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COM 100 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How has radio been opened up to a two-way medium?

A

Listeners can call in/enter contests

Listeners can respond to podcasters via Facebook/Twitter

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2
Q

When was the “Golden Age” of the radio?

A

1930s - 1940s

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3
Q

What type of radio advertising rates are rising?

A

local radio

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4
Q

What kind of radio is becoming more popular and why?

A

Talk radio because of competition of online radio

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5
Q

Benefits of streaming services like Google Play or Tidal

A

Artists benefit whereas a lot of normal radio stations’ $ goes to songwriters

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6
Q

The process of passing on culturally relevant knowledge, skills, attitudes and values from person to person or group to group

A

cultural transmission

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7
Q

phonograph

A

First patented by Thomas Edison in 1877 as a “talking machine”, it used a tinfoil cylinder to record voices from telephone conversations. Edison held a monopoly in the recording industry for 9 years.

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8
Q

graphophone

A

An improvement on Thomas Edison’s phonograph in recording audio, it used beeswax to record sound rather than tinfoil.

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9
Q

They invented the graphophone

A

Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter

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10
Q

Gramophone

A

Followed the graphophone and was developed by inventor Emile Berliner, it used a flat disc rather than a cylinder to record sound.

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11
Q

why have music revenues declined steeply since 2001?

A

digital piracy

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12
Q

Cash or gifts given to radio disc jockeys by record labels in exchange for greater airplay of the label’s artists or most recent songs. After several scandals in the 1950s the practice is now illegal

A

payola

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13
Q

long tail marketing

A

the principle that selling a few of many types of items can be as or more profitable than selling many copies of a few items, a practice that works especially well for online sellers such as Amazon and Netflix

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14
Q

Originally a reference to casting seeds widely in a field that was subsequently applied to the fledgling electronic medium of radio and later television

A

broadcasting

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15
Q

freemium

A

subscriptions that provide some content for free but require a monthly subscription to take advantage of all the site has to offer

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16
Q

amplitude modulation (AM)

A

Radio carrier signal modified by variations in wave amplitude.

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17
Q

frequency modulation (FM)

A

Radio carrier signal modified by variations in wave length/frequency

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18
Q

Explain some non-music functions of radio

A

transmits agricultural instructions, emergency broadcast system for natural disasters/military conflict, talk radio, news programming, traffic/weather reports,

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19
Q

True of False: The radio has a flexible and portable power source

A

True - Radio receivers can operate easily for long periods of time on battery power alone

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20
Q

Heinrich Hertz

A

Demonstrated the existence of radio waves in 1885, setting the stage for the development of modern wireless communications. The measurement unit of electromagnetic frequencies was named for Hertz.

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21
Q

Granville T. Woods

A

Inventor of railway telegraphy in 1887, a type of wireless communication that allowed moving trains to communicate with each other and with stations, greatly reducing the number of railway collisions

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22
Q

Guglielmo Marconi

A

Italian inventor and creator of radio telegraphy or wireless transmission, in 1889

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23
Q

Lee de Forest

A

Considered the father of radio broadcasting because of his invention that permitted reliable voice transmissions for both point to point broadcasting.

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24
Q

Edwin Howard Armstrong

A

Columbia University engineering professor who invented FM radio transmission

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25
Q

David Sarnoff

A

Head of RCA, he promoted the development of television as a mass medium yet blocked the development of FM radio for years because RCA produced and sold AM radio receivers

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26
Q

Radio Act of 1927

A

An act of Congress that created the Federal Radio Commission, intended to regulate the largely chaotic airways and based on the principle that companies had a civic duty to use airwaves, a limited public good, responsibly.

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27
Q

Federal Radio Commission (FRC)

A

Formed by the Radio Act of 1927, the commission, the precursor to the FCC, created a policy that favored fewer high-power radio broadcasting stations rather than more numerous low-power stations

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28
Q

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

A

Established in 1934, the principal communications regulatory body at the federal level in the U.S.

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29
Q

daypart

A

segment of time radio and television program planners use to determine their primary audience during that time of day or night

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30
Q

Benefits of podcasts

A

easy to get/download, listening live or visiting a website for the audio file are no longer necessary, easy/inexpensive to produce

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31
Q

How does satellite radio differ from standard radio?

A

Uses digital signals from a satellite that broadcast across a much larger territory. Subscriptions = more content like cable TV

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32
Q

Why is 3D so popular right now?

A

cheaper, no longer causes headaches and people are willing to pay for it especially with blockbusters,

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33
Q

How have marketing windows changed?

A

There used to be “first run” and “second run” theaters, now there is domestic and international release with some movies going straight to cable/streaming

34
Q

Most common medium to advertise movies

A

TV

35
Q

Why do movie franchises thrive?

A

They can afford marketing to reach all audiences

36
Q

Kinetoscope

A

Created by Thomas Edison, “peep show” precursor to the motion picture viewer. He failed to patent it and two French brothers, the Lumieres, build a more portable film processing unit and projector

37
Q

Georges Melies

A

Melies was the first to make objects disappear, appear or change. He pioneered special effects like split screen, double exposure and dissolve.

