Exam 2 Flashcards
Infancy Growth and Change
Grow 10 inches over 1 year
Triple weight by 1 year
Cephalocaudal principle
Proximodistal principle
Infancy Teeth
First tooth appears between 5-9 months
Bottom front incisor
Saliva production, coughing, rash, and grabbing things to put in mouth are symptoms
Infancy Brain Development
25% of adult brain at birth
70% by age 2
Exuberance
Dendritic connections multiply
Myelination
Axons become encased in a myelin sheath
Infancy Brain Specialization
Divided into hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
Hindbrain
Most basic, helps with breathing, causes you to pass out
Midbrain
Coordinates what goes on in the body
Forebrain
Memory and emotion
Infancy Brain Plasticity
Important for brain’s development
Adaptable to overcome change
Environmental deprivation can have permanent effects
Infancy Sleep Changes
Neonates sleep 16-17 hours
3-4 months sleep 6-7 hours
6 months have sleep patterns
SIDS
Infants between 2-4 months have highest risk for SIDS
- Sleeping on stomach
- Low birth weight
- Smoking
- Soft bedding
Cosleeping
Frowned upon in America
Culturally normal in developing countries
Infancy Nutritional Needs
Infants need a high-fat diet
6 months can have solid food
Infant Mortality
- Congenital abnormalities
- Malnutrition
- Malaria
- Diarrhea
Infant Gross Motor
- Holding up head
- Rolling over
- Sitting without support
- Crawling
- Standing
- Walking with support
- Walking
Infant Fine Motor
Major accomplishments are reaching and grasping
Will exhibit pincer grasp
Depth perception influenced by binocular vision at 2-3 months
Intermodal Perception
1 month olds match things in mouth to things they touch
By 8 months they can match unfamiliar faces with correct voice and gender
Infancy Piagetian Key Terms
Maturation
Schemes
Assimilation
Accommodation
Maturation
Driving force behind development
Schemes
Cognitive structure for processing, organizing, and interpreting information
Assimilation
Taking new information to an existing scheme
Accommodation
Changing a scheme to adapt new information
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operations
- Formal operations
Sensorimotor Stage
- Simple reflexes (0-1 month)
- First habits and primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
- Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)
Object Permanence (Sensorimotor Stage)
Under 4 months have no understanding
4-8 months: some uncertain about existence
8-12 months: developing awareness
Habituation
Gradual decrease in attention
Neonates: several minutes before habituation
4-5 months: only several seconds
Dishabituation
Revival of attention with new stimulus
Joint Attention
Able to triangulate and pay attention to what other people are paying attention to
Infant Memory
Short-term memory improves during first year of life
Long-term memory increases as well
Gesell Development Assessment
Motor skills
Language use
Adaptive people
Personal-social behavior
Bayley Development Assessment Tool
Cognitive
Language
Motor
Infant Language Development
Cooing/gurgling at 2 months
Babbling at 4-6 months
Gestures about 8-10 months
First words about 10-12 months
Infancy Temperament
Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up
Goodness of Fit
A good fit between temperament of child and environmental demands
Infant Emotions
Primary emotions are basic emotions that we share with other animals
Secondary emotions develop later and are called socio-moral emotions
Primary Emotions
Distress, interest, pleasure becomes anger, sadness, fear, surprise, and happiness
Infancy Emotional Perceptions
Crying in response to hearing crying
Infants perceive emotions by hearing before seeing
By 7 months infants can match auditory to visual emotions
By 9-10 months infants show social referencing
Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life
Infants are with their mothers for the early months of life
After 6 months, most daily care done by older girls rather than mother
Infants are among many other people during the course of the day
Infancy Social Development Foundations
Erikson’s first stage focuses on trust vs. mistrust
Bowlby’s theory focuses on early quality relationships
Toddler Bodily Growth
Children lose body fat and become leaner
Growth slows from infancy to toddlerhood but remains rapid
Toddler Brain Development
Marked by synaptic density and synaptic pruning
Synaptic connections increase throughout the first 2 years, with the greatest density occurring at the end of toddlerhood
Synaptic Density
Connections between neurons become fewer but more efficient
Synaptic Pruning
Connections between neurons become fewer but more efficient
EEG
Measures electrical activity of cerebral cortex
FMRI
Uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen
Toddler Sleep
Sleep declines from 16-18 hours a day to 12-13 hours a day by age 2
Can be affected by resurgence of teething and awareness to separate sleeping arrangement
