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Gross II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q 
Larynx:
Prevents...
Regulates...
Functions in...
\_\_\_ long in an adult, and lies between (which 2 vertebra)
A

prevents FOOD GETTING INTO AIRWAY
regulates AIR FLOW INTO LUNGS
functions in VOCALIZATION
5 CM long and lies between C3 and C6

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2
Q

Which cartilage gives attachment to the vocal ligament?

A

Arytenoid Cartilage

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3
Q

Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

A

Give attachment to intrinsic muscles of larynx

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4
Q

Which two cartilages of the larynx can ossify and be mistaken for fractures on X-rays?

A

Corniculate Cartilages

Cuneiform Cartilages

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5
Q

The two joints of the larynx

A

Cricothyroid joint

Cricoarytenoid joint

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6
Q

Cricothyroid Joint:
Type -
It permits…

A

Synovial Joint

it permits ROTATION OF THYROID CARTILAGE

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7
Q

Cricoarytenoid Joint:
Type -
It permits…

A

Synovial Joint

it permits GLIDING AND ROTATION OF ARYTENOID CARTILAGE

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8
Q

Ligament of the larynx that extends from the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
Pierced on each side by?

A

Thyrohyoid Membrane

pierced by INTERNAL LARYNGEAL NERVE and SUPERIOR LARYNGEAL VESSELS

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9
Q

Ligament of the larynx that extends from the arch of the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage?

A

Median Cricothyroid Ligament

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10
Q

The vocal ligament extends from the…

A

THYROID CARTILAGE in FRONT to the VOCAL PROCESS of the ARYTENOID CARTILAGE BEHIND

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11
Q

What does the vocal ligament form the free edge of?

A

Conus Elasticus

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12
Q

Conus elasticus extends from…

A

Cricoid Cartilage to the Vocal Ligament

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13
Q

Ligament of the larynx that connects the epiglottic cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage on each side.

A

Quadrangular Membrane

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14
Q

Quadrangular Membrane:
Superior Margin - forms the…
Inferior Margin - forms the…

A

Superior - Aryepiglottic Ligament

Inferior - Vestibular Ligament

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15
Q

Two pairs of folds of the larynx?

Which one initiates cough reflex?

A 
Vestibular Folds (false vocal cords) - Initiate cough reflex
Vocal Folds (true vocal cords)
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16
Q

The vocal folds lie ______ and _______ to the vestibular folds.
The vocal folds contain (2)

A

INFERIOR and MEDIAL

Vocal Ligament and Vocalis Muscle

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17
Q

The space between vestibular folds.

The space between vocal folds?

A

between vestibular folds - Rima Vestibuli

between vocal folds - Rima Glottidis

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18
Q

Together the rima glottidis and vocal folds are called the…

A

Glottis

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19
Q

Three cavities divided by the vestibular and vocal folds

A

Laryngeal Vestibule
Laryngeal Ventricle
Infraglottic Cavity

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20
Q

Diverticulum within the laryngeal ventricle that contains a gland which lubricates the vocal cords

A

Laryngeal Saccule

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21
Q

Cause of horseness due to excessive speaking or singing

A

Lubricant from laryngeal saccule is temporarily depleted

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22
Q

Laryngitis:

A

Inflammation of vocal folds

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23
Q

Elevators of the larynx (6)

A 
Thyrohyoid
Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
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24
Q

Depressors of the larynx (3)

A

Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid

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25
Q

Intrinsic muscle of larynx that increases pitch

A

Cricothyroid

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26
Q

Main innervation of intrinsic muscles of the larynx

A

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

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27
Q

One exception to intrinsic muscle innervation of the larynx (muscle and nerve)

A

Cricothyroid - External Laryngeal Nerve

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28
Q

Neutral position of vocal cords is partially _______ - reduces risk of ________

A

partially ABDUCTED - reduces risk of SUFFOCATION

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29
Q

Muscle that abducts vocal cords

A

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

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30
Q

Muscles that adduct vocal cords (3)

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid
Transverse Arytenoid
Oblique Arytenoid

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31
Q

Whispering muscle

A

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

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32
Q

__________: Closes laryngeal inlet
__________: Opens laryngeal inlet

A

Aryepiglottic - Closes inlet

Thyroepiglottic - Opens inlet

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33
Q

Thyroarytenoid muscle: (function)

