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Dev Psych > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

True facts/false statements

A

Dualism

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2
Q

TE of Dualism:

A

Legitimate uncertainty

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3
Q

“All opinions are equal”

A

Multiplicity

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4
Q

TE of Multiplicity:

A

Support opinions with facts, arguements

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5
Q

“Theories”:

A

Relativism

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6
Q

TE of Relativism:

A

Facts are explained by causal theories

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7
Q

Steps in stage theories:

A

Stage 1) Dualism, Stage 2) Multiplicity Stage 3) Relativism, Stage 4) Commitment

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8
Q

Equilibrium and disequilibrium in stage theories:

A

Try to maintain equilibrium, can’t, get disequilibrium and this leads to transition experience

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9
Q

Who did William Perry Study?

A

At Harvard, students about their coursework. Cognitive and intellectual development.

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10
Q

Problems with causality:

A

Spurious, directionality, third variable explanations

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11
Q

Is there a theory or logical structure to explain the observed relation of the variables?

A

Spurious

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12
Q

What is the temporal relation of the variable? Does one occur before the other?

A

Directionality

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13
Q

Can another variable explain the relation between the two?

A

Third variable explanations

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14
Q

Approximation of the population in interest:

A

Representative sample

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15
Q

Groups in study randomly assigned:

A

Random Assignment

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16
Q

Why do quasi-experimental designs provide LIMITED evidence of causation:

A

1) too many variables (of as many as 3)

2) measure the variables over time to measure directionality

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17
Q

Advantages of cross-sectional designs:

A

quick and easy to administer. Grab kids at diff. age groups and measure them.

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18
Q

Disadvantages of cross-sectional designs:

A

Not longitudinal. Can’t compare within person change.

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19
Q

This is what happens when you have different eras and try to compare them:

A

History/Cohort effects

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20
Q

Advantages of longitudinal studies:

A

helps understand long periods of time

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21
Q

Disadvantages of longitudinal studies:

A

expensive, time consuming, attrition (people dropping out of the study)

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22
Q

Advantages of microgenetic designs:

A

Helps understand real changes over time, can capture an event as it is happening, can observe differences between children

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23
Q

What is microgenetic designs:

A

Consistent study of the same children during very short periods of time when you know (or expect) to see development

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24
Q

Disadvantages of microgentic designs:

