Exam 2 Flashcards
Cultural evolution
culture change over time
Progress
when people move forward to a better stage in their cultural development toward perfection
Convergent evolution
developing similar cultural adaptations by people with different cultures
Parallel evolution
development of similar cultural adaptations by people with already similar cultures
Culture Core
Cultural features that are fundamental for the society to make a living
Archaeology
The discovery and interpretation of both artifacts and natural objects with a view of the reconstruction of history and culture
Archaeology is a —– science?
soft
Primary inovation
creation, invention, or chance discovery of an existing idea, method, or device
Secondary innovation
deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device
Diffusion
the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another
Acculturation
Massive culture change that occurs in a society because of a more powerful society
Ethnocide
when a dominant society wants to destroy another society’s cultural heritage and eradicates their identity
Genocide
physical extermination of one people by another
Syncretism
In acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms
Modernization
the process of political and socioeconomic change
What are the different site selections in archaeology?
- Mounds
- Erosions
- Vegetation
- Surface finds
- Underwater archaeology
What precision instruments are used for excavation?
- Electrical Resistance
- Magnetometer
- Probes
- Flashgun Camera
What is a magnetometer
mine detector
How are erosions excavated?
Blasting and digging
How are the contrasts in vegetation looked at?
Detecting from air and soil analysis
What are the different types of archaeological sites?
- Living Site
- Burial Site
- Workshop Site
- Quarry Site
- Ceremonial Site
What is found in a living site?
- food
- streets
- walls
- storage rooms
- trade implements
What are the three excavation procedures?
- Datum point
- Test pitting
- Artifact recording
What is the jigsaw puzzle?
Assemblage of materials
What is a feature?
something man-made but not removable
What is an object?
something not man-made
Examples of features
- storage pit
- cistern
- Hezekiah’s pool
Examples of objects
- animal bones
- plant seeds
- shells
- ashes
What year were the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered?
1947
Who found the Dead Sea Scrolls?
an Arab shepherd boy
Where were the Dead Sea Scrolls found?
in caves of the Qumran settlement
What are the Dead Sea Scrolls?
- Hundreds of animal skin scrolls
- Fragments from over 900 documents
- All Old Testament books…
Who wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls?
The Essenes, a monastic Jewish sect
How were the scrolls presented?
in pottery jars in 11 caves in the best possible environment
What is the significance of the scrolls?
Predate by 1000 years the next earliest copies of the OT
Later texts agree with them
Where are the scrolls now?
The Israel National Museum’s Shrine of the Book in Jerusalem
Phonetics
the study of the physical attributes of sound
Phonology
the study of language sounds
Phoneme
the smallest unit of sound that makes a difference
Morphology
the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language
Morpheme
the smallest combination of sounds that have meaning, sounds that can’t be broken into smaller units
Glottochronology
a method for identifying the approximate time that languages branched off from a common ancestor
Linguistic nationalism
the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms
Sociolinguistics
the study of the relationship between language and society
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as
Linguistic determinism
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- Members of different language communities think about their world in particular and unique ways.
- Each language conveys a particular worldview and perspective.
Paralanguage
voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning
what are examples of paralanguage
giggling, sighing, pitch, tempo
Language is derived from —-
God
How many languages are there worldwide
3000-8000
Phonemics
study of sounds in a language that are recognized and distinguished by its speakers
Pin, tin, and sin are examples of a what?
Phoneme
“like” is an example of what?
single morpheme
“un” and “dis” are examples of what?
two bound morphemes
What cannot stand alone and is a prefix or a suffix
bound morpheme
Syntax
the set of rules that determines the meaningful organization of words into phrases and sentences
Noam Chomsky wrote what?
Transformational grammar theory
What does the transformational grammar theory say?
- There is a universal grammar underlying every human language
- All languages reflect structures of the human mind
- Basic language components constitute that deep structure which generates the transformational rules
Thought -> Language is what?
Transformational grammar theory
Language -> Thought is what?
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
As we speak, so we think is part of what?
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
My Fair Lady is an example of what?
Sociolinguistics
What is the ethnography of speaking?
- The analysis of speech events in specific settings
2, the study of speech behaviors
Proxemics
The study of how people in different cultures define proper body space
What are the four distinguishable space zones
intimate, personal, social, public
Kinesics
The study of how people use gestures, facial expressions, posture, body movements, eye contact, and touching to communicate
What are the four stages in the revitalization movements
- Steady State
- Period of Increased Stress
- Period of Cultural Distortion
- Period of Revitalization
- New Steady State
The Steady State
slow process of change, no disorganization
Period of Increased Stress
growing disorganization, increased social deviance and individual pathology
Period of Cultural Distortion
major disorganization
Period of Revitalization
emergence of a prophet and a new utopian image of the good society
New Steady State
new equilibrium as the new religion develops into a conservative and organized institution
What are the two agents of change
- Government Administrators
2. Missionaries
