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Lifespan Development > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

Number of births per women

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2
Q

Developed Countries

A

Individualistic values such as independence and self-expression

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3
Q

Developing Countries

A

Collectivistic values such as obedience and group harmony

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4
Q

Traditional Cultures

A

Refers to people in the rural areas of developing countries that adhere to historical traditions and are more collectivistic

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5
Q

Globalization

A

Refers to the increasing connections between parts of the world in trade, travel, migration, and communication

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6
Q

Majority Culture

A

Sets most of the norms and holds most of the political, economic, intellectual, and media power

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7
Q

Minority Culture

A

Defined by ethnicity, religion, and language

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8
Q

Contexts

A

Settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development
Includes socioeconomic status, gender, and ethnicity

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9
Q

Socioeconomic Status

A

Refers to a person’s social class and includes educational level, income level, and occupational status

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10
Q

Ontogenic

A

Development of individuals

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11
Q

Phylogenic

A

Development of human species

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12
Q

Hominid Line

A

Evolutionary line that let to humans

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13
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

Human species, started 200,000 years ago
Characteristics include larger brain, wider female pelvis, longer dependency, development of tools, and control of fire
Have changed little over the past 20,000 years

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14
Q

Upper Paleolithic (Ice Age)

A

Humans begin to bury their dead
Cultural differences develop between groups
Trade begins
Language appears

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15
Q

Neolithic Period (10,000 to 5,000 years ago)

A

Humans cultivated plants and domesticated animals and lived in communities

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16
Q

Civilization (5,000 years ago to now)

A

First developed in Egypt and Sumer

Cities, writing, work specialization, wealth and status, political system

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17
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

Claims characteristics of human development are influenced by history, such as aggressiveness and mate selection

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18
Q

Dharmashatras

A 
Sacred law books of Hindu religion
Four Stages of Life:
1. Apprentice (0-25)
2. Householder (26-50)
3. Forest Dweller (51-75)
4. Renunciant (76-100)
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19
Q

Apprentice

A

Childhood and adolescence
Learns skills
Dependent on parents

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20
Q

Householder

A

Get married

Have houses and responsibilities

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21
Q

Forest Dweller

A

Begins when first grandchild is born

Man withdraws and lives in the forest

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22
Q

Renunciant

A

Prepares for the end of this life and the start of the next

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23
Q

Freud

A

Developed first methods of psychotherapy known as Psychosexual Theory

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24
Q

Psychosexual Theory

A
  1. Id (constantly seeks satisfaction)
  2. Superego (conscience restricts satisfaction of desires)
  3. Ego (mediates between Id and Superego)
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25
Q

Erikson

A

Developed the Psychosocial Theory that says driving force behind development is not sexuality, but the desire to integrate

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26
Q

Eight Stages of Psychosocial Theory

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy)
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame (Toddlerhood)
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Early Childhood)
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle–Late Childhood)
  5. Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence)
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)
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27
Q

Bronfenbrenner

A

Developed the ecological theory that focuses on multiple influences that shape development in the social environment

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28
Q

Five Levels of Ecological Theory

A
  1. Microsystem (immediate environment)
  2. Mesosystem (network of interconnections between various microsystems)
  3. Exosystem (societal institutions that have indirect but important influences on development)
  4. Macrosystem (broad system of cultural beliefs and values and the economic and governmental systems build upon them)
  5. Chronosystem (changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time)
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29
Q

Genotype

A

Totality of an individual’s genes

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30
Q

Phenotype

A

Actual characteristics

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31
Q

Dominant Allele

A

Influences phenotype

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32
Q

Recessive Allele

A

Part of genotype

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33
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Interaction of multiple genes rather than just one

Height, weight, skin color

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34
Q

X-Linked Inheritance

A

Pattern in which a recessive characteristic is expressed because it is carried on the male’s X chromosome

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35
Q

Nature–Nurture Debate

A

Debate as to whether or not development is influenced by genes or environment

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36
Q

Behavior Genetics

A

Aims to identify the extent to which genes influence behavior

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37
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Have 100% of genes in common

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38
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Have 40-60% of their genes in common

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39
Q

Heritability

A

An estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among persons of a specific population
The higher the heritability (scale 0-100), the more the characteristic is believed to be influenced by genetics

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40
Q

Concordance Rates

A

Indicates degree of similarity in phenotype among paris of family members

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41
Q

Epigenesis

A

Continuous bidirectional interactions between genes and the environment
Genetic activity responds constantly to environmental influences

