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Lifespan Development > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Infancy Growth and Change

A

Grow 10 inches over 1 year
Triple weight by 1 year
Cephalocaudal principle
Proximodistal principle

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2
Q

Infancy Teeth

A

First tooth appears between 5-9 months
Bottom front incisor
Saliva production, coughing, rash, and grabbing things to put in mouth are symptoms

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3
Q

Infancy Brain Development

A

25% of adult brain at birth

70% by age 2

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4
Q

Exuberance

A

Dendritic connections multiply

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5
Q

Myelination

A

Axons become encased in a myelin sheath

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6
Q

Infancy Brain Specialization

A

Divided into hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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7
Q

Hindbrain

A

Most basic, helps with breathing, causes you to pass out

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8
Q

Midbrain

A

Coordinates what goes on in the body

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9
Q

Forebrain

A

Memory and emotion

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10
Q

Infancy Brain Plasticity

A

Important for brain’s development
Adaptable to overcome change
Environmental deprivation can have permanent effects

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11
Q

Infancy Sleep Changes

A

Neonates sleep 16-17 hours
3-4 months sleep 6-7 hours
6 months have sleep patterns

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12
Q

SIDS

A

Infants between 2-4 months have highest risk for SIDS

  1. Sleeping on stomach
  2. Low birth weight
  3. Smoking
  4. Soft bedding
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13
Q

Cosleeping

A

Frowned upon in America

Culturally normal in developing countries

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14
Q

Infancy Nutritional Needs

A

Infants need a high-fat diet

6 months can have solid food

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15
Q

Infant Mortality

A
  1. Congenital abnormalities
  2. Malnutrition
  3. Malaria
  4. Diarrhea
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16
Q

Infant Gross Motor

A
  1. Holding up head
  2. Rolling over
  3. Sitting without support
  4. Crawling
  5. Standing
  6. Walking with support
  7. Walking
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17
Q

Infant Fine Motor

A

Major accomplishments are reaching and grasping
Will exhibit pincer grasp
Depth perception influenced by binocular vision at 2-3 months

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18
Q

Intermodal Perception

A

1 month olds match things in mouth to things they touch

By 8 months they can match unfamiliar faces with correct voice and gender

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19
Q

Infancy Piagetian Key Terms

A

Maturation
Schemes
Assimilation
Accommodation

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20
Q

Maturation

A

Driving force behind development

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21
Q

Schemes

A

Cognitive structure for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

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22
Q

Assimilation

A

Taking new information to an existing scheme

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23
Q

Accommodation

A

Changing a scheme to adapt new information

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24
Q

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete operations
  4. Formal operations
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25
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A
  1. Simple reflexes (0-1 month)
  2. First habits and primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
  3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
  4. Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)
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26
Q

Object Permanence (Sensorimotor Stage)

A

Under 4 months have no understanding
4-8 months: some uncertain about existence
8-12 months: developing awareness

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27
Q

Habituation

A

Gradual decrease in attention
Neonates: several minutes before habituation
4-5 months: only several seconds

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28
Q

Dishabituation

A

Revival of attention with new stimulus

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29
Q

Joint Attention

A

Able to triangulate and pay attention to what other people are paying attention to

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30
Q

Infant Memory

A

Short-term memory improves during first year of life

Long-term memory increases as well

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31
Q

Gesell Development Assessment

A

Motor skills
Language use
Adaptive people
Personal-social behavior

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32
Q

Bayley Development Assessment Tool

A

Cognitive
Language
Motor

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33
Q

Infant Language Development

A

Cooing/gurgling at 2 months
Babbling at 4-6 months
Gestures about 8-10 months
First words about 10-12 months

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34
Q

Infancy Temperament

A

Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up

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35
Q

Goodness of Fit

A

A good fit between temperament of child and environmental demands

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36
Q

Infant Emotions

A

Primary emotions are basic emotions that we share with other animals
Secondary emotions develop later and are called socio-moral emotions

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37
Q

Primary Emotions

A

Distress, interest, pleasure becomes anger, sadness, fear, surprise, and happiness

38
Q

Infancy Emotional Perceptions

A

Crying in response to hearing crying
Infants perceive emotions by hearing before seeing
By 7 months infants can match auditory to visual emotions
By 9-10 months infants show social referencing

39
Q

Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life

A

Infants are with their mothers for the early months of life
After 6 months, most daily care done by older girls rather than mother
Infants are among many other people during the course of the day

40
Q

Infancy Social Development Foundations

A

Erikson’s first stage focuses on trust vs. mistrust

Bowlby’s theory focuses on early quality relationships

41
Q

Toddler Bodily Growth

A

Children lose body fat and become leaner

Growth slows from infancy to toddlerhood but remains rapid

42
Q

Toddler Brain Development

A

Marked by synaptic density and synaptic pruning
Synaptic connections increase throughout the first 2 years, with the greatest density occurring at the end of toddlerhood

43
Q

Synaptic Density

A

Connections between neurons become fewer but more efficient

44
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Connections between neurons become fewer but more efficient

