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PTA 230 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When applying an UE PNF technique to a patient, what is the pt asked to watch?

A
  • Follow and watch hand
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2
Q

What is the highest LOI to use a manual wheelchair with projections on the rim?

A

C5

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3
Q

The average length of rehabilitation stay is 2 months. T or F

A

False (Acute: 12 days, Inpatient: 37 days)

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4
Q

What are the treatment times that are most beneficial for PD pt on L-Dopa? * Provide informative nutritional info about medication.

A
  • At peak dosage time of medication.
  • DECREASE protein consumption at and around dosage times.
  • Decrease Calories. Increase water, vegetables, and fruits “fiber”
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5
Q

Which spinal cord syndrome features sensory impairments that are usually less severe than the motor impairments and result from hyperextension injuries (UE > LE)?

A

Central Cord

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6
Q

________ occurs during the first day after spinal injury with the patient unable to perform motor or sensory assessment.

A

Spinal Shock

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7
Q

Avascular malformations occur in the spinal cord tissue. T or F

A

True

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8
Q

To assess the L2 myotome on the ASIA Scale, the person will have hip flexion assessed. T or F

A

True

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9
Q

What needs to be promoted with our treatment for PD patients to improve functional mobility?

A
  • increased cervical extension
  • increased thoracic extension
  • Increased lumbar extension
  • increased anterior pelvic tilt
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10
Q

What are 4 pt education examples of Autonomic Dysreflexia?

A
  • Checking drainage system of catheter first
  • Headache
  • Sweating above level of injury
  • High blood pressure monitoring
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11
Q

What Neurodegenerative Disease has a sub max exercise level of 20-70% of HR Max?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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12
Q

You must work (lightly or hard) on a patient with PD?

A

Aggressive-Hard

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13
Q

In PD patients, what are strategies to enhance locomotor?

A
  • walking with vertical poles (like 2 canes)
  • verbal instructions: walk tall, walk fast, large steps, swing both arms
  • transverse visual cues
  • braiding (trunk rotation)
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14
Q

Which LE pattern can facilitate hackysack play?

A

D1 Flexion

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15
Q

What pattern of return (recovery) does a C4 incomplete SCI have?

A
  • Proximal to Distal “Most distal doesn’t improve”.
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16
Q

What type of motor learning do patients of PD work well in?

A

Blocked practice, same task, high reps, and closed environment

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17
Q

When rhythmical initiation is performed 8-12 times by a patient with PD, what other relaxation benefit will the patient have?

A

Decreased muscle tone, increased chest expansion and aerobic capacity

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18
Q

Which diagnosis is most likely to have impaired sensory?

A
  • MS>GB>ALS
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19
Q

A pt with a clinical syndrome produces an acute onset of unwanted activity from noxious stimuli below the level of the lesion. What is this term? What is the most common cause?

A

Autonomic Dysreflexia; Bladder and Bowel Distention

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20
Q

What PD medicine is the best in crossing the blood brain barrier but only benefit a decade?

A
  • Carbidopa “Cinamed”
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21
Q

Which spinal cord syndrome features preservation of motor function, a sense of pain and light touch, and loss of 2 point discrimination?

A

Posterior Cord

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22
Q

A patient that presents with motor function below the neurological level with more than half the key muscle groups having a grade < 3 will be scored as a(n) ______ on the ASIA Impairment Scale.

A

C

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23
Q

Which patient treatment stategies will encourage an increase ROM, increase respiratory function, and increase in pulmonary capacity?

A
  • Bilateral symmetrical D2 flexion
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24
Q

When a patient with SCI level C5 with biceps intact attempts to long sit, can they perform the task?

A

No, can’t wrist or triceps extend. Need at least C7

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25
Q

Which UE can facilitate strengthening for functional carryover to increase pt ability to clean the back of their neck and scapula in shower?

A

D1 Flexion

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26
Q

How often should a person perform pressure relief, and how long of a hold?

A
  • Every 15min for 2min hold***
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27
Q

What level of the spine must be intact to perform seated push-ups?

A

C7

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28
Q

Which diagnosis reviewed is most likely to have spasticity?

A
  • Multiple Sclerosis
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29
Q

A patient with a complete C3 injury is most likely to have a ventilator. T or F

A

True (C1-C3)

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30
Q

What is generally contraindicated for PD patients in resistance training?

