Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Intro to Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In the film about children’s errands, the child who was sent for the discount best illustrated which view of cognitive development?

A

Sociocultural theory’s view of guided participation in learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When one begins recognizing different categories of hip hop music after listening to child’s music choices for several months

A

Accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Parents who use a combination of clear limits and nuturance are using what parenting style?

A

Authoritative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Because taking exams led to failure, Sam gets nauseous whenever teacher announces a quiz

A

Classical conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Sam learns to study regularly which pays off in better grades

A

Operant conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Adaptation

A

Balancing two processes of assimilation and accommodation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Accommodation

A

Child changes internal schemes to fit external world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Genes that influence development vs environments influence development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A

Development occurs through a sequences of discontinuous stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Assimilation

A

Child fits information into mental schemes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

According to Piaget, do children and babies think fundamentally different than adults?

A

Yes

At qualitatively different stages of development like a caterpillar becoming a butterfly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

According to the information processing theory, do children and babies think fundamentally different than adults?

A

No

Children are novices. Quantitative changes like a little fish growing into a bigger fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development

A

Sensory motor period
Preoperational period
Concrete operational period
Formal operational period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Preoperational versus Concrete operational thought

A

2-7 years old, Mental representations that still aren’t logical or consistent

7-11 years old, Logical and consistent but not concrete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A

Thinking is culturally mediated by people, language and tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Object permanence

A

If there is no mental representation, object doesn’t exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Critical Period

A

Window of best time to learn something like a bird learning to sing

No clear evidence if one exists for humans to learn speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Case of Genie

A

Isolated and abused for about 12 years, never fully developed fluent language

Not evidence for critical period because of other possible factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Conservation

A

Transition from Preoperations to Concrete Operations

Understanding properties of objects remain constant despite superficial changes in arrangement or appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Erik Erikson’s Stage Theory of Social Development

A

Accomplishing a task at 8 stages through one’s life from infancy to adulthood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Attachment

A

Enduring affectional ties that children form with primary caregivers

Tends to develop in first two years of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Infancy Stage (Erikson)

A

Trust/Mistrust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Adolescence Stage (Erikson)

A

Identity/role confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Middle Adulthood Stage (Erikson)