A

Shortens and relaxes vocal folds by drawing the arytenoid cartilage forward

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34
Q

Fine tuning intrinsic muscle of vocal cords

A

Vocalis: adjusts tension of vocal cords during phonation (speaking)

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35
Q

The size and shape of the rima glottidis is altered during phonation and respiration by movements of the ________ cartilages

A

Arytenoid Cartilages

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36
Q

Voice dimorphism is determined by (3)

A

Length of vocal cords
Thickness of vocal cords
Size of resonating chamber

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37
Q

Besides its motor function to all intrinsic muscles besides cricothyroid, the recurrent laryngeal nerve is also sensory to the…

A

Mucosa of larynx Below Vocal Fold

38
Q

Sensory innervation to mucosa above vocal folds

A

Internal Laryngeal Nerve

39
Q

_______ laryngeal nerve is motor to the cricothyroid and ________ _______ muscles

A

EXTERNAL laryngeal nerve

motor to cricothyroid and INFERIOR CONSTRICTOR muscles

40
Q

Blood supply of larynx:
_______ ______ artery —> _______ ______ artery.
_______ ______ artery —> _______ ______ artery.

A

Superior Thyroid –> Superior Laryngeal

Inferior Thyroid –> Inferior Laryngeal

41
Q

Three functions of lymphatic system

A

Produce Lymphocytes
Transport large protein molecules from tissue fluid to bloodstream
Return excess tissue fluid to bloodstream

42
Q

Lymph Nodes: Produce ________ and act as filter to lymph preventing…

A

Lymphocytes

prevent foreign bodies form entering bloodstream

43
Q

______ Lymph Vessels: drain lymph to a node

______ Lymph Vessels: drain lymph FROM node

A

Afferent - carry to node

Efferent - drain from node

44
Q

Lymph is moved by…

_______ clears toxins from tissue

A

moved by Muscle Contraction/Massage

Exercise clears toxins

45
Q

Superficial nodes of the head

A

occipital
mastoid
parotid

46
Q

Superficial nodes of the neck

A

Submandibular
Submental
Anterior Cervical
Superficial Cervical

47
Q

Superficial cervical nodes rund along what muscle and blood vessel?

A

SCM - External Jugular Vein

48
Q

Deep cervical nodes are located within the _______ _______ and follow the course of the… (blood vessel)

A

Carotid Sheath

Internal Jugular Vein

49
Q

Deep cervical node that drains the tongue and is found near the posterior belly of the digastric muscle

A

Jugulodigastric Node

50
Q

Deep cervical node that drains the tongue and is found near the intermediate tendon of the omohyoid

A

Jugulo-omohyoid Node

51
Q

All lymphatics of the head and neck drain directly or indirectly into the…

A

Deep Cervical Nodes

52
Q

Right jugular trunk (lymph vessel) drains into the junction between…

A

Internal Jugular and Subclavian veins

53
Q

Left Jugular Trunk (lymph vessel) drains into…

A

Thoracic Duct

54
Q

Afferent vessels of the ________ nodes drain the central portions of the lower lip, floor of mouth, and tip of tongue

A

Submental Nodes

55
Q

Afferent vessels of the _________ nodes drain the cheek, side of nose, upper lip, lateral part of lower lip, gums, and margin of tongue

A

Submandibular

56
Q

Hodgkin’s disease: a type of _______

A

Lymphoma - primary tumor of lymph nodes

57
Q

Diagnosis of enlarged lymph nodes:
________ or _______ - indicates infection
________ and _______ - indicates cancer

A

Tender or Painful - infection

Hard and Painless - cancer

58
Q

_______: Parasitic infection of lymphatic system

A

Filariasis

59
Q

The breast is located between the ___ and ___ rib, and between the ________ and _________ line

A

2nd and 6th rib

Sternum and Midaxillary Line

60
Q

Nipple is usually located at the level of the ___ intercostal space

A

4th intercostal space

61
Q

Frequent site of cancer/portion of breast which extends back into the armpit

A

Axillary Process

62
Q

Strong fibrous septa which support the breast and run through the breast from skin to deep layer of superficial fascia

A

Suspensory ligaments of breast

63
Q

Mammary Gland:

  • Modified sweat gland located in the _______ fascia.
  • ___ to ___ lobes
  • each lobe opens to the nipple through _______ _____
  • _______ ______: expansion of lactiferous duct - milk reservoir
A

Mammary Gland:

  • Modified sweat gland located in the SUPERFICIAL fascia.
  • 15 to 20 lobes
  • each lobe opens to the nipple through LACTIFEROUS DUCT
  • LACTIFEROUS SINUS: expansion of lactiferous duct - milk reservoir
64
Q

Blood Supply of Breast: (4 arteries)

A

Internal Thoracic
Lateral Thoracic
Thoracoacromial
Intercostal

65
Q

Lymphatic Drainage of Breast: (4 nodes)

Which drains the majority from the breast?

