Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Total Fertility Rate
A
Number of births per women
2
Q
Developed Countries
A
Individualistic values such as independence and self-expression
3
Q
Developing Countries
A
Collectivistic values such as obedience and group harmony
4
Q
Traditional Cultures
A
Refers to people in the rural areas of developing countries that adhere to historical traditions and are more collectivistic
5
Q
Globalization
A
Refers to the increasing connections between parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication
6
Q
Majority Culture
A
Sets most of the norms and holds most of the political, economic, intellectual, and media power
7
Q
Minority Culture
A
Defined by ethnicity, religion, and language
8
Q
Contexts
A
Settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development
Includes socioeconomic status, gender, and ethnicity
9
Q
Socioeconomic Status
A
Refers to a person’s social class and includes educational level, income level, and occupational status
10
Q
Ontogenic
A
Development of individuals
11
Q
Phylogenic
A
Development of human species
12
Q
Hominid Line
A
Evolutionary line that let to humans
13
Q
Homo Sapiens
A
Human species, started 200,000 years ago
Characteristics include larger brain, wider female pelvis, longer dependency, development of tools, and control of fire
Have changed little over the past 20,000 years
14
Q
Upper Paleolithic (Ice Age)
A
Humans begin to bury their dead
Cultural differences develop between groups
Trade begins
Language appears
15
Q
Neolithic Period (10,000 to 5,000 years ago)
A
Humans cultivated plants and domesticated animals and lived in communities
16
Q
Civilization (5,000 years ago to now)
A
First developed in Egypt and Sumer
Cities, writing, work specialization, wealth and status, political system
17
Q
Evolutionary Psychology
A
Claims characteristics of human development are influenced by history, such as aggressiveness and mate selection
18
Q
Dharmashatras
A
Sacred law books of Hindu religion Four Stages of Life: 1. Apprentice (0-25) 2. Householder (26-50) 3. Forest Dweller (51-75) 4. Renunciant (76-100)
19
Q
Apprentice
A
Childhood and adolescence
Learns skills
Dependent on parents
20
Q
Householder
A
Get married
Have houses and responsibilities
21
Q
Forest Dweller
A
Begins when first grandchild is born
Man withdraws and lives in the forest
22
Q
Renunciant
A
Prepares for the end of this life and the start of the next
23
Q
Freud
A
Developed first methods of psychotherapy known as Psychosexual Theory
24
Q
Psychosexual Theory
A
- Id (constantly seeks satisfaction)
- Superego (conscience restricts satisfaction of desires)
- Ego (mediates between Id and Superego)
25
Erikson
Developed the Psychosocial Theory that says driving force behind development is not sexuality, but the desire to integrate
26
Eight Stages of Psychosocial Theory
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame (Toddlerhood)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood)
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle--Late Childhood)
5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
27
Bronfenbrenner
Developed the ecological theory that focuses on multiple influences that shape development in the social environment
28
Five Levels of Ecological Theory
1. Microsystem (immediate environment)
2. Mesosystem (network of interconnections between various microsystems)
3. Exosystem (societal institutions that have indirect but important influences on development)
4. Macrosystem (broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the economic and governmental systems build upon them)
5. Chronosystem (changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time)
29
Genotype
Totality of an individual's genes
30
Phenotype
Actual characteristics
31
Dominant Allele
Influences phenotype
32
Recessive Allele
Part of genotype
33
Polygenic Inheritance
Interaction of multiple genes rather than just one
| Height, weight, skin color
34
X-Linked Inheritance
Pattern in which a recessive characteristic is expressed because it is carried on the male's X chromosome
35
Nature--Nurture Debate
Debate as to whether or not development is influenced by genes or environment
36
Behavior Genetics
Aims to identify the extent to which genes influence behavior
37
Monozygotic Twins
Have 100% of genes in common
38
Dizygotic Twins
Have 40-60% of their genes in common
39
Heritability
An estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons of a specific population
The higher the heritability (scale 0-100), the more the characteristic is believed to be influenced by genetics
40
Concordance Rates
Indicates degree of similarity in phenotype among paris of family members
41
Epigenesis
Continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and the environment
