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Intro to Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

In the film about children’s errands, the child who was sent for the discount best illustrated which view of cognitive development?

A

Sociocultural theory’s view of guided participation in learning

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2
Q

When one begins recognizing different categories of hip hop music after listening to child’s music choices for several months

A

Accommodation

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3
Q

Parents who use a combination of clear limits and nuturance are using what parenting style?

A

Authoritative

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4
Q

Because taking exams led to failure, Sam gets nauseous whenever teacher announces a quiz

A

Classical conditioning

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5
Q

Sam learns to study regularly which pays off in better grades

A

Operant conditioning

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6
Q

Adaptation

A

Balancing two processes of assimilation and accommodation

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7
Q

Accommodation

A

Child changes internal schemes to fit external world

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8
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Genes that influence development vs environments influence development

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9
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A

Development occurs through a sequences of discontinuous stages

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10
Q

Assimilation

A

Child fits information into mental schemes

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11
Q

According to Piaget, do children and babies think fundamentally different than adults?

A

Yes

At qualitatively different stages of development like a caterpillar becoming a butterfly

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12
Q

According to the information processing theory, do children and babies think fundamentally different than adults?

A

No

Children are novices. Quantitative changes like a little fish growing into a bigger fish

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13
Q

Piaget’s 4 Stages of Development

A

Sensory motor period
Preoperational period
Concrete operational period
Formal operational period

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14
Q

Preoperational versus Concrete operational thought

A

2-7 years old, Mental representations that still aren’t logical or consistent

7-11 years old, Logical and consistent but not concrete

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15
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

A

Thinking is culturally mediated by people, language and tools

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16
Q

Object permanence

A

If there is no mental representation, object doesn’t exist

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17
Q

Critical Period

A

Window of best time to learn something like a bird learning to sing

No clear evidence if one exists for humans to learn speech

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18
Q

Case of Genie

A

Isolated and abused for about 12 years, never fully developed fluent language

Not evidence for critical period because of other possible factors

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19
Q

Conservation

A

Transition from Preoperations to Concrete Operations

Understanding properties of objects remain constant despite superficial changes in arrangement or appearance

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20
Q

Erik Erikson’s Stage Theory of Social Development

A

Accomplishing a task at 8 stages through one’s life from infancy to adulthood

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21
Q

Attachment

A

Enduring affectional ties that children form with primary caregivers

Tends to develop in first two years of life

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22
Q

Infancy Stage (Erikson)

A

Trust/Mistrust

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23
Q

Adolescence Stage (Erikson)

A

Identity/role confusion

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24
Q

Middle Adulthood Stage (Erikson)

A

Generativity/Stagnation

Thinking back on accomplishments in life

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25
Q

Harlow’s Monkey Experiment

A

Babies going to mothers for comfort and security

Wire and cloth mother surrogates (feeding vs contact comfort)

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26
Q

Cupboard Theory

A

Babies love mothers because food is provided

Behaviorists and Freudians agreed on this

Proven wrong by Harlow

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27
Q

Strange Situation

A

Experiment of how babies react in separations and reunions with caregivers and how they react around strangers

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28
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s 4 types of attachment

A

Secure
Insecure Avoidant
Insecure Anxious/Ambivalent
Disorganized

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29
Q

Secure Attachment

A

Explores freely in caregiver’s presence, upset when caregiver leaves, seeks comfort in return

Considered the healthiest attachment by Ainsworth

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30
Q

Insecure Avoidant Attachment

A

Little distress and response in separation and reunion
Positive interaction with stranger

Might indicate multiple caregivers for a child

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31
Q

Insecure Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

A

Distressed by separations, don’t settle easy at reunions, angry behaviors

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32
Q

Disorganized Attachment

A

Confused and contradictory behaviors, dazed, fearful, frozen

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33
Q

Maccoby and Jacklin research on gender differences

A

Differences fewer than people think

More recent data suggest differences are getting smaller, very overlapping distributions

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34
Q

Socialization effects (gender)

A

Interactions w/ newborns, toy advertisements, types of conversations

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35
Q

Baumrind’s 4 Parenting Styles

A

Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Neglecting

36
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

High Warmth and Control

Considered best outcome for children

37
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

Low Warmth, High Control

38
Q

Indulgent Parenting

A

High warmth, Low Control

39
Q

Neglecting Parenting

A

Low Warmth and Control

40
Q

Are Baumrind’s parenting styles universal?

A

No because of cultural variations on ideas of parenting

i.e. African American parents in high risk neighborhoods more authoritarian to keep children safe.