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42
Q

Reaction Range

A

Range of possible developmental paths established by genes

Environment determines where development takes place within that range

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43
Q

Passive Genotype –> Environment Effects

A

Results from the fact that in a biological family, parents provide both genes and environment to children

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44
Q

Evocative Genotype –> Environment Effects

A

Results when inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in the environment

45
Q

Active Genotype –> Environment Effects

A

Results when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotype characteristics

46
Q

Gametes

A

Sex cells that contain 23 chromosomes each and are created through oogenesis and spermatogenesis
Sperm and ovum form through meiosis

47
Q

Meiosis

A

Gametes are generated through the separation and duplication of chromosome pairs, ending in four new gametes from the original cell

48
Q

Crossing Over

A

Pieces of genetic material are exchanged between the alleles in each pair

49
Q

Conception

A
  1. Ovary releases an ovum that matures into a follicle
  2. 14 days into cycle, follicle bursts and ovum is released into fallopian tubes
  3. Conception can only occur in the first 24 hours after ovum reaches fallopian tubes
  4. Sperm penetrates ovum in fallopian tubes and causes a chemical reaction to make a shield around the ovum
50
Q

Germinal Period

A

First 2 weeks
Zygote implants itself into uterine walls
Begins division and differentiation
Blastocyst forms after 1 week
Outer layer is a trophoblast that provides protection
Embryonic disk is the inner layer that is the embryo
2nd week blastocyst is nourished by blood and trophoblast becomes amnion, placenta, and umbilical cord

51
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Weeks 3-8
Differentiation occurs rapidly
3rd week endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm are formed; neural tube is formed
4th week shape of head is apparent, eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form; heart starts beating
Weeks 5-8 arms and legs appear, digestive system develops
Week 8 all organs besides sex organs are formed

52
Q

Fetal Period

A

Week 9 to Birth
Organs develop, genitals are formed after 3rd month
2nd trimester fetus is active and responsive
Usually viable at 28 weeks

53
Q

Prenatal Care

A

Dependent on culture and socioeconomic status
Before: ensure mother is healthy, avoid alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs
During: balanced diet (gain 25-35 pounds), exercise moderately, avoid teratogens (malnutrition, infectious diseases, alcohol/tobacco/drugs)

54
Q

Chromosomal Disorders

A 
Sex Chromosome (extra X or Y) results in cognitive deficits, learning disorders, inability to reproduce
Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) results in distinct physical features, aging quickly, and varied social development
55
Q

Ultrasound

A

High-frequency sound waves are directed toward uterus and crease computer image
Screens for Down Syndrome
Normal and high-risk pregnancies

56
Q

Amnioscentesis

A

Needle draws out amniotic fluid to assess fetus genotype
15-20 weeks into pregnancy
Used for at-risk pregnancies

57
Q

Chorionic Villi Sampling

A

Takes cells from 5-10 weeks gestation through vagina or abdomen to detect genetic problems

58
Q

Genetic Counseling

A

Take comprehensive family history to determine risks

Utilized by couples with inherited genetic conditions, history of miscarriage, and older couples

59
Q

Infertility

A

The inability to attain pregnancy after at least a year of regular sexual intercourse
50% men, 50% women
Caused by too few sperm, poor sperm quality, low sperm motility, or inability to ovulate

60
Q

Artificial Insemination

A

Injecting sperm directly into the uterus
Most often donated sperm
70% success rate

61
Q

Infertility Drugs

A

Mimic hormones to stimulate follicles

Can cause multiple births

62
Q

In Vitro Fertilization

A

Uses drugs to stimulate follicles

Removes follicles to combine with sperm, and transfers promising zygotes to the uterus

63
Q

Birth Process

A
  1. Labor
  2. Delivery
  3. Expelling the placenta and umbilical cord
64
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone released from the woman’s pituitary gland that initiates the birth process

65
Q

Labor

A

Longest and most taxing stage
Cervix dilates and muscles of the uterus contract to push the fetus into the vagina toward the cervix
Contractions last about 60-90 seconds at their peak
Averages about 12hrs for first births and 6hrs for subsequent births

66
Q

Delivery

A

Usually takes 30min to an hour
Fetus is pushed out of the cervix and into the birth canal
Contractions remain 60-90 seconds long

67
Q

Crowning

A

When the baby’s head appears at the outer opening of the vagina

68
Q

Episiotomy

A

Incision to make the vaginal opening longer during the birth process

69
Q

Expelling Placenta and Umbilical Cord

A

Contractions push the placenta and umbilical cord out of the uterus
Process can take from a few minutes to half an hour
60second contractions
Entire placenta must come out; life threatening if it does not