Toddler Gross Motor
11 months: walk without support
15 months: stand and begin to climb
18 months: some running
24 months: can kick with more dexterity
Toddler Fine Motor
12 months: can show left or right preference for eating
Can hold a cup, scribble with a pencil, and turn pages of a book
Toddler Toilet Training
- Stay dry for hour or two during the day
- Regular bowel movements
- Increased anticipation of the event
- Directly asking to use the toilet or wear underwear
Toddler Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Sensorimotor continues into toddlerhood
- Stage 5: Intentionally try out different behaviors
- Stage 6: think about possibilities and select actions
Object permanence, deferred imitation, and categorization present
Vygotsky’s Cultural Theory
Viewed cognitive development as both social and cultural process
Social because children learn through interactions with others
Cultural because what children need to know is determined by their culture
Zone of proximal development and scaffolding
Zone of Proximal Development
Range of skills child can perform IF guided but can’t accomplish alone
Scaffolding
Degree of assistance provided
Toddler Language
12-18 months “slow expansion”
Holophrases
Overextensions
Underextensions
Holophrases
1 word to stand for an entire sentence
Overextensions
Taking a learned word from one context and over-applying it to situations where it doesn’t belong
Underextensions
Focusing on one small part of a thing and naming it after that part
Fast Mapping (Toddlerhoood)
Learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what object it is
Telegraphic Speech (Toddlerhood)
Two word phrases that strip away connected words
Toddler Emotional Regulation Advances in 4 Ways
- Behavioral development
- Use of language
- Social demands (external requirements)
- Development of sociomoral emotions
Toddler’s Emotions
Sociomoral emotions develop
- Guilt
- Shame
- Embarrassment
- Envy
- Pride
Self-Recognition
Recognizing self-image
Self-Reflection
Think about themselves as they would think about others
The Elements to Biological Basis of Gender Development
Evolutionary
Ethology
Hormonal
Ethology
Animal behavior shows evidence of biology
Attachment Theory
Bowlby concluded that attachment is an emotional bond that promotes protection and survival
Autism
Origins are unclear
Usually diagnosed between 18-30 months
May never develop language
Preschool Physical Development (Ages 3-6)
Children grow about 2-3 inches a year and add 5-7 pounds
Permanent teeth replace baby teeth
Boys slightly taller and heavier
Preschool Brain Development
Size of brain gradually increases
Frontal lobe growth advances emotional regulation, foresight, and planned behavior
Hippocampus involved with memory
Preschool Health
Children less vulnerable to health threats
Appetites vary day-to-day
High activity, high rate of injuries (most common are MVA)
Preschool Gross Motor
Gross motor skills extend abilities that appeared earlier
Preschool Fine Motor
Drawing shapes, letters, and sentences
Preschool Handedness
Preference for handedness can be seen prenatally
Preschool Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Preoperational Phase
Unable to perform operations such as conservation, classification, egocentrism, and animism
Conservation
Children cannot understand a certain volume of juice is the same in a differently shaped cup
Classification
Objects can be a part of more than one cognitive group
Egocentrism
Inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another’s perpective
Animism
Attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces
“Theory of Mind”
The ability to understand the thinking processes in oneself and others
Early Childhood Education
Typically begins at age 7
Preschool
Focus for high quality is developmentally appropriate in educational practice
Project Head Start
Early intervention program that focuses on cognitive development for at-risk children
Preschool Language Development
Language continues to progress at a rapid pace
Pragmatics
Refers to the social rules of language
Understanding begins through gestures
Age 2: understand basic conversation
Age 4: sensitive to partners in conversation
Early Childhood Emotional/Social
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt
Developing balance between reticence and acting out
Early Childhood Emotional Regulation
Self-regulation important for social relationships
Effortful control allows children to focus attention on managing emotions
Early Childhood Moral Development
Empathy important for moral development
Promotes prosocial behavior
Empathy Deficits
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Psychopathology
Early Childhood Gender Development
3-4: gender identity intensifies
6-7: gender constancy is attained
Gender socialization leads to gender schemas
Early Childhood Peers and Friends
Social play
Increased gender segregation
