Suicide ideation: thought
Suicide attempts: may or may not end in death. 20 times more common than suicides.

non-suicidal self injury: 13-45% of adolescences do. Repeatedly cut, burn, puncture, or otherwise significantly injure without intent to die.

45
Q

Understand gender differences

in suicide attempts and completed suicide.

A

Gender differences: Women 2-3x more likely than men to attempt suicide. Men 4x more likely to complete. Men choose more lethal methods of suicide (example: firearms) and women use poison. Men tend to be more sure in their intent.

46
Q

Understand the differences between egoistic, anomic and altruistic suicide.

A

Egoistic: committed by people who feel alienated from others, empty of social contacts, and alone in an unsupportive world. LONELY.
Anomic: committed by people who experience severe disorientation because of a major change in their relationship to society.
Altruistic: committed by people who believe that taking their lives will benefit society.

47
Q

What personality and cognitive factors are most predictive of suicide? What biological
factors (genetic, neurotransmitter)?

A

Personality characteristics: Impulsivity. Cognitive: hopelessness.
Genetic: higher chance if someone in family does then offspring will. Biological: Low levels of serotonin might be linked to higher rates of suicide.

48
Q

what percent of women are affected by postpartum depression after
childbirth?

A

70% of women during 10 days postpartum- baby blues. 10-12 percent of women experience this.

49
Q

What is gender identity?

A

Perception of one selves as male or female. Personal views of your own gender.

50
Q

What are sexual dysfunctions?

A

Set of disorders in which people have difficulty responding sexually or experiencing sexual pleasure.

51
Q

What are the five phases of the sexual response cycle (discussed in Figure 13.1)?

A

Desire, arousal, plateau (peak), orgasm, resolution

52
Q

Understand what Sensate Focus Therapy is, along with the its different phases

A

3 phrase process of getting over dysfunction: 1. non-genital touch without intercourse being the goal. 2. touch/stimulate genitals and breast touch but no breast touch. 3. intercourse.

53
Q

Understand different treatments for premature ejaculation and pelvic muscle tightening

A

Premature ejaculation: stop start technique: first phase: man is told to stop stimulating themselves so arousal can decline and start again. Anti-depressants: fluoxetine and clomipramine and Zoloft, decrease sex drive and sex functioning.
Squeeze technique: stimulate to ejaculation, then squeeze to make them stop.

Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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