Genetic activity responds constantly to environmental influences
42
Reaction Range
Range of possible developmental paths established by genes
| Environment determines where development takes place within that range
43
Passive Genotype --> Environment Effects
Results from the fact that in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to children
44
Evocative Genotype --> Environment Effects
Results when inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment
45
Active Genotype --> Environment Effects
Results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotype characteristics
46
Gametes
Sex cells that contain 23 chromosomes each and are created through oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Sperm and ovum form through meiosis
47
Meiosis
Gametes are generated through the separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in four new gametes from the original cell
48
Crossing Over
Pieces of genetic material are exchanged between the alleles in each pair
49
Conception
1. Ovary releases an ovum that matures into a follicle
2. 14 days into cycle, follicle bursts and ovum is released into fallopian tubes
3. Conception can only occur in the first 24 hours after ovum reaches fallopian tubes
4. Sperm penetrates ovum in fallopian tubes and causes a chemical reaction to make a shield around the ovum
50
Germinal Period
First 2 weeks
Zygote implants itself into uterine walls
Begins division and differentiation
Blastocyst forms after 1 week
Outer layer is a trophoblast that provides protection
Embryonic disk is the inner layer that is the embryo
2nd week blastocyst is nourished by blood and trophoblast becomes amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord
51
Embryonic Period
Weeks 3-8
Differentiation occurs rapidly
3rd week endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm are formed; neural tube is formed
4th week shape of head is apparent, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form; heart starts beating
Weeks 5-8 arms and legs appear, digestive system develops
Week 8 all organs besides sex organs are formed
52
Fetal Period
Week 9 to Birth
Organs develop, genitals are formed after 3rd month
2nd trimester fetus is active and responsive
Usually viable at 28 weeks
53
Prenatal Care
Dependent on culture and socioeconomic status
Before: ensure mother is healthy, avoid alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
During: balanced diet (gain 25-35 pounds), exercise moderately, avoid teratogens (malnutrition, infectious diseases, alcohol/tobacco/drugs)
54
Chromosomal Disorders
```
Sex Chromosome (extra X or Y) results in cognitive deficits, learning disorders, inability to reproduce
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) results in distinct physical features, aging quickly, and varied social development
```
55
Ultrasound
High-frequency sound waves are directed toward uterus and crease computer image
Screens for Down Syndrome
Normal and high-risk pregnancies
56
Amnioscentesis
Needle draws out amniotic fluid to assess fetus genotype
15-20 weeks into pregnancy
Used for at-risk pregnancies
57
Chorionic Villi Sampling
Takes cells from 5-10 weeks gestation through vagina or abdomen to detect genetic problems
58
Genetic Counseling
Take comprehensive family history to determine risks
| Utilized by couples with inherited genetic conditions, history of miscarriage, and older couples
59
Infertility
The inability to attain pregnancy after at least a year of regular sexual intercourse
50% men, 50% women
Caused by too few sperm, poor sperm quality, low sperm motility, or inability to ovulate
60
Artificial Insemination
Injecting sperm directly into the uterus
Most often donated sperm
70% success rate
61
Infertility Drugs
Mimic hormones to stimulate follicles
| Can cause multiple births
62
In Vitro Fertilization
Uses drugs to stimulate follicles
| Removes follicles to combine with sperm, and transfers promising zygotes to the uterus
63
Birth Process
1. Labor
2. Delivery
3. Expelling the placenta and umbilical cord
64
Oxytocin
Hormone released from the woman's pituitary gland that initiates the birth process
65
Labor
Longest and most taxing stage
Cervix dilates and muscles of the uterus contract to push the fetus into the vagina toward the cervix
Contractions last about 60-90 seconds at their peak
Averages about 12hrs for first births and 6hrs for subsequent births
66
Delivery
Usually takes 30min to an hour
Fetus is pushed out of the cervix and into the birth canal
Contractions remain 60-90 seconds long
67
Crowning
When the baby's head appears at the outer opening of the vagina
68
Episiotomy
Incision to make the vaginal opening longer during the birth process
69
Expelling Placenta and Umbilical Cord
Contractions push the placenta and umbilical cord out of the uterus