A

expensive and time consuming

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25
Are the findings replicable? Are the variables consistent and measured accurately?
Reliability
26
How well do the measures correspond with and generalize to the rest of the world?
Validity
27
What are some types of measurement?
Direct/Natural observation, artificial/controlled observation, surveys/interviews
28
Why is context important for causality?
No one thing is always the exact cause of the event.
29
Germinal:
Conception to 2 weeks
30
Embryonic
3rd-8th week
31
Fetal
9 weeks to birth (38 weeks)
32
Germinal, embryonic, and fetal represent _____ shifts in development
qualitative
33
Trimesters represent ______ shifts in development
quantitative
34
What are the 4 processes in prenatal developmental?
1) cell division (mitosis) 2) cell migration 3) cell differentiation 4) cell death (apoptosis)
35
What occurs in the germinal period?
Neural tube creation (brain and spinal cord), implantation of uterine lining, inner cell mass into hollow sphere
36
What is the embryo hand plate? and when does it occur?
when finger start to emerge. apoptosis of cells: if not, then webbed hands. 7 weeks
37
What occurs in the embryonic period?
Primitive heart beat, arm and leg buds, cells differentiate and start forming the structures of what they will become
38
Spina bifida:
Lack of folic acid
39
What plays a vital role in the dev. of the spinal cord?
Folic acid
40
What occurs during the first part of fetal period?
Nose, mouth, palate, neural tube develops, basic structures form, lots of movement (but so small you cant tell).
41
What happens at 9 weeks into fetal period?
Rapid brain growth, internal organs present, sexual differentiation starts
42
What happens to the fetus at 11 weeks?
Heart in its basic structure, spine and ribs visible
43
Fetus at 16 weeks?
Lower body growth accelerates, genitalia develop, some reflexes
44
Fetus at 18 weeks?
Thumb sucking! greasy coating and hair
45
Fetus at 20 weeks?
Head down, facial expressions, cramped quarters
46
Fetus at 28 weeks:
Brain/lung development= higher survival rate, eyes experience REM movements, weight x3
47
What is the age of viability now?
~22 weeks
48
Neurogenesis:
Occurs throughout lifetime in select areas of the brain: hippocampus. ~100 billion neurons at birth, 9-10x more glial cells develop through lifespan: astrocytes
49
Synaptogenesis:
Neuron connections= ~1000 with other neurons. Makes each brain uniquely different.
50
Synaptic pruning:
Synapses that arent used are removed
51
When can you see prenatal hiccups?
7 weeks
52
When have most movements present at birth appeared?
12 weeks
53
What are types of fetal behavior?
Swallowing, breathing, sight and touch, taste, smell, hearing
54
What is fetal habituation?
simplest form of learning. At about 30 weeks fetus decreases responses to repeated or continuous stimulus
55
Prenatal and Postnatal Continuity:
Activity level during the prenatal period is correlated with post-natal activity level
56
What is the APGAR?
Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration
57
What is the NBAS?
Created by Brazelton. Measures neonatal behaviors and reflexes.
58
What is the role of the parents personality in the NBAS?
The higher their personality and interest the more likely they were to enjoy the NBAS and parenting quality was rated higher
59
Genotype:
Genetic make up, inherited
60
Phenotype:
What you can see
61
Polygenic inheritance:
Traits that are governed by more than one gene. Behavioral scientists are interested bc it applies to most traits and behaviors/ EX. shyness, aggression
62
Epigenetics:
How genes and environment interplay.
63
Regulator genes:
Switch on and off genes
64
All phenotypes that could theoretically result from a genotype, given all possible environmental differences.
Norm of reaction
65
Parents genetic make up contributes to the child’s genotype AND to the environment the child is provided.
Passive environment interactions
66
Children evoke certain responses from others
evocative gene-environment correlations
67
actively select surroundings and experiences that support their interests, talents, and personality characteristic
active gene-environment correlations
68
occurs when specific types of methyl builds up in the DNA. The rate at which this happens can be influenced by stress. Stressful environments have been shown to increase the level of methylation in DNA. Is thought to change or dampen the expression of genes.
Methylation
69
100% shared genetic makeup
Monozygotic twins
70
50% shared genetic makeup
dizygotic twins, siblings
71
fatty sheaths of myelin that form around axons to increase speed of information-processing
Myelination
72
Explanation for thrill seeking:
dopamine decreases from childhood to adolescence= increase in sensation seeking. density of oxytocin receptors increase from childhood to adolescence= presence of peers makes rewards more rewarding
73
Risky behavior decrease?
Prefrontal cortex development
74
Formation of certain brain structures occur as a result of “universal” experiences “that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have” Developmental impairment results if expected experience is not available.
Experience-Expectant plasticity
75
Neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experience. Examples: hippocampus size in London taxi drivers.
Experience-dependent processes
76
environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm during prenatal development. Timing is a crucial factor in the severity of the effects of potentially harmful agents. Many agents cause damage only if exposure occurs during a sensitive period in development.
Teratogens
77
The most sensitive or critical period of prenatal development is the embryonic period.
Sensitive period
78
Increases in exposure to potential teratogens (cumulative effect) are associated with greater probabilities of fetal defects and with more severe problems.
Dose-response relation
79
Successful development in the face of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards.
Resilience
80
_________ children often experience responsive care from a particular caregiver and possess personal characteristics such as intelligence and responsiveness to others.
resilient

Dev Psych (4 decks)

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