A

Isometrics

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31
Q

Which 2 PNF techniques facilitate increased ROM in a pt?Which is best for PD?

A
  • Contract Relax (pt moves to new range) (*best for PD)

- Hold Relax (PTA moves to new range)

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32
Q

Which muscles groups should not be stretched with a pt with SCI?

A
  • Long finger flexor (wanted tenodesis)

- Lower trunk (wanted sitting stability)

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33
Q

To increase ROM, what PNF technique should be applied at the end ROM?

A
  • Contract-relax (best, pt performs) and hold-relax
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34
Q

What are some relaxation exercises for PD?

A

Yoga, Tai Chi, rocking, rhythmic initiation, diaphragmatic breathing

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35
Q

What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of PD?

A
  • Tremor
  • Rigidity
  • Akinesia (bradycardia)
  • Postural Instability
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36
Q

What is the highest LOI to independently transfer to most surfaces including uneven?

A

C8

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37
Q

Which LOI would need a ventilator or phrenic stimulator?

A

C1 to C3

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38
Q

What is the highest LOI able to perform outdoor mobility on uneven surfaces and cubs independently?

A

T1-T12

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39
Q

What area can have weight relief with forward lean, hands down to the floor?

A

Sacral

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40
Q

How does Carpidopa benefit patient’s with PD?

A
  • Controls bradykinesia and rigidity
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41
Q

What are the principle steps of the application of Rhythmic Initiation?

A

PROM, AAROM, AROM, ARROM

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42
Q

What is the most common spinal cord syndrome?

A

Central Cord Syndrome

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43
Q

What are motor learning strategies of PD?

A
  1. Large number of repetitions
  2. Structured instructional sets
  3. Closed environment; less clutter
  4. Avoid dual tasking; Do single tasks
  5. Blocked practice order
  6. External cues
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44
Q

Why are SCI pts prone to developing DVT’s?

A
  • Lack of movement

- Loss of nerve control for BP

45
Q

What level of the spine must be intact to perform weight relief with lateral lean?

A

C7 ???

46
Q

What is known to present osteogenesis within the joints of SCI below the level of the lesion and usually occurs adjacent to large joints (hips/knees)?

A

Heterotropic Ossification

47
Q

In MS, If a lesion and scar formation happens in the sensory or motor cortex, what will the patients symptoms be?

A
  • Bladder, Bowel, and sexual dysfunction

- Motor and/or Sensory loss, typically LE>UE (ones sided at times but not considered hemiplegia)

48
Q

What types of verbal cues will benefit a patient with PD the most?

A

BIGGER” “Left, right, left right” - rhythmic and simple verbal cues

49
Q

What level of the spine must be intact to perform seated push-ups?

A

Triceps

50
Q

With chopping and symmetrical overhead reaching, what verbal and tactile cues are necessary to encourage maximal irradiation and AROM? Which region of the body does the therapist facilitate?

A

“Watch and follow your hand” “in and out”; scapula and hand

51
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome is the least common spinal cord injury presentation. T or F

A

False (Posterior Cord Syndrome)

52
Q

The majority of spinal cord injuries are caused by non-traumatic events. T or F

A

False (Traumatic Events)

53
Q

Which diagnosis has UMN symptoms and LMN symptoms?

A
  • MS

- ALS

54
Q

What causes of PD?

A

Unknown - Idiopathic

55
Q

What Neurodegenerative Disease presents with many people having heat sensitivity? What’s the best time to exercise them?

A
  • MS; A.M. In the morning
56
Q

What pathological issue that typically occurs in lesions above T6 presents from the onset of noxious stimuli below the level of a SCI lesion?How long does it last and when does it resolve?

A
  • Autonomic Dysreflexia “Increases BP. Inability to communicate with phrenic area to decrease HTN”
57
Q

Which UE pattern can facilitate strengthening for functional carryover over to increase pt ability to scoot?

A

D1 Extension

58
Q

What is the complete paralysis of all four extremities and trunk, including respiratory muscles, and results from lesions in the cervical cord?

A

Tetraplegia

59
Q

In MS, If a lesion and scar formation happens in the cerebellum, what will the patients symptoms be?

A
  • Loss of balance and coordination

- Ataxia

60
Q

What additional benefits will patients receive with Tai chi sequencing and braided resistance?