Process can take from a few minutes to half an hour
60second contractions
Entire placenta must come out; life threatening if it does not
70
"Failure to Progress"
Woman has begun birthing process but it is taking longer than normal
Stimulate progress by walking around, taking a nap, having an enema, or receiving synthetic oxytocin
71
Breech Presentation
When the feet or buttocks are positioned to come out of the birth canal first
Dangerous because it can cause the umbilical cord to become constricted, which could lead to insufficient oxygen and brain damage to the baby
72
Cesarean Delivery
Involves cutting open the abdomen and retrieving the baby directly from the uterus
73
Epidural
Injection of an anesthetic drug into the spinal fluid to help the mother manage the pain while remaining alert
74
Electronic Fetal Monitoring
Tracks the fetus's heartbeat, either externally through the mother's abdomen or directly by running a wire through the cervix and placing a sensor on the fetus's scalp
75
Fontanels
Soft spots on the skull between loosely joined pieces of skull that shift during the birth process to assist passage through the canal
76
Neonate
Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old
77
Neonatal Jaundice
Yellowish pallor common in the first few days of life due to immaturity of the liver
78
Anoxia
Deprivation of oxygen during the birth process and soon after that can result in serious neurological damage within minutes
79
Apgar Scale
Measures Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration
80
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
27-item scale of neonatal functioning with overall ratings "worrisome," "normal," and "superior"
Assesses reflexes, physical states, responses to social stimulation, and central nervous system instability
81
Low Birth Weight
Neonates weighing less than 5.5 pounds
82
Preterm
Babies born at least 37 weeks gestation or less
83
Small for Date
Term applied to neonates who weigh less than 90% of neonates who were born at the same gestational age
84
Very Low Birth Weight
Neonates weighing less than 3.3 pounds
85
Extremely Low Birth Weight
Neonates weighing less than 2.2 pounds
86
Surfactant
Substance in the lungs that promotes breathing and keeps air sacs in the lungs from collapsing
87
Kangaroo Care
Recommended care for preterm and low-birth-weight neonates, in which mothers or fathers are advised to place the baby skin-to-skin on their chests for 2-3 hours a day for the early weeks of life
88
REM Sleep
Phase of the sleep cycle in which a person's eyes move back and forth rapidly under the eyelids
Experience other physiological changes as well
89
Stepping Reflex
Baby's feet touch floor and baby makes stepping motions
90
Moro Reflex
Loud sound makes baby arch back, extend arms and legs outward, and bring arms together swiftly
91
Babkin Reflex
Pressing and stroking both palms makes baby's mouth open, eyes close, and head tilt forward
92
Sucking Reflex
Object or substance in mouth makes baby start sucking
93
Rooting Reflex
Touching cheek or mouth makes baby turn toward touch
94
Grasping Reflex
Placing object in palm makes baby hold tightly
95
Swimming Reflex
Immersing baby in water makes baby hold breath and swim with arms and legs
96
Babinski Reflex
Stroking sole of food makes baby twist their foot and fan their toes
97
Sound Localization
Perceptual ability for telling where a sound is coming from
98
Let-Down Reflex
Reflex that causes milk to be released to the tip of the nipples in response to the sound of an infant's cry, seeing its mouth open, or thinking about breast-feeding
99
Wet Nursing
Hiring a lactating woman other than the mother to feed the infant
100
Colostrum
Thick, yellowish liquid produced by mammalian mothers during the first days following birth
Extremely rich in protein and antibodies that strengthen the baby's immune system
101
Fussing
A warm-up cry when babies are mildly distressed
| No response leads to full-blown crying
102
Anger Cry
A cry that expels a large volume of air through the vocal cords
103
Pain Cry
Sudden onset, no fussing before
| Baby takes a large intake of air and holds it before letting it loose
104
Swaddling
Practice of infant care that involves wrapping an infant tightly in cloths or blankets
105
Colic
Infant crying pattern in which the crying goes on more more than 3hrs a day over more than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks
106
Imprinting
Instant and enduring bond to the first moving object seen after birth; common in birds
107
Bonding
Concept that in humans the first few minutes and hours after birth are crucial to mother-infant relationships
108
Postpartum Depression
Feelings of sadness and anxiety so intense as to interfere with the ability to carry out simple daily tasks
