Exam 2 Flashcards
A cat comes into the clinic for a routine check up. It has no clinical signs of dz. The cat is indoor/outdoor. The owner reports that the cat likes hunting around the fish pond that is loaded with frogs and goldfish. The cat seems healthy, but after running a routine fecal there are honey colored operculated eggs found that are much larger than normal helminth eggs. Name the possible parasite.
Alaria spp.
Alaria spp. is infective at what stage to the final host?
mesocercariae
A fox hit by a car comes into the clinic and the animal control officer asks you to necropsy it. In the stomach you find that a frog has recently been eaten by the fox and just for funsies you open up the frog and friend evidence of pulmonary hemorrhage. You immediatly ask the animal control officer about his hygeine protocols. Why are you asking and what is the common name of the parasite you suspect?
Alaria spp. (INTESTINAL FLUKE) is zoonotic and humans can be a paratenic host
Which parasite has an obligatory paratenic host?
Platynosomum fastosum
You are a seventh semester working in a clinic on St. Kitts. A stray cat is brought in and you perform an abdominal palpation and discover an enlarged liver. You confirm this with ultrasound. You then check the eye for icterus because you suspect what disease associated with this parasite?
Lizard poisoning from Platynosomum fastosum
When adopting a kitten on St. Kitts what should you do to prevent issues with Platynosomum fastosum? How should you treat if your kitten becomes infected?
Prevent lizard hunting. Treat with praziquantel
All trematodes have this as its first/only intermediate host
snails
This trematode infects bile ducts and if untreated can lead to obstruction of ducts and eventual death of the final host.
Platynosomum fastosum
Crayfish are the second intermediate host for what parasite?
Paragonimus kellicotti
What is the common name of the adult trematode can be described as red/brown and “coffee beanish”
Lung fluke
(Paragonimus kellicotti)
True or false
The PPP of a dog infected with lung flukes is up to 10 weeks.
False
PPP 4-5 weeks
Another vet asks you to consult on a cat case. They treated this female indoor/outdoor cat for a bacterial pneumonia infection, but the symptoms have not resolved and the cat has an intermittent cough. You check the other vets x rays and discover small cysts in the lung parenchyma. Name the parasite. How many adults in the cysts?
Paragonimus kellicotti
2 per cyst
Which parasite is zoonotic?
A. Paragonimus kellicotti
B. Nanophyetus salmincola
C. Dirofilaria immitis
D. Trichuris suis
All are ;)
You are watching Yukon vet on tv. She orders a lot of Praziquantel, Fenbendazole, and Tetracycline prior to the salmon run. What parasite is she preparing to see many cases of in the coming months?
Nanophyetus salmincola w/ a simultaneous Neorickettsia helminthoeca infection
True or false
salmon poisoning flukes have the possibility of a paratenic host in their life cycle.
False
A dog comes into the clinic. The dog is showing extreme signs of dz with vomiting, diarrhea, enlarged lymph nodes, and a sudden fever. You ask if there are other animals in the house and they say they have a cat. The cat has vomited once, but has shown no other signs of disease and has a history of hairballs. They both have eaten scraps from the family’s salmon BBQ. Should the cat come in?
Bring the cat in it may also be infected with Nanophyetus salmincola, but dogs show signs more extremely than other final hosts
Oxyuris equi is very similar to a human parasite called _____.
Enterobius vermicularis
You get a field call from a horse owner who reports a horse rubbing its rump against the stall walls to the point that the hair has been rubbed off. You know exactly what the parasite is and bring what in your bag to collect a sample for concrete diagnosis.
You bring tape for adhesive tape method on the perianal region of the horse
Large pinworms are so irritating because of what stage of their direct life cycle?
The female (Oxyuris equi) lay eggs in perineum in an itchy gelatinous substance when released into the environment.
True or false
If you visulaize adult large pinworms they are most likely female.
True
PPP of Oxyuris equi
4-5 months
This nematode causes nodules to form at the margo plicatus of equines and results in tumors.