A

Generativity/Stagnation

Thinking back on accomplishments in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Harlow's Monkey Experiment
Babies going to mothers for comfort and security Wire and cloth mother surrogates (feeding vs contact comfort)
26
Cupboard Theory
Babies love mothers because food is provided Behaviorists and Freudians agreed on this Proven wrong by Harlow
27
Strange Situation
Experiment of how babies react in separations and reunions with caregivers and how they react around strangers
28
Mary Ainsworth's 4 types of attachment
Secure Insecure Avoidant Insecure Anxious/Ambivalent Disorganized
29
Secure Attachment
Explores freely in caregiver's presence, upset when caregiver leaves, seeks comfort in return Considered the healthiest attachment by Ainsworth
30
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
Little distress and response in separation and reunion Positive interaction with stranger Might indicate multiple caregivers for a child
31
Insecure Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment
Distressed by separations, don't settle easy at reunions, angry behaviors
32
Disorganized Attachment
Confused and contradictory behaviors, dazed, fearful, frozen
33
Maccoby and Jacklin research on gender differences
Differences fewer than people think More recent data suggest differences are getting smaller, very overlapping distributions
34
Socialization effects (gender)
Interactions w/ newborns, toy advertisements, types of conversations
35
Baumrind's 4 Parenting Styles
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Neglecting
36
Authoritative Parenting
High Warmth and Control Considered best outcome for children
37
Authoritarian Parenting
Low Warmth, High Control
38
Indulgent Parenting
High warmth, Low Control
39
Neglecting Parenting
Low Warmth and Control
40
Are Baumrind's parenting styles universal?
No because of cultural variations on ideas of parenting i.e. African American parents in high risk neighborhoods more authoritarian to keep children safe.
41
Classical Conditioning
Associations among events that you don't control
42
Operant Conditioning
Associate own behavior with consequences
43
Associative Learning
Learning contingency between two events Uses both classical and operant conditioning
44
Pavlov's Dog
Found a stimulus creates a response i.e. Food leads to salivating
45
Unconditioned Response
Universal and innate reflex i.e salivating to food
46
Unconditioned Stimulius
The thing that elicits unconditioned response i.e. food leads to salivating
47
Conditioned Stimulus
Neutral stimulus that takes on properties of unconditioned i.e. bell indicates food which leads to salivating
48
Conditioned Response
Learned reflex from conditioned stimulus i.e. salivating at the sound of a bell
49
Extinction
When conditioned response is weakened by presenting conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus
50
Garcia Effect
Most learning has immediate contingency i.e. Having nausea to certain foods will lead to that association
51
"If you fight with your sister, I'll take your crayons away!" is an example of...
Negative punishment Decreasing certain behavior by taking something away
52
"If you pull the cat's tail, she will bite you" is an example of...
Positive punishment Decreasing certain behavior by adding something (the threat of pain)
53
"If you eat your vegetables, you can have dessert" is an example of...
Positive reinforcement Increasing certain behavior by adding something
54
"If you eat your vegetables, you don't have to do your homework" is an example of...
Negative reinforcement Increasing certain behavior by taking something away
55
Binet and Simon IQ tests
Classify children to receive appropriate schooling Judgment, memory and reasoning measures Mastering questions at age level considered "regular intelligence"
56
Cultural bias in IQ tests
Eugenics, evolutionary theory, "mental inferiority" to keep unwanted immigrants out of the USA, stereotype threat
57
Crystallized intelligence
Storehouse of facts Culturally valued knowledge, mostly verbal
58
Fluid intelligence
Speed of processing new information and adapting to new situations, performance-oriented Argued to be more "culture free"
59
Stereotype threat
Risk in confirming negative stereotype about a group
60
Howard Gardner and IQ
IQ is practical thriving, adapting to changing world Multiple intelligences: verbal, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
61
Carol Dweck and IQ
There are 2 mindsets in intelligence (fixed and growth)
62
Social Actor
Changing our personality depending on the situation
63
Narrative identity
An internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future to provide unity, meaning and purporse
64
"To know thyself" in mature adulthood
Apprehend and perform with social approval my self-ascribed traits and roles Pursue with rigor and success How I became the person I am becoming
65
Personality traits have...
Consistency, Stability, Individual differences
66
Big 5 personality traits (and their opposites)
``` Openness---Conservative Conscientiousness---Spontaneous Extroversion---Introversion Agreeable---Quarrelsome Neuroticism---Emotionally stable ```
67
Self efficacy
When you have confidence in your abilities
68
Self esteem
Thinking yourself as a nice person
69
6 themes of interest
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional
70
How could Piaget have underestimated children's thinking?
Carrot experiment Stuff should be there even if it's covered
71
Zone of proximal development
How much a child can do when they do and don't need help
72
Is there such thing as a universal sequence in a child's development?
Piaget: Yes Vyotsky: No
73
Qualitative changes
Stage-like change (like a tadpole to a frog)
74
Quantitative changes
Bigger in number (like a puppy to a dog)
75
Twin study is a great way to study...
Nature vs Nurture
76
Id
Primitive, unconscious, pleasure principle
77
Superego
Internalized morals, values, conscience, perfection principle
78
Ego
moderates id and superego, conscious reality, appropriate channels for impulses, reality principle
79
Problems with Freud's psychological personality theory
Vague concepts, male-centered bias, untestable
80
Reciprocal determinism
Reciprocal interaction of thoughts/beliefs, behavior and environment
81
Marshmallow test
Testing self control by asking children to wait before consuming marshmallow so they will get two instead of one Correlation with better performance in school
82
Cognitive social learning theory on personality
Personality not drive by inner forces
83
Cultural Construction of self
Independent construal of self (uniqueness) Interdependent construal of self (fitting into a social group)
84
Research on ethnic identity (Syed and Azmitia)
Exploration and commitment increased in college Stronger in Latino, Asian American and African American groups
85
James Marcia's 4 identity patterns
Identity achievement, Moratorium, Identity foreclosure, Identity diffusion Commitment to identity associated with psychological well being

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions