Exam 2 Flashcards
(100 cards)
________: automatic, involuntary responses to specific types of stimuli that are present at birth.
Neonatal reflexas
with sudden movement downward (falling) the infant will spread arms out and then inward (hugging themselves).
Moro reflex
spread toes when you run your hand up the side of their foot.
Babinski reflex
step when held upright
Stepping reflex
when you brush their cheek, will orient toward the side that was brushed.
Rooting reflex
1-2 months a baby does what?
Lifts head
2-4 months a baby does what?
Prone, chest up, uses arms for support
2-5 months a baby does what?
rolls over
4-7 months a baby does what?
Sits without support
8 months a baby does what?
Crawls
4-9 months a baby does what?
Pulls to stand
7-12 months a baby does what?
walks with assistance: cruising
11-14 months a baby does what?
Walks
What theory is this?
Behavior Patterns are determined through a process of learning.
Infants at first move randomly and often involuntarily, and successful actions are reinforced.
Trial and error
What theory is this?
Behavior Patterns are predetermined by neural mechanisms
Infants motor development is a process of brain development, and as the brain matures, more advanced motor behaviors becomes available.
Nativism
What did Ester Thelan discover?
discoveries about
rhythmical stereotypic movements (RSM):
What is RSM?
- Movement is not random, movements have a purpose
- Movements in every body part
- Not reflexes
- Peak before voluntary control of a body part
- RSM kicking has the same form as newborn stepping reflex
- Reflexes RSM controlled voluntary actions
_______ kicking has the same form as newborn stepping reflex
RSM
The ______ tells Thigh muscles contract then calf muscles contract then release, etc. etc.
CPG
Patterns in gross and fine motor development are determined as the brain matures and different pattern generators come “online”
CPG
Problem with CPG?
The “stepping reflex” disappears
What explains that the stepping reflex disappears?
Infants bodies are rapidly changing
Muscle tone does not keep up with weight and legs become too heavy for infants to lift.
When given “assistance” the stepping reflex reemerges.
The Body is controlled by the brain and any behavioral changes must be met with 1 to 1 changes in the brain.
Behavior Patterns are preprogrammed and fixed neural codes
Central Pattern Generators
Motor development is a DYNAMIC process
The Brain is ALSO controlled by the body, and behavioral changes are the result of “multi-causal” development
Behavior patterns are context specific and non-fixed
Dynamic Systems theory