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Cultural Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural evolution

A

culture change over time

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2
Q

Progress

A

when people move forward to a better stage in their cultural development toward perfection

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3
Q

Convergent evolution

A

developing similar cultural adaptations by people with different cultures

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4
Q

Parallel evolution

A

development of similar cultural adaptations by people with already similar cultures

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5
Q

Culture Core

A

Cultural features that are fundamental for the society to make a living

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6
Q

Archaeology

A

The discovery and interpretation of both artifacts and natural objects with a view of the reconstruction of history and culture

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7
Q

Archaeology is a —– science?

A

soft

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8
Q

Primary inovation

A

creation, invention, or chance discovery of an existing idea, method, or device

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9
Q

Secondary innovation

A

deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another

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11
Q

Acculturation

A

Massive culture change that occurs in a society because of a more powerful society

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12
Q

Ethnocide

A

when a dominant society wants to destroy another society’s cultural heritage and eradicates their identity

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13
Q

Genocide

A

physical extermination of one people by another

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14
Q

Syncretism

A

In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms

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15
Q

Modernization

A

the process of political and socioeconomic change

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16
Q

What are the different site selections in archaeology?

A
  1. Mounds
  2. Erosions
  3. Vegetation
  4. Surface finds
  5. Underwater archaeology
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17
Q

What precision instruments are used for excavation?

A
  1. Electrical Resistance
  2. Magnetometer
  3. Probes
  4. Flashgun Camera
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18
Q

What is a magnetometer

A

mine detector

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19
Q

How are erosions excavated?

A

Blasting and digging

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20
Q

How are the contrasts in vegetation looked at?

A

Detecting from air and soil analysis

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21
Q

What are the different types of archaeological sites?

A
  1. Living Site
  2. Burial Site
  3. Workshop Site
  4. Quarry Site
  5. Ceremonial Site
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22
Q

What is found in a living site?

A
  1. food
  2. streets
  3. walls
  4. storage rooms
  5. trade implements
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23
Q

What are the three excavation procedures?

A
  1. Datum point
  2. Test pitting
  3. Artifact recording
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24
Q

What is the jigsaw puzzle?

A

Assemblage of materials

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25
Q

What is a feature?

A

something man-made but not removable

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26
Q

What is an object?

A

something not man-made

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27
Q

Examples of features

A
  1. storage pit
  2. cistern
  3. Hezekiah’s pool
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28
Q

Examples of objects

A
  1. animal bones
  2. plant seeds
  3. shells
  4. ashes
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29
Q

What year were the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered?

A

1947

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30
Q

Who found the Dead Sea Scrolls?

A

an Arab shepherd boy

31
Q

Where were the Dead Sea Scrolls found?

A

in caves of the Qumran settlement

32
Q

What are the Dead Sea Scrolls?

A
  1. Hundreds of animal skin scrolls
  2. Fragments from over 900 documents
  3. All Old Testament books…
33
Q

Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?

A

The Essenes, a monastic Jewish sect

34
Q

How were the scrolls presented?

A

in pottery jars in 11 caves in the best possible environment

35
Q

What is the significance of the scrolls?

A

Predate by 1000 years the next earliest copies of the OT

Later texts agree with them

36
Q

Where are the scrolls now?

A

The Israel National Museum’s Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem

37
Q

Phonetics

A

the study of the physical attributes of sound

38
Q

Phonology

A

the study of language sounds

39
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference

40
Q

Morphology

A

the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language

41
Q

Morpheme

A

the smallest combination of sounds that have meaning, sounds that can’t be broken into smaller units

42
Q

Glottochronology

A

a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor

43
Q

Linguistic nationalism

A

the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms

44
Q

Sociolinguistics

A

the study of the relationship between language and society

45
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as

A

Linguistic determinism

46
Q

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A
  1. Members of different language communities think about their world in particular and unique ways.
  2. Each language conveys a particular worldview and perspective.
47
Q

Paralanguage

A

voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning

48
Q

what are examples of paralanguage

A

giggling, sighing, pitch, tempo

49
Q

Language is derived from —-

A

God

50
Q

How many languages are there worldwide

A

3000-8000

51
Q

Phonemics

A

study of sounds in a language that are recognized and distinguished by its speakers

52
Q

Pin, tin, and sin are examples of a what?

A

Phoneme

53
Q

“like” is an example of what?

A

single morpheme

54
Q

“un” and “dis” are examples of what?

A

two bound morphemes

55
Q

What cannot stand alone and is a prefix or a suffix

A

bound morpheme

56
Q

Syntax

A

the set of rules that determines the meaningful organization of words into phrases and sentences

57
Q

Noam Chomsky wrote what?

A

Transformational grammar theory

58
Q

What does the transformational grammar theory say?

A
  1. There is a universal grammar underlying every human language
  2. All languages reflect structures of the human mind
  3. Basic language components constitute that deep structure which generates the transformational rules
59
Q

Thought -> Language is what?

A

Transformational grammar theory

60
Q

Language -> Thought is what?

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

61
Q

As we speak, so we think is part of what?

A

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

62
Q

My Fair Lady is an example of what?

A

Sociolinguistics

63
Q

What is the ethnography of speaking?

A
  1. The analysis of speech events in specific settings

2, the study of speech behaviors

64
Q

Proxemics

A

The study of how people in different cultures define proper body space

65
Q

What are the four distinguishable space zones

A

intimate, personal, social, public

66
Q

Kinesics

A

The study of how people use gestures, facial expressions, posture, body movements, eye contact, and touching to communicate

67
Q

What are the four stages in the revitalization movements

A
  1. Steady State
  2. Period of Increased Stress
  3. Period of Cultural Distortion
  4. Period of Revitalization
  5. New Steady State
68
Q

The Steady State

A

slow process of change, no disorganization

69
Q

Period of Increased Stress

A

growing disorganization, increased social deviance and individual pathology

70
Q

Period of Cultural Distortion

A

major disorganization

71
Q

Period of Revitalization

A

emergence of a prophet and a new utopian image of the good society

72
Q

New Steady State

A

new equilibrium as the new religion develops into a conservative and organized institution

73
Q

What are the two agents of change

A
  1. Government Administrators

2. Missionaries

Cultural Anthropology (18 decks)

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