Draschia megastoma
Musca spp. and Stromoxys calcitrans (flies) are the intermediate hosts of what nematodes (common name).
Stomach nematodes
Migrating L3 of this nematode causes ______ in equines. This is a seasonal phenomenon that causes cutaneous habronemiasis/draschiasis. How can you get a definitive diagnosis?
“summer sores”
Larva in scraping of skin leasions
Controlling fly population can help prevent and limit infections by what types of nematodes.
Draschia megastoma, Habronema spp.
18% of the stray cats on St. Kitts are infected with this parasite that infect the stomach and cause vomiting, catarrhal gastritis, and blood in the feces
Physaloptera spp
Physaloptera spp. infect canines/felines and the intermediate hosts are
A.beetles
B. cockaroaches
C. Crickets
D. Mosquitos
A,B,C
PPP of Physaloptera spp. is ____
8-10 weeks
You are in Africa treating some lions with weakness, and loss of condition. All of the common causes have been eliminated. You watch the lions eating and see that they are having trouble swallowing and regurge most of their food. You have access to a portable radiograph machine, would this be a useful diagnostic tool?
Yes, because you suspect Spirocerca lupi
Which parasite causes esophageal granulomas (subsequent sarcomas) and can lead to the development of osteosarcoma spondylosis and osteopathies.
Spirocerca lupi
What is the common name of the nematode whose intermediate host is a dung beetle and whose paratenic hosts are chickens, birds, lizards, and mice
Esophageal worm
The L3 of this parasite migrates from the stomach wall via the celiac artery/thoracic aorta to esophagus. Name the nematode
Spirocerca lupi
PPP of esophageal worm is ___
6 months
A horse owner calls with concern about some tissue nodules and scaly pruritic dermatitis around the whithers. You go to the farm and biopsy the nodule. You incubate in saline and discover the parasite is ____
Onchocerca cervicalis
Name the intermediate host of Onchocerca cervicalis
culicoides spp.
What is the predilection site of infection of Onchocerca cervicalis
ligamentum nuchae in whithers
You distinguish microfilaria of Acanthocheilonema reconditum from mff of D. immitis by what 2 features?
- blunt head
- buttonhook (curved tail)
transmission of Acanthocheilonema reconditum by what 3 arthropods?
- fleas
- ticks
- lice
Acanthocheilonema reconditum is diagnosed with what method?
Mff in blood smear
What parasite should you be shouting in your head when you see a mosquito?
Dirofilaria immitis
Is heartworm zoonotic?
Yes
What stage of heart worm in infective to final host?
L3 infective and transferred during mosquito blood meal
True or false
Dirofilaria immitis mff have progressive movement just like Acanthocheilonema reconditum.
False D. immitis does not have progressive movement
Acanthocheilonema reconditum mff does
A dog comes in with exercise intolerance, another coughing, and the third is asymptomatic. All three come up with a positve heartworm antigen test. Was there a mix up of samples or is this possible? What could confirm results?
These are all possible in heart worm cases and you can confirm with an mff blood smear.
true or false?
There is no need to test before starting preventative
False
Treatment includes prophylaxis, doxycycline, adulticide, and cage rest because
this targets all life stages of Dirofilaria immitis
Adult infection site is the ____ arteries but can infect the _____ and ______ in large parasite loads.
distal parts of Pulmonary arteries
Right heart
caudal vena cava
What parasite infects D. immitis and increases resistence of blood flow and partial tricuspid closure
Wolbachia spp.
Most common poultry nematode
Heterakis gallinarum
Heterakis spp. infects what site in domestic and wild fowl?
cecum
“blackhead” in turkeys is caused by the transmission of ______
histomonas meleagridis
This nematode usually infects ducks, pheasants, quail, and chickens. It causes diarrhea, emaciation, and death. Name the nematode?
Heterakis isolonche
This is a non-pathogenic nematode which infects wild and domestic fowl.
Heterakis dispar
What is the common name of the nematode which is the most common poultry nematode and often is fatal?
