Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Infancy Growth and Change
A
Grow 10 inches over 1 year
Triple weight by 1 year
Cephalocaudal principle
Proximodistal principle
2
Q
Infancy Teeth
A
First tooth appears between 5-9 months
Bottom front incisor
Saliva production, coughing, rash, and grabbing things to put in mouth are symptoms
3
Q
Infancy Brain Development
A
25% of adult brain at birth
70% by age 2
4
Q
Exuberance
A
Dendritic connections multiply
5
Q
Myelination
A
Axons become encased in a myelin sheath
6
Q
Infancy Brain Specialization
A
Divided into hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
7
Q
Hindbrain
A
Most basic, helps with breathing, causes you to pass out
8
Q
Midbrain
A
Coordinates what goes on in the body
9
Q
Forebrain
A
Memory and emotion
10
Q
Infancy Brain Plasticity
A
Important for brain’s development
Adaptable to overcome change
Environmental deprivation can have permanent effects
11
Q
Infancy Sleep Changes
A
Neonates sleep 16-17 hours
3-4 months sleep 6-7 hours
6 months have sleep patterns
12
Q
SIDS
A
Infants between 2-4 months have highest risk for SIDS
- Sleeping on stomach
- Low birth weight
- Smoking
- Soft bedding
13
Q
Cosleeping
A
Frowned upon in America
Culturally normal in developing countries
14
Q
Infancy Nutritional Needs
A
Infants need a high-fat diet
6 months can have solid food
15
Q
Infant Mortality
A
- Congenital abnormalities
- Malnutrition
- Malaria
- Diarrhea
16
Q
Infant Gross Motor
A
- Holding up head
- Rolling over
- Sitting without support
- Crawling
- Standing
- Walking with support
- Walking
17
Q
Infant Fine Motor
A
Major accomplishments are reaching and grasping
Will exhibit pincer grasp
Depth perception influenced by binocular vision at 2-3 months
18
Q
Intermodal Perception
A
1 month olds match things in mouth to things they touch
By 8 months they can match unfamiliar faces with correct voice and gender
19
Q
Infancy Piagetian Key Terms
A
Maturation
Schemes
Assimilation
Accommodation
20
Q
Maturation
A
Driving force behind development
21
Q
Schemes
A
Cognitive structure for processing, organizing, and interpreting information
22
Q
Assimilation
A
Taking new information to an existing scheme
23
Q
Accommodation
A
Changing a scheme to adapt new information
24
Q
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
A
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operations
- Formal operations
25
Sensorimotor Stage
1. Simple reflexes (0-1 month)
2. First habits and primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
3. Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
4. Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)
26
Object Permanence (Sensorimotor Stage)
Under 4 months have no understanding
4-8 months: some uncertain about existence
8-12 months: developing awareness
27
Habituation
Gradual decrease in attention
Neonates: several minutes before habituation
4-5 months: only several seconds
28
Dishabituation
Revival of attention with new stimulus
29
Joint Attention
Able to triangulate and pay attention to what other people are paying attention to
30
Infant Memory
Short-term memory improves during first year of life
| Long-term memory increases as well
31
Gesell Development Assessment
Motor skills
Language use
Adaptive people
Personal-social behavior
32
Bayley Development Assessment Tool
Cognitive
Language
Motor
33
Infant Language Development
Cooing/gurgling at 2 months
Babbling at 4-6 months
Gestures about 8-10 months
First words about 10-12 months
34
Infancy Temperament
Easy
Difficult
Slow to warm up
35
Goodness of Fit
A good fit between temperament of child and environmental demands
36
Infant Emotions
Primary emotions are basic emotions that we share with other animals
Secondary emotions develop later and are called socio-moral emotions
37
Primary Emotions
Distress, interest, pleasure becomes anger, sadness, fear, surprise, and happiness
38
Infancy Emotional Perceptions
Crying in response to hearing crying
Infants perceive emotions by hearing before seeing
By 7 months infants can match auditory to visual emotions
By 9-10 months infants show social referencing
39
Cultural Themes of Infant Social Life
Infants are with their mothers for the early months of life
After 6 months, most daily care done by older girls rather than mother
Infants are among many other people during the course of the day
40
Infancy Social Development Foundations
Erikson's first stage focuses on trust vs. mistrust
| Bowlby's theory focuses on early quality relationships
41
Toddler Bodily Growth
Children lose body fat and become leaner
| Growth slows from infancy to toddlerhood but remains rapid
42
Toddler Brain Development
Marked by synaptic density and synaptic pruning
Synaptic connections increase throughout the first 2 years, with the greatest density occurring at the end of toddlerhood
43
Synaptic Density
Connections between neurons become fewer but more efficient
44
Synaptic Pruning
Connections between neurons become fewer but more efficient
45
EEG
Measures electrical activity of cerebral cortex
46
FMRI
Uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen
47
Toddler Sleep
