Exam 2 Flashcards
What perspective says humans are prepared to acquire some phobias but not others?
Behavioral evolution
According to humanistic theorists , people develope generalized anixety disorder when what?
They repeatedly deny Their true thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
According to Freud what type of anixety do children experience when they are repeatedly prevented from expressing their I’d impulses?
Moral anixety
According to the biological perspective what neurotransmitter malfunctioning contributes to generalized aniexty disorder?
GABA
What perspective maintains generalized aniexty disorder develops as a result to threatening environments?
The Sociocultural perspective
What is not a major behavioral approach to treating specific phobias?
Stimulus generalization
What is free-floating aniexty scientific term ?
Generalized aniexty disorder
What is the most applied method of biofeedback for treatment?
E m g
What is not a behavioral technique used in social skills training?
Exposure
According to psychodynamic theorists, what 3 defense mechanisms are involved in obsessive compulsive disorder ?
Isolation, undoing, and reaction formation
What technique involves the therapist confronting the feared object or situation while the person suffering from the phobia observes?
Modeling
In ————, researchers produce panic in subjects or clients by administering drugs or by instructing them to breath, exercise or simply think in certain ways
Biological challenge tests
In ————s technique of rational -emotion therapy, practitioners point out irrational assumptions held by clients , and suggest more appropriate assumptions
Albert Ellis
The cognitive perspective of panic disorder suggest it’s sufferers what?
May be overly sensitive to bodily sensations
What disorder may also develop with Panic disorder?
Agoraphobia
What type of drugs have been helpful in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder ?
Antidepressants that affect the norepinephrine system
What type of psychotherapist would tell a patient being treated for cleaning compulsion to resist the urge to mop his bathroom floor for a week?
Behavioral
What is a trait cognitive psychologist did not find in people suffering from o c d?
lack of a sense of responsibility
What neurotransmitter system may be irregular in people suffering from panic disorder ?
Norepinephrine
Which psychological perspective believes that people develope their compulsions of random coincidence ?
Behavioral
What is not categorized as an obsessive compulsive related disorder ?
Somatic symptom disorder
Women are —— men to experience panic attacks
Twice as likely
Abnormal functioning in which areas of the brain has been linked to obsessive compulsive disorder ?
Orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate Nuclei
The most common theme of obsessive compulsive disorder is what?
Orderliness
One study of persons with aniexty disorders found that–% actually suffered from multiple disorders
81%
What type of therapy tries to help clients suffering from aniexty by providing empathy and genuine acceptance ?
Client centered
Which perspective suggests that one way of acquiring a fear reaction that may turn not a phobia is through modeling, that is, through observation and limitation
The Behavioral perspective
To qualify for a Dsm-5 diagnosis of generalized aniexty disorder, excessive or outgoing aniexty or worry must last for atleast what ?
Three months
Obsessive compulsive disorder ussually begins by what?
Childhood
In which kind of study would a researcher determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder?
Family pedigree study
A. Fear hierarchy is what?
A list of feared objects or situations
What behavioral technique is the exposure vicarious ?
Desensitization
What suggestion is shared by both the meta cognitive theory and the avoidance theory of generalized aniexty disorder ?
That worrying serves some sort of positive function for its sufferer
Social aniexty can be broken down into what two qualifiers ?
Narrow or broad
What is a type of coronary heart disease
?
Myocardial infarction
The state of stress has two components what are they?
Stressor and stress response
Psychologists have found that differences in which type of anxiety may appear soon after birth?
Trait aniexty
According to the social adjustment rating scale what event do people rate as the single most stressful life event ?
The death of a spouse
The heightened biochemical arousal of post traumatic stress victims may eventually damage which parts of their brain?
Hippocampus and Amygdala
Glands release what into the blood stream?
Hormones
Few of subjects used to develope the social adjustment rating scale were what?
African American
Researchers found evidence of abnormal activity of ——— in the urine, blood, and saliva of combat soldiers and rape victims
Cortisol and norepinephrine
The area of study tha links stress and illness to the bodies immune system is known as what?
Psychoneuroimmunology
What technique has been shown to be the most useful in the treatment of pain?
Meditation
What trait in “type A” personality has been linked to coronary heart disease?
Being competitive
How many victims of physical assault/sexual assault develope PTSD?
Half
What technique had helped people gain control over involuntary bodily activities And has helped in the treatment of such conditions As asthma , irregular heartbeat, high blood pressure and pain from burns?
Meditation
What group had the highest substantial reaction to the September, 11 attacks ?
Hispanic Americans
Some studies indicate that ———- treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders irrespective of the precipitating trauma?
Exposure
Who suffering from PTSD seem to benefit from talking about heir experiences with others who had similar experiences ?