A
  • Decrease muscle tone (rigidity), decrease muscle instability, and increase big motions
61
Q

What are aerobic exercise recommendations for PD patient?

A
  • 50%-85% max HR (220-age)
62
Q

What muscles are being strengthened when performing seated push-ups?

A

Triceps

63
Q

What are ways to progress functional training?

A
  • changing surface or height
  • narrowing BOS

- reaching activities

64
Q

________ cord syndrome presents from flexion of the cervical spine with the loss of ________ and _______ sensory function below the level of injury.

A

Anterior; motor; pain and temperature

65
Q

Which diagnosis reviewed is the most likely to have bulbar involvement?

A
  • GB

- ALS

66
Q

Patients with SCI are not at risk of orthostatic hypotension. T or F

A

False

67
Q

What is contraindicated for PD patients to do in bed mobility?

A

-Log Rolling “because it encourages trunk rigidity”

68
Q

How much hamstring length must be gained to long sit?

A
  • 100° for long sitting (90° for short sitting)
69
Q

Which spinal cord syndrome features loss of motor function (corticospinal) and loss of the sense of pain and temperature (spinothalamic ) below the level of the lesion ?

A

Anterior Cord

70
Q

Which PNF techniques facilitate strengthening for a pt?

A
  • Rhythmic Stabilization (Choppy)

- Stabilizing Reversals (Smooth Co-contractions)

71
Q

What should be done and checked with Autonomic Dysreflexia?

A
  • 1st Sit pt up
  • Check for noxious stimuli “Check for Bowel/Bladder distention, blocked catheters, UTI’s, kidney stones, pressure sores”
72
Q

What 2 techniques in GB/MS were discussed to address ataxia?

A
  • Frankel Exercises (Unilateral Shin Slides) “Helps improve trunk control”
  • Weighted or WB exercises
73
Q

Is Guillian Barre an UMN or LMN disease?

A

LMN (Peripheral)

74
Q

A bony prominence which is most likely to form at the hip and knee joint is a(n) _______.

A

Heterotropic Ossification

75
Q

What is the frequency and duration for flexibility exercises? How hard?

A
  • 4 reps with 15-60 second holds

- 2-3 days per a week (minimum)
- 5-7 days per a week (ideally)

76
Q

What area can have weight relief with lateral lean over side of the chair?

A
  • Ischial Tuberosity

- Gluteus

77
Q

Which spinal cord syndrome features paralysis (lateral corticospinal) and sensory loss (dorsal column) on the same side, with sensory loss (spinothalalmic) on the opposite side 2 segments below the level of injury?

A

Brown-Sequard

78
Q

What is the most common sex and age for PD?

A
  • Male and 55 and up
79
Q

What is defined as a period of areflexia (hyporeflexia, flaccidity) below the level of lesion that usually results in 24 hours?

A

Spinal Shock

80
Q

Which LE pattern can facilitate skin checks to the bottom of pt foot?

A

D1 Flexion

81
Q

What types of external internal cues benefit the patient with PD the most?

A
  • Auditory (music, metronome, “saying take BIG Steps”)
  • Visual (Parallel Visual lines, 2-2.5 ft space between lines, Color of lines)
  • Tactile (Touching patient for cueing to facilitate a beneficial movement)
82
Q

How should pt with spastic and flaccid bladder be educated in a bladder training program?

A
  • Spastic, empty with manual techniques

- Flaccid, empty with valsalva maneuver

83
Q

What types of internal cues benefit the patient with PD the most?

A
  • Mental Music (keep patient from freezing and BIG step promotion)
  • Remembering (recalling external cues to discourage freezing and promote BIG steps)
84
Q

A patient with a complete C7 injury is most likely to have a spastic bladder. T or F

A

True (UMN Lesion)

85
Q

What is the highest LOI able to walk with AFOs and canes?

A

L4-L5

86
Q

What PNF pattern can also be used with the ROM maintenance of the Iliopsoas?

A

D1 Flexion

87
Q

What SCI level must be intact for biceps use?

A

C5

88
Q

If a PD patient was retropulsive, where does their balance need to be improved for sit to stand?

A

Anterior

89
Q

Paralysis of intercostals results in decreased chest expansion and lower capacity. What is the name for this type of respiration? What is the range of spinal segments most likely involved?

