exam 2

Question 1

Choice Theory

Answer 1

Youths will engage in delinquent & criminal behavior after outweighing the consequences. The gain outweighs possible punishment/loss.

Question 2

Trait Theory

Answer 2

Traits people have mental/physical makeup that makes them more prone to crime,

Question 3

What are the 3 variables that influence crime?

Answer 3

Lack of capable guardian
Suitable targets
Motivated offenders

Question 4

Specific Deterrence

Answer 4

A method of punishment in the criminal justice system intended to discourage criminal behavior in the specific individual charged with the crime.

Question 5

General Deterrence

Answer 5

Refers to inducing others tempted to commit this offence not to do so. It is especially important with crimes involving premeditation or planning and persistence, and with crimes which are fairly common.

Question 6

Bio social Theory

Answer 6

View that both thought and behavior have biological and social bases.

Question 7

Social Control Theory

Answer 7

Exploiting the process of socialization and social learning builds self-control and reduces the inclination to indulge in behavior recognized as antisocial.

Question 8

Arousal Theory

Answer 8

We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal. People with high optimum levels of arousal will be drawn to high excitement behaviors.

Question 9

Covert Pathway

Answer 9

Pathway to delinquent career that begins with minor underhanded behavior, leads to property damage and eventually escalates to more serious forms of theft and fraud.

Question 10

Overt Pathway

Answer 10

Pathway to delinquent career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting and eventually escalating to violent delinquency.

Question 11

Latent Trait Theory

Answer 11

Stable feature, characteristics, propensity, or condition such as defective intelligence or impulsive personality that makes some people delinquency prone.

Question 12

Life Course Theory

Answer 12

Ability to learn on and off delinquent behaviors because of changes in your life.

Question 13

General Theory of Crime

Answer 13

Developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from bio-social, psychological, routine activities and rational choice theory.

Question 14

What does the research show with fathers & their children?

Answer 14

8 percent of sons with non-criminal fathers eventually vacant chronic offenders, about 37 percent with criminal fathers were multiple offenders.

Question 15

What do the twin studies show?

Answer 15

60 percent of MZ twins share criminal behavior patterns, if one committed a crime so was the other. 30 percent of DZ twins are similarly related.

Question 16

How many killings do children see before elementary school ?

Answer 16

8,000 tv murders

Question 17

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 17

Deviant behavior patterns that are a response to an earlier labeling experience; youths act out these social roles even if they were falsely bestowed.

Question 18

Problem Behavior Syndrome

Answer 18

Antisocial behaviors that may include family dysfunction, substance abuse, smoking, sexuality & early pregnancy, suicide attempts

Question 19

Restorative Justice

Answer 19

Nonpunitive strategies for dealing with juvenile offenders that make the justice system a healing process rather than a punishment process.

Question 20

Social disorganization

Answer 20

Neighborhood or area marked by culture conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population, and insufficient social organizations. These problems are reflected in the problems at schools in these areas.

Question 21

Social Structure theory

Answer 21

Theories that suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas, including disorganization, stress, and cultural deviance, push residence into criminal behavior patterns.

Question 22

Social Learning Theory

Answer 22

View that behavior is modeled through observation either directly through intimate contact with others or indirectly through media.

Question 23

Relative Depreivation

Answer 23

Condition that exists when people of wealth and poverty live in close proximity to one another.

Question 24

Collective Efficacy

Answer 24

Process in which mutual trust and a willingness to intervene in the supervision of children and help maintain public order create a sense of well being in a neighborhood and help control antisocial activities.

Question 25

Cultural Deviance Theory

Answer 25

Links delinquent acts to the formation of independent subcultures with a unique set of values that clash with the mainstream culture.

Question 26

Disproportionate Minority Contact

Answer 26

Refers to disproportionate number of minority youth who come into contact with juvenile justice system.