41
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Associations among events that you don’t control

42
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

Associate own behavior with consequences

43
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning contingency between two events

Uses both classical and operant conditioning

44
Q

Pavlov’s Dog

A

Found a stimulus creates a response

i.e. Food leads to salivating

45
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Universal and innate reflex

i.e salivating to food

46
Q

Unconditioned Stimulius

A

The thing that elicits unconditioned response

i.e. food leads to salivating

47
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus that takes on properties of unconditioned

i.e. bell indicates food which leads to salivating

48
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Learned reflex from conditioned stimulus

i.e. salivating at the sound of a bell

49
Q

Extinction

A

When conditioned response is weakened by presenting conditioned stimulus without unconditioned stimulus

50
Q

Garcia Effect

A

Most learning has immediate contingency

i.e. Having nausea to certain foods will lead to that association

51
Q

“If you fight with your sister, I’ll take your crayons away!” is an example of…

A

Negative punishment

Decreasing certain behavior by taking something away

52
Q

“If you pull the cat’s tail, she will bite you” is an example of…

A

Positive punishment

Decreasing certain behavior by adding something (the threat of pain)

53
Q

“If you eat your vegetables, you can have dessert” is an example of…

A

Positive reinforcement

Increasing certain behavior by adding something

54
Q

“If you eat your vegetables, you don’t have to do your homework” is an example of…

A

Negative reinforcement

Increasing certain behavior by taking something away

55
Q

Binet and Simon IQ tests

A

Classify children to receive appropriate schooling

Judgment, memory and reasoning measures

Mastering questions at age level considered “regular intelligence”

56
Q

Cultural bias in IQ tests

A

Eugenics, evolutionary theory, “mental inferiority” to keep unwanted immigrants out of the USA, stereotype threat

57
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Storehouse of facts

Culturally valued knowledge, mostly verbal

58
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Speed of processing new information and adapting to new situations, performance-oriented

Argued to be more “culture free”

59
Q

Stereotype threat

A

Risk in confirming negative stereotype about a group

60
Q

Howard Gardner and IQ

A

IQ is practical thriving, adapting to changing world

Multiple intelligences: verbal, mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

61
Q

Carol Dweck and IQ

A

There are 2 mindsets in intelligence (fixed and growth)

62
Q

Social Actor

A

Changing our personality depending on the situation

63
Q

Narrative identity

A

An internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the past and anticipates the future to provide unity, meaning and purporse

64
Q

“To know thyself” in mature adulthood

A

Apprehend and perform with social approval my self-ascribed traits and roles

Pursue with rigor and success

How I became the person I am becoming

65
Q

Personality traits have…

A

Consistency, Stability, Individual differences

66
Q

Big 5 personality traits (and their opposites)

A 
Openness---Conservative
Conscientiousness---Spontaneous
Extroversion---Introversion
Agreeable---Quarrelsome
Neuroticism---Emotionally stable
67
Q

Self efficacy

A

When you have confidence in your abilities

68
Q

Self esteem

A

Thinking yourself as a nice person

69
Q

6 themes of interest

A

Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional

70
Q

How could Piaget have underestimated children’s thinking?

A

Carrot experiment

Stuff should be there even if it’s covered

71
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

How much a child can do when they do and don’t need help

72
Q

Is there such thing as a universal sequence in a child’s development?

A

Piaget: Yes

Vyotsky: No

73
Q

Qualitative changes

A

Stage-like change (like a tadpole to a frog)

74
Q

Quantitative changes

A

Bigger in number (like a puppy to a dog)

75
Q

Twin study is a great way to study…

A

Nature vs Nurture

76
Q

Id

A

Primitive, unconscious, pleasure principle

77
Q

Superego

A

Internalized morals, values, conscience, perfection principle

78
Q

Ego

A

moderates id and superego, conscious reality, appropriate channels for impulses, reality principle

79
Q

Problems with Freud’s psychological personality theory

A

Vague concepts, male-centered bias, untestable

80
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Reciprocal interaction of thoughts/beliefs, behavior and environment

81
Q

Marshmallow test

A

Testing self control by asking children to wait before consuming marshmallow so they will get two instead of one

Correlation with better performance in school

82
Q

Cognitive social learning theory on personality

A

Personality not drive by inner forces

83
Q

Cultural Construction of self

A

Independent construal of self (uniqueness)

Interdependent construal of self (fitting into a social group)

84
Q

Research on ethnic identity (Syed and Azmitia)

A

Exploration and commitment increased in college

Stronger in Latino, Asian American and African American groups

85
Q

James Marcia’s 4 identity patterns

A

Identity achievement, Moratorium, Identity foreclosure, Identity diffusion

Commitment to identity associated with psychological well being

Intro to Psychology (3 decks)

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