Combat veterans
Symptoms after a traumatic event that last for —— may be diagnosed as acute stress disorder
Less than a month
Emdr is a form of what type of therapy?
Exposure therapy
What term was used to describe symptoms of severe aniexty and depression during wild war 2 and the Korean War?
Combat fatigue
What condition has not been traditionally conceded to be a psychophysiological disorder?
Cancer
What is not listed in the Dsm 5 as a method of reexperiemcing traumatic events by one suffering from PTSD?
Dreams
Cancer patients with higher amounts ——— have better immune functioning and in turn more successful recoveries ?
Optimism
Most clinicians believe that veterans with post traumatic stress disorder cannot fully recover until what happens?
They come to grips with their combat experience and the impact that those experiences continue to have
The ——— assigns numerical values to stresses that most people experience at some time in their lives?
Social adjustment rating scales
Variations in the types of situations that people find threatening are referred to as what type of aniexty ?
State aniexty
Which group of lymphocytes produces antibodies?
Helper T cells
What two bodily systems does the hypothalamus activate ?
Automatic nervous system and the endocrine system
the key psychological stress disorders are what?
PTSD and accute stress disorder
Dread and horror are part of what type of responses to stress?
Mental
What are the two neuro transmitters associated with the fight or flight response?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
When people are confronted with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the ——-gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone
Pituitary gland
When a physical ailment has no apparent medical cause, doctors may suspect what?
Facticious disorder
Psychodynamic theorists say there are two mechanisms at work in somatic symptom disorder what are they?
Primary gain and secondary gain
Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative disorders are caused by the defense mechanism of Wat?
Repression
Melinda is a 23 year old woman who complains of chronic abdominal, dizziness, nausea and lack of sexual desire, for which there was no organic cause she would most likely be diagnosed with what ?
Somatic symptom disorder
People who suffer from ——— unrealistically interpret bodily symptoms as signs of serious illness
Somatic symptom disorder
Symptoms of multiple personality disorder usually begins after episodes of what?
Suggestibility
People with ———- feel as though they have become separated from their own mental processes and are observing themselves from outside ?
Multiple personality disorder
Derek looked at his car but felt like he never saw it before what is Derek experiencing
Jamais VU
Behavioralist believe that the fears found illness anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder have been acquired by ?
Classical conditioning or modeling
Some argue they many cases of dissociative identity disorder are ———- that is the symptoms are unintentionally produced by the practitioner who is treating the client
Iatrogenic
Behavioral theorists propose that physical symptoms of hysteria disorders bring what to sufferers ?
Rewards
People who become deeply concerned about some imagined or minor defect in their appearance are experiencing what disorder ?
Body dysmorphobia
International studies have detected very high rates of somatization in non-western medical practices throughout the world, with patients what ethnicity displaying the largest number of symptoms ?
Latin America
People who suffer from depersonalizations disorder often experience a sensation of feeling that their mind seeks to be floating a few feet shove them, this is known as what?
Doubling
The ultimate goal of treatment for people with multiple personality disorder is what ?
Integration of subpersonalities
What type of threpautical approach to somatic symptom disorders try to force patients out of the sick role by straightforwardly telling them that their symptoms are without medical basis?
Confrontational therapy
Freud argued his explanation of hysterics disorders on the needs and conflicts of whom stuck in the stage of what ?
Girls stuck in the phalic stage
Which disorder is marked by a parent making up or producing physical illness in their kids?
Münchausen syndrome by proxy
Dissociative disorders are primarily a major disruption of what?j
Memory
Individuals with preoccupation Somatic symptom disorder typically receive the kinds of treatment that are applied to which disorder ?
Obsessive compulsive disorder
The final merging of two or more subpersonalities in a patient is known as what ?
Fusion
What are the quiet observers in someone with multiple personality disorder?
Co Conscious personalities
Who is least like to to suffer from factious personality disorder?
A woman who received successfull surgery for ovarian cancer
What is the disorder where people suddenly travel to an entirely different location and cannot recall the details of their past lives ?
Dissociative fugue
Today’s leading explanations for hysterical somatic symptom disorders come from where ?
Psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and multi cultural models
People who suffer from from dissociative suffer most often lose what type of memory but retain what type of information
Personal information keep encyclopedic information
One study found differences in what in the brains of different subpersonalities in people with multiple personality disorders?
Evoked potentials
According to recent studies whet is an accurate statement about the effect of placebos?
Belief or expectations can trigger certain chemicals throughout the body into action and these chemicals throughout the body may produce a medicinal effect
Sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital are often called what ?
Truth serums
What type of theorists propose that hysterical disorders are forms of communication providing a means for people to express emotions that would otherwise be difficult to convey?
Cognitive theorists
A less disabling form of unipolar depression is know as what?
Dysthymic disorder
Who is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression?
Martin seligman
A pattern of depression found among young children caused by separation from their mothers is known as what?