A

Axillary Nodes - Drains 75% of lymph
Parasternal Nodes
Nodes of Opposite Breast
Nodes of Anterior Abdominal Wall

66
Q

Clinical signs of breast cancer: (3)

A

Dimpling
Inverted Nipple
Leathery Thickening of Skin

67
Q

Breast cancer usually spreads to the ______ first.

A

Axilla

68
Q

Major site of RBC production in thoracic wall

A

Sternum

69
Q

3 parts of sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid Process (cartilage at birth - slowly ossifies throughout life)

70
Q

Which part of sternum is sometimes broken during CPR

A

xiphoid process

71
Q

Vertebral level of sternal angle

A

Disc between T4 - T5

72
Q

Superior opening of the thoracic cage?

What 3 structures for the borders?

A

Superior Thoracic Aperture:
Manubrium
1st Rib
T1

73
Q

Inferior opening of thoracic cage?

5 structures that form its borders?

A 
Inferior Thoracic Aperture:
Xiphoid Process
Costal margin
12th Rib
Distal end of 11th Rib
T12
74
Q

True ribs?

Why are they “true”

A

1 thru 7

Articulate with sternum

75
Q

False ribs

A

8 thru 12

76
Q

which ribs articulate indirectly with sternum

A

8 - 10

77
Q

Typical ribs:

Atypical ribs:

A

Typical: 3 - 9
Atypical: 1, 2, 10, 11, 12

78
Q

Nerve supply for external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles

A

Corresponding Intercostal Nerve

79
Q

Only thoracic wall muscle that functions in inspiration

A

External Intercostal

80
Q

Function of all Thoracic Wall muscles besides external intercostal

A

Forced Expiration

81
Q

Innervation for Subcostalis and Transversus Thoracis

A

Intercostal Nerve

82
Q

The anterior thoracic wall’s blood supply

A

Internal Thoracic Artery and its Branches

83
Q

4 branches of internal thoracic artery

A

Pericardiacophrenic
Anterior Intercostal
Musculophrenic
Superior Epigastric

84
Q

Pericardiacophrenic Artery: Accompanies the ______ nerve, supplies the ______, _______, and _______

A

Pericardiacophrenic Artery: Accompanies the PHRENIC nerve, supplies the PLEURA, PERICARDIUM, and DIAPHRAGM

85
Q

Which branch of the internal thoracic artery supplies the upper 6 intercostal spaces

A

Anterior Intercostal Artery

86
Q

___________ artery: lateral branch
______ ______ artery: medial branch
(of internal thoracic artery)

A

Musculophrenic - Lateral

Superior Epigastric - Medial

87
Q

Blood supply of posterior aspect of thoracic wall (3)

A

Supreme (superior) Intercostal Artery
3rd - 11th Posterior Intercostal Arteries
Subcostal Artery

88
Q

Thoracic wall veins:
_______ ______ vein - drains anterior
_______ vein - drains posterior

A

Internal Thoracic Vein

Azygos Vein

89
Q

Posterior Intercostal veins drain into…

______ drain into Brachiocephalic

A

Posterior Intercostal veins drain into…

1ST POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL drain into Brachiocephalic

90
Q

Posterior Intercostal veins drain into…

______ and _____ come together to form the _______ intercostal vein and drain into azygos

A

Posterior Intercostal veins drain into…

2ND and 3RD come together to form the SUPERIOR intercostal vein and drain into azygos

91
Q

Posterior Intercostal veins drain into…

_____ thru _____ and ________ vein drain into azygos

A

Posterior Intercostal veins drain into…

4TH thru 11TH and SUBCOSTAL vein drain into azygos

92
Q

Smallest vein of the heart.

A

Venae Cordis Minimae

Gross II (4 decks)

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