Poultry cecal worm
Earthworms and flies are the paratenic host of this non-bursate nematode. Name the nematode
Heterakis spp.
The life cycle of this parasite in the equine is alternating homogenic/heterogonic with an infective L3. Name the parasite.
Strongyloides westeri
The most common mode of infection of Strongyloides westeri is ____, but per os and per cutaneous is possible.
transmammary
This equine parasite has a high occurance rate in stables/bedding/frenzy and causes inflamed small intestines, diarrhea, anorexia, and wt loss. Immunity usually occurs after 5 months of age in host. Infection can lead to erythematous rxn and urticaria precutaneous. Name the parasite’s common name
threadworm
The sheep/goat/cattle threadworm is usually transmitted via transmammary (poss per os, percutaneous). it is treated with MCL’s/Anthelmintics. Name the nematode
Strongyloides papillosus
True or false
Strongyloides papillosus affects mature animals more than young animals.
False
What stage is used to diagnose Strongyloides papillosus.
Fecal float of egg with L1
What host species is infected with Strongyloides ransomi?
pig
PPP of Strongyloides ransomi
2 days
A farmer calls upset because his new piglets are exhibiting weight loss and some of the neonates are dying. He takes a fecal sample from the dead neonates pens, but there are no eggs in the feces that cause these symptoms. None of the adults are exhibiting clinical signs. Name the parasite
Strongyloides ransomi
Heavy infection is most common with what parasite?
Trichuris spp.
Trichuris vulpis
Trichuris suis
Trichuris vulpis
true or false
The swine whipworm, ________, is zoonotic
true
Trichuris suis
The esophogus of _______ is identifiable by a single cell column in tube.
Trichuris spp.
Severe infection of ______ in the cecum/colon causes diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and death
whipworm
Trichuris spp.
Lemon shaped eggs are indicative of what common name parasite
whipworm
Largest white nematode in poultry
Ascaridia spp
Why are free range chickens more susceptible to Ascaridia spp. than others?
Because of the paratenic host (EARTHWORM)
Broiler chicken specific roundworm with decreased pathogenicity from adults and increased pathogenicity (anorexia, decreased feed conversion, diarrhea, obstruction) from larva
Ascaridia galli
Which roundworm in birds is non-pathogenic
Ascaridia dissimilis
True or false
Heterakis eggs are larger than Ascaridia spp. eggs
false
PPP of Ascaridia spp.
28 day - 8 weeks
These parasites infect birds, have earthworms as an intermediate host, infect alimentary tract/small intestine, cause anemia, and death. Name the nematode and should the owner be warned of anything?
Capillaria obsignata
this is zoonotic
Eucoleus (Capillaria) aerophilus infect the respiratory tract of what host species?
cats
These host specific parasites infect canines/felines/fox and earthworms are the intermediate host. Adult worms are hair-like and eggs are barrel shaped with bipolar plugs.
Capillaria spp
This nematode infects pigs, mammals, birds, and reptiles. In animals no clinical signs, but in people clinical signs are exhibited. Adult parasites are rarely seen, but coiled L1 seen in muscle. Name the nematode
Trichinella spp
Transmission of Trichinella spp
ingestion of raw/undercooked pork/game meats
What are the tree ways to diagnose Trichinella spp?
pooled sample digestion
ELISA
squash prep method
This zoonotic nematode infects the kidney (usually the right side) of dogs/fox/minks
Dioctophyme renale
These are the largest nematode of domestic animals that produce thick rough shelled eggs found in the urine of the host. Infections are rare cause dyuria/hematouria and poss destroy the kidney. What is the parasite and what is the common name?
Dioctophyme renale
Giant kidney worm
Lambs and kids are susceptible to this parasite in heavy loads causing diarrhea/obstruction. The intermediate host is an oribatid mite. You would treat with albendazole/praziquantel/niclosamide, but the scolex may remain post treatment. Name the parasite
Moniezia spp
What is the common name of this parasite with eggs that are triangular in shape and adults have unarmed scolex w/ suckers and proglottids that are broader that they are long with double genital pores.
milk tapeworm
double pored ruminant tapeworm
sheep tapeworm
This equine cestode is not seasonal because the intermediate host is found in bedding/hay/grass. It is non-pathogenic except in high parasite loads. They attach at ileocecal valve which can lead to parial occlusion of the valve, intersussception of ileum, cecal ulcers. Name the trematode
Anoplocephala perfoliata
This adult parasite infects equines and is short, broad, white with a rounded scolex and has a lappet behind each of the 4 suckers. It has short proglottids.
Anoplocephala perfoliata
This equine cestode adult is long and large with no lappets. It infects the small intestines and only causes pathogenisis (unthriftiness) in large parasite loads. Name the cestode
Anoplocephala magna
True or false
Anoplocephala magna is a seasonal cestode with oribatid mites as its intermediate host.
False it is not seasonal but oribatid mites are the intermediate host
This cestode infects domestic/wild fowl and the intermediate hosts are beetles and ants. The eggs of this parasite are not distinguishable from choanotaenia eggs. Name the cestode
Raillietina spp
The site of infection of this fowl cestode is the small intestine. Acute infection results in nodules/hyperplasti enteritis. Name this disease process
Nodular tapeworm disease
This cestode infects domestic/wild fowl where the adult infects the small intestine. It is very prevalent in Africa. Necropsy is the best form of diagnosis because the eggs are not distinguishable from Raillientina spp. eggs
Choanotaenia spp
The intermediate hosts of Choanotaenia spp. are ___ and ____
beetles
houseflies
This cestode is identified by the cucumber-seed/rice-grain in the bedding. These packets have 10-20 eggs in each. It infects dogs, cats, and humans
Dipylidium caninum
What is the common name of the cestode that develops simultaneously with its intermediate hosts?
Flea tapeworm/double pore tapeworm/cucumber tapeworm/dog tapeworm
True or false
Dipylidium caninum segment’s causes discomfort in its hosts which makes host excessively groom the perineum area. This tapeworm is very zoonotic.
False this is rarely zoonotic
true or false
Paramphistomum spp requires multiple intermediate hosts.
False
one intermediate host (snails)
This parasite infects domestic/wild ruminants. It is usually not parasitic, but if there are large numbers there are 2 stages of infections. The first is from the trematodes themselves where the larval migration causes severe enteritis, diarrhea, anorexia, depression, dehydration, anemia, hemorrhage, bottle jaw. The secondary infection is from clostridium that can accompany the trematode, and this causes death to the final host. Name the parasite
Paramphistomum spp
The adult trematodes are conic/ pear shaped, pink, and have aventral sucker at posterior end. The eggs are operculated and light yellow. What is the common name of this trematode?
rumen fluke, stomach fluke
true or false
During acute infection of Paramphistomum spp. there are eggs found in the feces
False no eggs in feces because clinical signs occur before the end of the 7-10 week PPP
This trematode has the following final hosts, intermediate host, aberrant hosts, and dead-end hosts.
FH: white tail deer, elk, caribou, wild cervids
IH: snails
AH: sheep, goat, roe, deer, rabbits
DH: cattle, moose, horse, sika, deer, bison, pigs
Fascioloides magna
In the final host this trematode forms a fibrous cyst with paired adult trematodes in the liver and the eggs pass through a hole in the cyst to enter bile and pass in feces. Name the trematode
Fascioloides magna
In the dead-end host this trematode forms a cyst in the liver, but there is no hole for the eggs to pass through so the eggs cannot be passed. Name the common name of this trematode.
Large american liver fluke/deer fluke
If an abherrant host is infected with Fascioloides magna what happens to the host?
It dies before patency w/ immature flukes migrating
Are eggs detectable in the feces of abherrant and dead end hosts infected with large american liver flukes?
No, diagnose with necropsy
You send out a notice to all of the farmers in the area that there is an increase in white tail deer in the area and to be careful of contamination to their herds. You advise them to drain wet pastures too. Sheep farmers and cattle farmers are taking an economic hit at slaughter because the livers of their animals are being condemned. Which farmers have the higher economic risk in the case of Fascioloides magna and why?