Anaclitic depression
Low ——— activity accompanied by high——– activity may lead to mania
Low serotonin high norepinephrine
What is not an maladaptive thought which makes up the cognitive triad?
The past
The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility is what ?
Catatonic
What is the form of bipolar disorder characterized by episodes of hypomania alternating with major depressive episodes?
Bipolar 2 disorder
What hormone may indirectly play a role in depression?
Melatonin
What theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad?
Aaron beck
What group of Americans has the highest rate of chronicity when it comes to major depressive disorders
Hispanic Americans
What is the perception that one has no control over the reinforcements in their lives?
Learned helplessness
What examines the relatives of people with unipolar depression to see whether the disorder affrects other family members?
Family pedigree studies
What is the most effective treatment for seasonal affective disorder?
Light therapy
What is not a symptom of people suffering from double depressive disorder?
Bipolar one and two at the same time
According to Peter lewinsoh what the of rewards are particularly Important in the Downward spiral of depression
Social rewards
What does Aaron beck believes contributes to the development of depression.
Reduction in positive rewards
What theory states that men and women are equally prone to depression but that clinicians fail to detect depression in men?
Artifact theory
Structural abnormalities have been noted in all areas in the brain parts of people suffering from bipolar disorder except where ?
The reticular inhibition system
Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on what ?
Biological factors
What is the Most common pattern of mood disorder?
Unipolar depression
What Is not a theory used to explain the high rates of depression in women when compared to men?
The artifact theory
What are the pair of symptoms that denotes a diagnosis of bipolar 1 disorder?
Manis and depression
Depressed people sometimes experiences steady train of unpleasant thoughts that suggests to them that they are inadequate and that their situation is helpless what is this?
Automatic thoughts
Fred proposed the concept of ——- —-, in which other kinds of events are equated with loss of a loved one?
Symbolic loss
What does not describe a person experiencing mania?
Feeling pessimistic
When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms Dsm-5 assigns what diagnosis?
Bipolar 2 disorder
What is the Most common pattern of mood disorder?
Unipolar depression
What I’d not a theory used to to explain the high rates of depression in women when compared to men?
The artifact theory
What are the pair of symptoms that denotes a diagnosis of bipolar 1 disorder?
Manis and depression
Depressed people sometimes experiences steady train of unpleasant thoughts that suggests to them that they are inadequate and that their situation is helpless what is this?
Automatic thoughts
Fred proposed the concept of ——- —-, in which other kinds of events are equated with loss of a loved one?
Symbolic loss
When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms Dsm-5 assigns what diagnosis?
Bipolar 2 disorder
What is not a way of categorizing unipolar depression ?
Post partum
What does the most recent research tell us about genetic factors involved in the development of bipolar disorder?
A number of genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar disorder
People who suffer from symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and menopause may benefit from which nutraceutical?
Black cohosh
Most second generation antidepressants are what?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
What is a common flower that can be quite helpful in cases of mild depression?
Saint-Johns wort
How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment fir bipolar disorder?
Rarely effective
What explanation is there for Lithium’s effectiveness
It acts direct on the brains second messenger system
What depression treatment is least in treating unipolar depression ?
Cognitive treatment
What type of therapy would be associated with preparing a weekly activity schedule that is set up around pleasurable activities?
Behavioral therapy
How often is Long term psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?
Occasionally
Interpersonal psychotherapy (ipt) is what type of approach to treating unipolar depression?
Family social
What is not an expectation of a psychodynamic therapist working with a depressed client?
That the client will learn to shed all of their unconscious thought mechanisms
Among the biological treatments for depression, anti depressants drugs and what other type of treatment is equally effective?
Electro convulsive therapy
If a client said to you, “my roommate told me that she has other friends on campus, so I think she must completely hate me” what sort of cognitive error would this be considered?
Dichotomous thinking
Mao inhibitors block the destruction of which neurotransmitter ?
Norepinephrine
What impact does the use of Lithium have on depressive episodes ?
Lithium helps people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, though it a lesser degree
Which form of depression treatment acts most quickly?
Ect
What is a common flower that can be quite helpful in cases of mild depression ?
Saint Johns wort
Imipramine was the first of the family of the ——-antidepressant to be discovered?
Tricyclics
Research suggests that behavioral therapy is of less help to people who suffer which kind of depression?
Severe
What is not a goal of behavioral therapy for depression?
Helping clients gain insight into the source of their depression
Which celebrity has undergone ect for treatment of depression ?
Dick cavett
What is not a problem that interpersonal psychotherapy attempts to address?
Interpersonal communication problems
Ect was first used in the treatment of what?
Psychosis
What is not used to put patients to sleep and reduce their territory during ect?
Muscle relaxants
What is a well known side effect of ect?
Temporary memory loss