A
  • Paradoxical breathing “chest flattens, and there is dominant epigastric rise”
  • C1 to C3 (will require a ventilator)
90
Q

What is the difference between Cogwheel rigidity and Lead-pipe rigidity?

A

Cogwheel - jerky, resistance to PROM (tremor + rigidity)

Leadpipe - sustained resistance without fluctuations

91
Q

What other neuromuscular diagnosis can these (GB/MS) techniques be used with?

A
  • GB/MS/ALS declined
92
Q

How many sets and reps do patients with PD need to do to gain ROM?

A
  • 4 reps with 15-60 second holds; 2-3 days/week
93
Q

When the hypothalamus can no longer control cutaneous blood flow or level of sweating in a pt, they will not be able to sweat below the level of the lesion, but may demonstrate diaphoresis above the level of the lesion due to what?

A
  • Loss of temperature control “external environment control, especially tetrapalegia”
94
Q

A neurodegenerative disease that produces intentional tremors is called?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

95
Q

What ND Disease produces involuntary emotional expression disorder or emotional incontinence, and is characterized by sudden and unpredictable episodes of crying, laughing, or other emotional displays? What is it called?

A

MS; Pseudobulbar Syndrome

96
Q

Exercise sessions should be scheduled on alternate (non-endurance) days and during optimal times, such as in the morning, when body core temperatures tend to be lowest and before fatigue sets in MS. T or F

A

True

97
Q

Precautions should be taken to prevent the deleterious effects of overwork. Exercising to the point of fatigue is contraindicated and can result in worsening of symptoms, most notably increased weakness in what Neurodegenerative Disease?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

98
Q

What’s an appropriate option for prevention and in some cases reversal of contractures? (Ex. MS)

A
  • Orthosis and Dynamic Splinting
99
Q

Which ND diseases recommends training frequency at 3 to 5 days/week, on alternate days. Daily exercise at lower levels of intensity is recommended for individuals with more limited exercise capacities

A

Multiple Sclerosis

100
Q

LMN, UMN, Bulbar, and Respiratory impairments are characteristics of ?

A

ALS

101
Q

Sensory pathways are spared, for the most part, in people with this dx

A

ALS

102
Q

EMG, nerve conduction velocity (NCV) studies, muscle and nerve biopsies, and neuroimaging studies are used to support the diagnosis of?

A

ALS

103
Q

Glutamate inhibitors such as Rilutek are used to treat?

A

ALS

104
Q

Respiratory management of _______ consist of (1) pneumococcal and yearly in-fluenza vaccinations (2) prevention of aspiration; (3) effective oral and pulmonary secretion management. ***Supplemental oxygen must be used with caution because it can suppress respiratory drive, exacerbate hypoventilation, and ultimately lead to hypercarbia and respiratory arrest.

A

ALS

105
Q

To determine the extent of bulbar involvement, the nerves that we should test in ALS are?

A

V, VII, IX, X, and XII

106
Q

Physical therapist can play a role in managing dysarthria and dysphagia by addressing the patient’s? (Ex. ALS)

A
  • Head trunk control

- Position in sitting

107
Q

What Disease presents these symptoms?

  • 50% chance of passing to offspring
  • Clumsiness, tremor, balance problems, jerkiness, rigidity, ataxia, dystonia (Basal Ganglia sx)
  • Atrophy to BG and corpus Callosum common
  • Weight loss, mental impairment/depression/behavior issues
  • Diagnosis through PMH, fam history, genetic testing
  • No cure, medications can help chorea which include dopamine blockers
A

Huntington’s Disease

108
Q

What are the most common tumors that metastasize to brain?

A

PT Barnum Loves Kids

  • Prostate
  • Testis
  • Breast
  • Lungs
  • Kidneys
109
Q

What condition has these characteristics?
- Most in cerebrum, but can be in cerebellum→ most have multiple lesions.
Grade 1 Astrocytoma- slow growing, defined borders. Sx= standard w/chemo (2%)
Grade II - Rarely spreads to other parts of CNS. Borders not well defined.
Grade III- Anaplastic Astrocytoma; grows faster and more aggressively. Tumor cells not uniform in appearance. Invades neighboring tissues. (4%)
Grade IV- Glioblastoma Multiforme - Most invasive. Commonly spreads to other tissues rapidly. May be composed of several types of cells. 23% of all tumors

A

Metatastic Brain Tumor

PTA 230 (8 decks)

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