70
Q

“Failure to Progress”

A

Woman has begun birthing process but it is taking longer than normal
Stimulate progress by walking around, taking a nap, having an enema, or receiving synthetic oxytocin

71
Q

Breech Presentation

A

When the feet or buttocks are positioned to come out of the birth canal first
Dangerous because it can cause the umbilical cord to become constricted, which could lead to insufficient oxygen and brain damage to the baby

72
Q

Cesarean Delivery

A

Involves cutting open the abdomen and retrieving the baby directly from the uterus

73
Q

Epidural

A

Injection of an anesthetic drug into the spinal fluid to help the mother manage the pain while remaining alert

74
Q

Electronic Fetal Monitoring

A

Tracks the fetus’s heartbeat, either externally through the mother’s abdomen or directly by running a wire through the cervix and placing a sensor on the fetus’s scalp

75
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spots on the skull between loosely joined pieces of skull that shift during the birth process to assist passage through the canal

76
Q

Neonate

A

Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old

77
Q

Neonatal Jaundice

A

Yellowish pallor common in the first few days of life due to immaturity of the liver

78
Q

Anoxia

A

Deprivation of oxygen during the birth process and soon after that can result in serious neurological damage within minutes

79
Q

Apgar Scale

A

Measures Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration

80
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

A

27-item scale of neonatal functioning with overall ratings “worrisome,” “normal,” and “superior”
Assesses reflexes, physical states, responses to social stimulation, and central nervous system instability

81
Q

Low Birth Weight

A

Neonates weighing less than 5.5 pounds

82
Q

Preterm

A

Babies born at least 37 weeks gestation or less

83
Q

Small for Date

A

Term applied to neonates who weigh less than 90% of neonates who were born at the same gestational age

84
Q

Very Low Birth Weight

A

Neonates weighing less than 3.3 pounds

85
Q

Extremely Low Birth Weight

A

Neonates weighing less than 2.2 pounds

86
Q

Surfactant

A

Substance in the lungs that promotes breathing and keeps air sacs in the lungs from collapsing

87
Q

Kangaroo Care

A

Recommended care for preterm and low-birth-weight neonates, in which mothers or fathers are advised to place the baby skin-to-skin on their chests for 2-3 hours a day for the early weeks of life

88
Q

REM Sleep

A

Phase of the sleep cycle in which a person’s eyes move back and forth rapidly under the eyelids
Experience other physiological changes as well

89
Q

Stepping Reflex

A

Baby’s feet touch floor and baby makes stepping motions

90
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Loud sound makes baby arch back, extend arms and legs outward, and bring arms together swiftly

91
Q

Babkin Reflex

A

Pressing and stroking both palms makes baby’s mouth open, eyes close, and head tilt forward

92
Q

Sucking Reflex

A

Object or substance in mouth makes baby start sucking

93
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Touching cheek or mouth makes baby turn toward touch

94
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

Placing object in palm makes baby hold tightly

95
Q

Swimming Reflex

A

Immersing baby in water makes baby hold breath and swim with arms and legs

96
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

Stroking sole of food makes baby twist their foot and fan their toes

97
Q

Sound Localization

A

Perceptual ability for telling where a sound is coming from

98
Q

Let-Down Reflex

A

Reflex that causes milk to be released to the tip of the nipples in response to the sound of an infant’s cry, seeing its mouth open, or thinking about breast-feeding

99
Q

Wet Nursing

A

Hiring a lactating woman other than the mother to feed the infant

100
Q

Colostrum

A

Thick, yellowish liquid produced by mammalian mothers during the first days following birth
Extremely rich in protein and antibodies that strengthen the baby’s immune system

101
Q

Fussing

A

A warm-up cry when babies are mildly distressed

No response leads to full-blown crying

102
Q

Anger Cry

A

A cry that expels a large volume of air through the vocal cords

103
Q

Pain Cry

A

Sudden onset, no fussing before

Baby takes a large intake of air and holds it before letting it loose

104
Q

Swaddling

A

Practice of infant care that involves wrapping an infant tightly in cloths or blankets

105
Q

Colic

A

Infant crying pattern in which the crying goes on more more than 3hrs a day over more than 3 days at a time for more than 3 weeks

106
Q

Imprinting

A

Instant and enduring bond to the first moving object seen after birth; common in birds

107
Q

Bonding

A

Concept that in humans the first few minutes and hours after birth are crucial to mother-infant relationships

108
Q

Postpartum Depression

A

Feelings of sadness and anxiety so intense as to interfere with the ability to carry out simple daily tasks

Lifespan Development (3 decks)

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