38
Q

D.W. Griffith

A

Created first major full-length film, Birth of a Nation. Introduced many innovative cinematic techniques - crosscutting and depicting action moving right to left while another moved left to right.

39
Q

When did color films emerge

A

1920s

40
Q

What year was Steamboat Willie made

A

1928

41
Q

autear

A

Director as storyteller

42
Q

time shift

A

Recording of an audio or video events for later listenings or viewings

43
Q

place shift

A

Viewing TV from anywhere using the Internet to access video originally delivered digitally to the home

44
Q

coercion

A

People are forced to change because of real or perceived threat

45
Q

Scientific presumptions of persuasive communications

A
  1. How people process information about the world affects the process of persuasion: People process info differently
  2. A persuaders characteristics affect persuasion
  3. People’s behaviors and actions are somehow linked to their cognitions and affects the world (Awareness- Acceptance- Action)
46
Q

Central route

Under scientific presumption #1

A

Being persuaded by the contents or argument of the message

47
Q

Peripheral route

Under scientific presumption #1

A

Being persuaded by superficial cues such as the attractiveness of the speaker

48
Q

appealing strategies of persuasion

A

logos, pathos

49
Q

Things to include to clarify and simplify message

A

Analogies, Comparisons, Examples, Statistics

50
Q

Effects of humor on an argument

A
  • Useful in reinforcing exiting attitudes and behaviors
  • reduce credibility/likability of speaker
  • Humor is effective with dull topics when funny
51
Q

What becomes news?

A

Something extraordinary: “Man bites Dog”
Something predictable: holiday shopping, fashion trends, movie releases
Something of public interest: accidents, crimes, political corruption, accidents, recent discoveries

52
Q

Criticism to News

A

Too many negative stories = distorted reality

Pseudo events - events staged to attract media attention (i.e. press conference,red carpet events)

53
Q

Agenda setting theory

A

Media’s ability to influence the importance of topics on the public agenda. Media tells the public what to think about but not necessarily what to think

54
Q

Who proposed the Agenda Setting Theory

A

Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw

55
Q

First level agenda setting

A

WHAT to think about - ex: politics

56
Q

Second level agenda setting

A

HOW to think about - attribute importance to something: race, hand motions, education of speaker

57
Q

PR

A

management function that helps an organization build mutually beneficial relationships with publics

58
Q

Employee/Member PR

A

Communicating to internal members

59
Q

Community PR

A

Developing ways to benefit community and organization

60
Q

Industry PR

A

Relating with other firms in the same industry as the organization

61
Q

Investor PR

A

Build/maintain confidence among investors

62
Q

Public affairs PR

A

Developing strategies to get involved in public policy

63
Q

Government affairs PR

A

Relating with legislature - lobbying is a part of it

64
Q

Media relations PR

A

Seeking out more publicity

65
Q

Counseling (PR)

A

providing advice to management

66
Q

Role of Research in PR

A

To understand public’s needs and wants

67
Q

PR vs. Journalism

A

Journalism informs public, PR informs/persuades
Journalists = objective observers, PR professionals are advocates
Both are based on facts
Journalism = for mass audience
PR carefully segment audience into specific demographics

68
Q

PR vs. Advertising

A

Both utilize mass media to send messages
PR - goes through gatekeeping process/unpaid, no control over space and time, addressed to internal/external audience
Ads - paid, has assigned space/time, addressed to consumers/external audience

69
Q

Nathan B. Stubblefield

A

created a wireless communications device that could even transmit voice and music over a short distance (about 500 ft.)

70
Q

Consequences of Agenda-Setting

A

The media may not reflect the reality; they filter and shape

Example: JAWS (1975) - when this movie came out, news started featuring more shark-attack stories

71
Q

Penny press

A

newspapers that sold for a penny, making them accessible; supported by advertising rather than subscriptions. Goal = Largest Possible Audience

72
Q

James Gordon Bennett

A

founded NY Herald in 1835, introduced editorial and a financial page + public affairs reporting, common in modern journalism

73
Q

Persuasion vs. Coercion

A

Persuasion- lets people freely persuade/change themselves (different from coercion)
Coercion- people are forced to change because of real or perceived threat

74
Q

PR

A

a management function that helps an organization build mutually beneficial relationships with publics

75
Q

Associated Press (1848)

A

non-profit co-op by six NY newspaper publishes to share the cost of gathering news by telegraph. Today, 1500 newspapers and 5000 TV and radio stations are members

76
Q

Sensational journalism

A

news that exaggerates or features lurid details and depictions of events to increase its audience

77
Q

Joseph Pulitzer

A

American newspaper magnate who competed with Hearst. After 1900, he moved from sensational journalism to socially conscious reporting/muckraking; Pulitzer prize

78
Q

William Randolph Hearst

A

same as Pulitzer, noted for sensation journalism and political influence

79
Q

Yellow journalism

A

Hearst + Pulitzer, stories are wholly or partially fabricated for dramatic purposes

80
Q

Edward R. Murrow

A

a radio, TV journalist/announcer who set the standard for journalistic excellence during TV’s Golden Age (1930-1940)

81
Q

News hole

A

amount of total space available after advertisement space has been blocked out (specifically for NEWSPAPERS)

COM 100 (6 decks)

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