Sleep declines from 16-18 hours a day to 12-13 hours a day by age 2
Can be affected by resurgence of teething and awareness to separate sleeping arrangement
48
Toddler Gross Motor
11 months: walk without support
15 months: stand and begin to climb
18 months: some running
24 months: can kick with more dexterity
49
Toddler Fine Motor
12 months: can show left or right preference for eating
| Can hold a cup, scribble with a pencil, and turn pages of a book
50
Toddler Toilet Training
1. Stay dry for hour or two during the day
2. Regular bowel movements
3. Increased anticipation of the event
4. Directly asking to use the toilet or wear underwear
51
Toddler Cognitive Development (Piaget)
Sensorimotor continues into toddlerhood
1. Stage 5: Intentionally try out different behaviors
2. Stage 6: think about possibilities and select actions
Object permanence, deferred imitation, and categorization present
52
Vygotsky's Cultural Theory
Viewed cognitive development as both social and cultural process
Social because children learn through interactions with others
Cultural because what children need to know is determined by their culture
Zone of proximal development and scaffolding
53
Zone of Proximal Development
Range of skills child can perform IF guided but can't accomplish alone
54
Scaffolding
Degree of assistance provided
55
Toddler Language
12-18 months "slow expansion"
Holophrases
Overextensions
Underextensions
56
Holophrases
1 word to stand for an entire sentence
57
Overextensions
Taking a learned word from one context and over-applying it to situations where it doesn't belong
58
Underextensions
Focusing on one small part of a thing and naming it after that part
59
Fast Mapping (Toddlerhoood)
Learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what object it is
60
Telegraphic Speech (Toddlerhood)
Two word phrases that strip away connected words
61
Toddler Emotional Regulation Advances in 4 Ways
1. Behavioral development
2. Use of language
3. Social demands (external requirements)
4. Development of sociomoral emotions
62
Toddler's Emotions
Sociomoral emotions develop
1. Guilt
2. Shame
3. Embarrassment
4. Envy
5. Pride
63
Self-Recognition
Recognizing self-image
64
Self-Reflection
Think about themselves as they would think about others
65
The Elements to Biological Basis of Gender Development
Evolutionary
Ethology
Hormonal
66
Ethology
Animal behavior shows evidence of biology
67
Attachment Theory
Bowlby concluded that attachment is an emotional bond that promotes protection and survival
68
Autism
Origins are unclear
Usually diagnosed between 18-30 months
May never develop language
69
Preschool Physical Development (Ages 3-6)
Children grow about 2-3 inches a year and add 5-7 pounds
Permanent teeth replace baby teeth
Boys slightly taller and heavier
70
Preschool Brain Development
Size of brain gradually increases
Frontal lobe growth advances emotional regulation, foresight, and planned behavior
Hippocampus involved with memory
71
Preschool Health
Children less vulnerable to health threats
Appetites vary day-to-day
High activity, high rate of injuries (most common are MVA)
72
Preschool Gross Motor
Gross motor skills extend abilities that appeared earlier
73
Preschool Fine Motor
Drawing shapes, letters, and sentences
74
Preschool Handedness
Preference for handedness can be seen prenatally
75
Preschool Cognitive Development
Piaget's Preoperational Phase
| Unable to perform operations such as conservation, classification, egocentrism, and animism
76
Conservation
Children cannot understand a certain volume of juice is the same in a differently shaped cup
77
Classification
Objects can be a part of more than one cognitive group
78
Egocentrism
Inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and another's perpective
79
Animism
Attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces
80
"Theory of Mind"
The ability to understand the thinking processes in oneself and others
81
Early Childhood Education
Typically begins at age 7
82
Preschool
Focus for high quality is developmentally appropriate in educational practice
83
Project Head Start
Early intervention program that focuses on cognitive development for at-risk children
84
Preschool Language Development
Language continues to progress at a rapid pace
85
Pragmatics
Refers to the social rules of language
Understanding begins through gestures
Age 2: understand basic conversation
Age 4: sensitive to partners in conversation
86
Early Childhood Emotional/Social
Erikson: Initiative vs. Guilt
| Developing balance between reticence and acting out
87
Early Childhood Emotional Regulation
Self-regulation important for social relationships
| Effortful control allows children to focus attention on managing emotions
88
Early Childhood Moral Development
Empathy important for moral development
| Promotes prosocial behavior
89
Empathy Deficits
Autism Spectrum Disorders
| Psychopathology
90
Early Childhood Gender Development
3-4: gender identity intensifies
6-7: gender constancy is attained
Gender socialization leads to gender schemas
91
Early Childhood Peers and Friends
Social play
| Increased gender segregation