45
Q

EEG

A

Measures electrical activity of cerebral cortex

46
Q

FMRI

A

Uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen

47
Q

Toddler Sleep

A

Sleep declines from 16-18 hours a day to 12-13 hours a day by age 2
Can be affected by resurgence of teething and awareness to separate sleeping arrangement

48
Q

Toddler Gross Motor

A

11 months: walk without support
15 months: stand and begin to climb
18 months: some running
24 months: can kick with more dexterity

49
Q

Toddler Fine Motor

A

12 months: can show left or right preference for eating

Can hold a cup, scribble with a pencil, and turn pages of a book

50
Q

Toddler Toilet Training

A
  1. Stay dry for hour or two during the day
  2. Regular bowel movements
  3. Increased anticipation of the event
  4. Directly asking to use the toilet or wear underwear
51
Q

Toddler Cognitive Development (Piaget)

A

Sensorimotor continues into toddlerhood

  1. Stage 5: Intentionally try out different behaviors
  2. Stage 6: think about possibilities and select actions

Object permanence, deferred imitation, and categorization present

52
Q

Vygotsky’s Cultural Theory

A

Viewed cognitive development as both social and cultural process
Social because children learn through interactions with others
Cultural because what children need to know is determined by their culture
Zone of proximal development and scaffolding

53
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

Range of skills child can perform IF guided but can’t accomplish alone

54
Q

Scaffolding

A

Degree of assistance provided

55
Q

Toddler Language

A

12-18 months “slow expansion”
Holophrases
Overextensions
Underextensions

56
Q

Holophrases

A

1 word to stand for an entire sentence

57
Q

Overextensions

A

Taking a learned word from one context and over-applying it to situations where it doesn’t belong

58
Q

Underextensions

A

Focusing on one small part of a thing and naming it after that part

59
Q

Fast Mapping (Toddlerhoood)

A

Learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what object it is

60
Q

Telegraphic Speech (Toddlerhood)

A

Two word phrases that strip away connected words

61
Q

Toddler Emotional Regulation Advances in 4 Ways

A
  1. Behavioral development
  2. Use of language
  3. Social demands (external requirements)
  4. Development of sociomoral emotions
62
Q

Toddler’s Emotions

A

Sociomoral emotions develop

  1. Guilt
  2. Shame
  3. Embarrassment
  4. Envy
  5. Pride
63
Q

Self-Recognition

A

Recognizing self-image

64
Q

Self-Reflection

A

Think about themselves as they would think about others

65
Q

The Elements to Biological Basis of Gender Development

A

Evolutionary
Ethology
Hormonal

66
Q

Ethology

A

Animal behavior shows evidence of biology

67
Q

Attachment Theory

A

Bowlby concluded that attachment is an emotional bond that promotes protection and survival

68
Q

Autism

A

Origins are unclear
Usually diagnosed between 18-30 months
May never develop language

69
Q

Preschool Physical Development (Ages 3-6)

A

Children grow about 2-3 inches a year and add 5-7 pounds
Permanent teeth replace baby teeth
Boys slightly taller and heavier

70
Q

Preschool Brain Development

A

Size of brain gradually increases
Frontal lobe growth advances emotional regulation, foresight, and planned behavior
Hippocampus involved with memory

71
Q

Preschool Health

A

Children less vulnerable to health threats
Appetites vary day-to-day
High activity, high rate of injuries (most common are MVA)

72
Q

Preschool Gross Motor

A

Gross motor skills extend abilities that appeared earlier

73
Q

Preschool Fine Motor

A

Drawing shapes, letters, and sentences

74
Q

Preschool Handedness

A

Preference for handedness can be seen prenatally

75
Q

Preschool Cognitive Development

A

Piaget’s Preoperational Phase

Unable to perform operations such as conservation, classification, egocentrism, and animism

76
Q

Conservation

A

Children cannot understand a certain volume of juice is the same in a differently shaped cup

77
Q

Classification

A

Objects can be a part of more than one cognitive group

78
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another’s perpective

79
Q

Animism

A

Attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

80
Q

“Theory of Mind”

A

The ability to understand the thinking processes in oneself and others

81
Q

Early Childhood Education

A

Typically begins at age 7

82
Q

Preschool

A

Focus for high quality is developmentally appropriate in educational practice

83
Q

Project Head Start

A

Early intervention program that focuses on cognitive development for at-risk children

84
Q

Preschool Language Development

A

Language continues to progress at a rapid pace

85
Q

Pragmatics

A

Refers to the social rules of language
Understanding begins through gestures
Age 2: understand basic conversation
Age 4: sensitive to partners in conversation

86
Q

Early Childhood Emotional/Social

A

Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt

Developing balance between reticence and acting out

87
Q

Early Childhood Emotional Regulation

A

Self-regulation important for social relationships

Effortful control allows children to focus attention on managing emotions

88
Q

Early Childhood Moral Development

A

Empathy important for moral development

Promotes prosocial behavior

89
Q

Empathy Deficits

A

Autism Spectrum Disorders

Psychopathology

90
Q

Early Childhood Gender Development

A

3-4: gender identity intensifies
6-7: gender constancy is attained
Gender socialization leads to gender schemas

91
Q

Early Childhood Peers and Friends

A

Social play

Increased gender segregation

Lifespan Development (3 decks)

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