Sheep farmers because sheep are Aberrant hosts and they die before patency of large american liver flukes.
This trematode cannot be treated with praziquantel.
Fasciola hepatica
This fluke accounts for 3-4% of annual condemnation of livers in the US. 2.5 billion lost worlwide because of condemned livers.
Fasciola hepatica
true or false
“pipestem” livers are caused by larval migration of Fasciola hepatica
false
caused by blood consuming adults which irritate the liver make it susceptible to diseases such as clostrdial, salmonellosis
These mature flukes infect cattle/sheep/goats/horse/deer/humans/mammals and infect the bile ducts of the liver and the gallbladder
Fasciola hepatica
Do you have to worry about zoonosis when some sheep and goats who live next to a large pond start exhibiting anemia, bottlejaw, decreased milk production, and elevated globulin/albumin.
Yes
Fasciola hepatica
This cestode is non pathogenic in the final hosts (dog/foxes), but the larval stages infect the liver and peritoneum of the intermediate hosts (rabbits).
Taenia pisiformis
PPP of Taeina pisiformis
56 days
Although it is rare zoonosis can occur from this parasite because humans are the intermediate host. In humans the larva infect the abdominal cavity, cerebellum, subq, muscles, and the eye
Taenia crassiceps
The intermediate host of this cestode is livestock (espeially sheep)
Taenia hydatigena
True or false
Massive infection can occur in the intermediate host (ruminants) if the eat part of the tapeworm.
False
must ingest entire tapeworm and proglottids
Acute fasciolosis occurs by increased numbers of ________ migrating through the liver. This results in _______
larva
death
Taenia hydatigena are very similar looking to _______
Echinococcus granslosus
This cestode’s final host is the cat, the intermediate host is small rodents, and the infective larval stage is strobilocercus. Name the cestode
Taenia Taeniaeformis
This parasite infects wild canids/dogs/**foxes** limited to the northern hemisphere and the infectetive larval stage is the alveolar hydatid cyst which infects the intermediate host live and metastisis to other organs. Adults infect small intestines of final hosts
Echinococcus multilocularis
What is the common name of the zoonotic cestode that has a larval stage which grows exponentially and causes pressure necrosis of surrounding tissue
In humans alveolar echinococcosis
in dogs echinococcosis
You suspect a nursing puppy from a breeding facility that has come into the clinic to have threadworm. It presents with decreased body weight and diarrhea. How would you diagnose this?
Baermann look for eggs with L1
What nematode has a direct life cycle and infects dogs and cats. The esophogus is 1/3 of the body length of the adult worm.
Strongyloides stercoralis
This cestode has a 2 stage intermediate hosts. The first being copepd crustacean the second being fresh water fish. The adults infect the small intestines of humans and fish eating mammals. The larva are in the muscles of fish and are asymptomatic. Name the cestode.
Diphyllobothrium latum
You are hiking in the woods and see a bear. Before you freak out and run in the other direction you notice the bear pawing at its stomach painfully, the bear is in poor BCS. You call a vet and after sedating the bear tests reveal macrocytic anemia. What is the common name if this cestode.
Fish/Broad tapeworm
This cestode is maintained in the environment primarily by its Dog-sheep (domestic) life cycle, but can also be sustained by its sylvatic cycles. Name the parasite
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus is zoonotic for people and is passed when people _______
ingest oncospheres
The larval site of infection affects the intermediate hosts by infecting which sites?
A. liver
B. Lungs
C. bones
D. brain
E. small intestine
A-D
True or false
Sparganosis and zipperworm are the same parasite
true
Beef tapeworm/Pearly beef PPP
70-84 days
If this parasite gets into the cattle heart it can cause myocarditis and heart failure, due to the cysticerci developing in the heart
Taenia saginata
The final host of this parasite is the small intestine and ot causes discomfort when the segments are passed
Taenia saginata
What parasite is the most common reason for infectious seizures
Taenia solium
