Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Prosopagnosia
A
Inability to recognize faces
2
Q
Four F’s of limbic system
A
Fight
Flee
Feed
Fornication
3
Q
Selective attention and bottleneck
A
What you choose to focus on
Limits of your attention
4
Q
Parallel Processing
A
Processing several aspects of stimulus simultaneously
5
Q
Chunking
A
Memorizing information in groups instead of all at once
6
Q
Cerebellum
A
Controls motor movements, balance, walking
7
Q
Dorsal stream’s importance in vision
A
Location and motion
8
Q
Rods
A
Photoreceptor responsible for seeing in less intense light
9
Q
What makes a good theory?
A
Falsifiable, useful and parsimonious (easy to test out)
10
Q
Corpus callosum
A
Tissue that connects 2 hemispheres of brain
11
Q
Brain stem
A
Regulates autonomic responses
12
Q
Retrograde amnesia
A
Memory loss before damage
13
Q
Anterograde amnesia
A
Can’t form new long term memories
14
Q
Patient HM
A
Had bilateral MTLs and Hippocampus removed to stop seizures
Couldn’t form new explicit memories
15
Q
Why is forgetting a good thing?
A
Retain new knowledge
16
Q
Metacognition
A
Knowledge and skills in monitoring and controlling one’s learning memory
17
Q
Five impediments to remembering
A
Encoding failures Memory decay Inadequate retrieval cues Interference Trying to not remember deliberately
18
Q
Three stages of memory
A
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
19
Q
Consolidation
A
Process after encoding believed to stabilize memory traces
20
Q
6 steps to making a rational decision
A
Define problem Identify criteria to judge multiple options Weight criteria Generate alternatives Rate each alternative Compute optimal decision
21
Q
Heuristics
A
Thinking strategies that simplify decision making by using mental short cuts
22
Q
Three biases in decision process
A
Overconfidence
Anchoring
Framing
23
Q
Retina
A
Transduction (light converted to neural signals) in human visual system
24
Q
Dendrites
A
Short branched extensions of a neuron that are designed to gather info from surrounding neurons
25
Psychology
Studying of behavior and mental processes
A science!
26
Independent variable
Factor manipulated
27
Dependent variable
Factor controlled and measured
28
External validity
Can study be generalized to other situations and reflect multiple populations
29
Parts of brain for limbic system
Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Amygdala, and Hippocampus
30
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
Occipital: vision
Temporal: sound
Parietal: spatial awareness, touch, taste
Frontal: language, problem solving, thinking
31
Quasi experiments
Subjects assigned to different conditions using pre-existing groups like age or gender
32
What part of the brain is most susceptible to concussions?
Prefrontal cortex
33
Sensory modalities
```
Vision
Audition
Taste
Smell
Skin sense
Kinesthesia
Vestibular
```
34
Proprioception
Body position, movement, balance
Used kinesthesia and vestibular senses
35
Ventral stream's use in vision
Shape and identity
36
Fovea
Point of central focus in vision
37
Prefrontal cortex
Complex cognitive behavior, social skills, decision making
38
Spotlight model
Attention allows us to engage and disengage from aspects of environment
39
Attentional narrowing
Arousal can increase attention to central details and impair memory for peripheral details
40
Inattentional blindness
Failure to notice unexpected stimuli in field of vision when paying attention to something else
41
Change blindness
Failure to notice change in visual stimulus
42
Automatization
Procedure changes from needing a lot of attention to very little attention
43
Action slips
Unintended automatic actions inappropriate for current situations
44
Explicit memory
Declarative and conscious
Includes episodic and semantic memories
45
Implicit memory
Nondeclarative and unconscious
Included classical conditioning effects, procedural memory and priming
46
Broca's area
Area in frontal lobe of left hemisphere in charge of language production
47
Cones
Photoreceptors for lighted environments that can encode fine visual details
48
Selective attention (cocktail party situation)
Selecting certain stimuli in environment and ignoring distracting info
49
Flashbulb memory
Vivid personal memories of receiving the news of a major and usually emotional event
50
Autobiographical memory
Memory for events of one's life
51
False memory
Memory for an event that never actually occurred, implanted by experimental manipulation or other means
52
Schema
A memory template created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events
53
System 1 decision making
Intuitive, fast, automatic, effortless, implicit and emotional
54
System 2 decision making
Deliberative, slower, conscious, effortful, explicit and logical
55
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Language that people use determines their thoughts and actions
56
Hindsight Bias
What we think as common sense now wasn't common sense before
57
Scientific method
Consider alternate hypotheses and collect data to determine which is supported
58
If a theory can't be proven false...
It's not a scientific theory
59
Correlations
Measure the relationship between 2 variables
60
What makes a good experiment?
Standardization and control, operational definitions, reliability and validity
61
Standardization
Conditions identical
Random assignment to condition
62
Operational definitions
Way something is measured/manipulated
Can profoundly impact results
63
Reliability
Stability and consistency
64
Ethics in research
Informed consent, freedom from coercion, protection from harm, confidentiality and privacy, intentional deception and debriefing, risk/benefit assessment
65
The astonishing hypothesis
"You" can be explained by behavior of nerve cells
66
Perception uses both..
Bottom up and top down processing
67
Depth perception
3D representation from 2D image
68
Gestalt principles of perceptual organization
Simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate
69
Visual neglect
Patients can't attend to left side of space
70
Stroop effect
Interference in reaction time
Reading the color of the text of a word (ie the word is black but is printed in red)
71
REM sleep
Rapid eye movement
High oxygen consumption, increased and irregular heart and respiration rates, muscle atonia, body temp drops, dreams are hallucinatory, emotional, narrative and with frequent movements
72
NREM sleep
Non-rapid eye movement
Reduced muscle tension, little movement, low temp and energy consumption, heart rate, respiration and kidney function slow down, increased digestive process, brain resting, neurons firing at lowest point, dreams are thought-like
73
Sleep deprivation
```
Loss of motivation
Reduced body temp
Aches and pains
Attentional problems
Less regulation of emotions
Reduced executive control
Impaired memory
```
74
Rosy view phenomenon
Remembering the past more positively than it was
75
DRM Paradigm
Falsely recalling things with categorization and association
76
Sleeper effect
Knowing something is false now but forgetting later on
77
Episodic memory
One's own experiences
78
Semantic memory
Facts and general knowledge
79
Analogical reasoning
Identifying meaningful correspondences between situations to draw inferences from one situation to inform another
80
Phantom pain
Sensing amputated limb like it is still physically there
81
Capgras delusion
Person holds delusion that someone has been replaced by an imposter
82
Visual agnosia
Inability to recognize familiar objects
83
Phineas Gage
Iron rod struck through his head and damaged left frontal lobe which resulted in a personality change
84
Clive Wearing
Has both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
Frequently believes only recently waking up from a coma
85
Iconic memory lasts for
Less than one second
86
Echoic memory lasts for
2-3 seconds
87
Primary visual cortex
Part of cerebral cortex that processes visual information
88
Somatosensory and motor cortices
Control voluntary movements
89
Broca's Aphasia
Damage to language control
Unable to form correct words
90
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
Memories are most efficiently and easily stored and retrieved when the processes match
91
Context-Dependent Learning
Improved recall of info when context present at encoding and retrieval are the same
92
Interference
Interaction of new and old information impairing memory
93
Hippocampus
Consolidation of short term memory to long term memory
94
Functional Fixedness
Bias that limits person using an object only in the way it's traditionally used
