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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What do estrous and menstrual cycles provide females with?

A

Repeated opportunities to become pregnant

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2
Q

When does the estrous cycle begin?

A

After puberty

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3
Q

What is the estrous cycle?

A

A series of predictable reproductive events beginning at estrus and ending at the subsequent estrus

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4
Q

What is anestrus?

A

A period of ceased cyclicity

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5
Q

What are some causes of anestrus? (6)

A 
Pregnancy
Lactation
Season
Poor nutrition 
Stress
Pathology
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6
Q

What is estrus? (2)

A

A noun

time of sexual receptivity, “heat”

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7
Q

Is estrous a noun or adjective?

A

Adjective

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8
Q

What does it mean if an animal is polyestrus?

A

Uniform distribution of estrous cycles throughout the entire year

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9
Q

What animals are polyestrus? (4)

A

Cattle
Swine
Cats
Rodents

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10
Q

What does it mean if an animal is seasonally polyestrus?

A

They display clusters of estrous cycles that occur during certain times of the year

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11
Q

What animal(s) are short-day breeders?

A

Sheep and goats

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12
Q

What animal(s) are long-day breeders?

A

Mare

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13
Q

What does it mean if an animal is monoestrus?

A

They have one cycle per year

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14
Q

What animals are monoestrus? (4)

A

Dog
Wolf
Fox
Bear

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15
Q

What are the phases of the estrous cycle?

A

Follicular

Luteal

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16
Q

What is the follicular phase?

A

Period from regression of CL to ovulation

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17
Q

What is the dominant structure in the follicular phase? Hormone?

A

Follicles

Estrogen

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18
Q

What is the luteal phase?

A

Period from ovulation to CL regression

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19
Q

What is the dominant structure in the luteal phase? Hormone?

A

Corpus luteum

Progesterone

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20
Q

How much of the cycle is in the luteal phase?

A

80%

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21
Q

What are the stages of the estrous cycle?

A

Proestrus
Estrus
Metestrus
Diestrus

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22
Q

What is the main event of proestrus?

A

Formation of ovulatory follicles and estradiol secretion

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23
Q

How long does proestrus last?

A

From CL regression to estrus

2 to 5 days

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24
Q

What does LH and FSH cause in proestrus?

A

Transition from progesterone dominance to estradiol dominance

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25
Q

What is the main event of estrus?

A

Sexual receptivity and peak estradiol secretion

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26
Q

What is the dominant hormone of estrus?

A

Estradiol

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27
Q

How long is estrus?

A

Ranges from hours to days

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28
Q

What is the main event of metestrus?

A

CL formation and the beginning of progesterone secretion

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29
Q

When does metestrus occur?

A

From ovulation to the formation of CL

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30
Q

What are the levels of E2 and P4 like during metestrus?

A

Low

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31
Q

How long is metestrus?

A

2 to 5 days

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32
Q

What is the main event of diestrus?

A

Sustained luteal secretion of progesterone

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33
Q

How long does diestrus last?

A

10 to 14 days

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34
Q

What is the shortest stage of the estrous cycle?

A

Estrus

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35
Q

What is the longest stage of the estrous cycle?

A

Diestrus

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36
Q

What is the reproductive classification of a cow?

A

Polyestrus

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37
Q

What is the mean length of estrous in a cow?

A

21 days

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38
Q

What is the mean length of estrus in a cow?

A

15 hours

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39
Q

What is the time from onset of estrus to ovulation in a cow?

A

24-32 hours

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40
Q

What is the time from LH surge to ovulation in a cow?

A

28 hours

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41
Q

What is the reproductive classification of a ewe?

A

Seasonally polyestrus (short day breeders)

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42
Q

What is the mean length of estrous in a ewe?

A

17 days

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43
Q

What is the mean length of estrus in a ewe?

A

30 hours

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44
Q

What is the time from onset of estrus to ovulation in a ewe?

A

24-30 hours

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45
Q

What is the time from LH surge to ovulation in a ewe?

A

26 hours

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46
Q

What is the reproductive classification of a mare?

A

Seasonally polyestrus (long day breeders)

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47
Q

What is the mean length of estrous in a mare?

A

21 days

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48
Q

What is the mean length of estrus in a mare?

A

7 days

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49
Q

What is the time from onset of estrus to ovulation in a mare?

A

5 days

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50
Q

What is the time from LH surge to ovulation in a mare?

A

2 days

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51
Q

What is the reproductive classification of a sow?

A

Polyestrus

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52
Q

What is the mean length of estrous in a sow?

A

21 days

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53
Q

What is the mean length of estrus in a sow?

A

50 hours

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54
Q

What is the time from onset of estrus to ovulation in a sow?

A

36-44 hours

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55
Q

What is the time from LH surge to ovulation in a sow?

A

40 hours

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56
Q

What are the stages of estrous in a dog?

A

Anestrus
Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus

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57
Q

What is superfecundation?

A

Multiple oocytes ovulated over time, so multiple sires are possible

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58
Q

What are the stages of estrous in a cat?

A 
Proestrus
Estrus
Postestrus
Diestrus
Anestrus
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59
Q

What is an induced ovulator?

A

Copulation is required for induction of LH surge

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60
Q

What is postestrus?

A

Occurs when copulation/ovulation did not occur

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61
Q

What does anestrus result from?

A

Insufficient GnRH release

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62
Q

When does anestrus occur?

A

During pregnancy and after parturition until uterus involution occurs

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63
Q

What is silent ovulation?

A

The first ovulation after anestrus is not accompanied by estrus behavior

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64
Q

Why is there no estrus behavior after the first ovulation?

A

The first CL produces P4 to increase estrogen sensitivity. When the second ovulation produces E2,behavioral estrus is present

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65
Q

How does photoperiod affect reproduction?

A

When light hits the retina, the secretion of melatonin is inhibited, so short day breeders have an increase of GnRH (cyclicity) and long day breeders have a decrease of GnRH (anestrus)

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66
Q

What is lactation anestrus?

A

Controlled by suckling. 2 or fewer promotes the return of cyclicly and more than 2 causes anestrus

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67
Q

What is menses?

A

Sloughing of the endometrium to the exterior

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68
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Proliferative phase

Secretory phase

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69
Q

What is the proliferative phase?

A

Menses occurs and the endometrium begins to thicken

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70
Q

What is the secretory phase?

A

P4 increases which causes the endometrium to proliferate and thicken for embryo

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71
Q

Summarize the follicular phase. (4)

A

Initiated after luteolysis when P4 is reduced
P4 no longer has a neg. feedback on hypothalamus, resulting in increased FSH and LH release
Follicles develop and produce E2, which has a pos. feedback on hypothalamus
Inhibin is released, which suppresses FSH

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72
Q

What are the 4 main events of the follicular phase?

A

Gonadotropin release from anterior pituitary
Follicular preparation for ovulation
Sexual receptivity
Ovulation

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73
Q

What does the follicular phase consist of?

A

Proestrus and estrus

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74
Q

What is the hypothalamic nuclei?

A

Anatomically discrete regions formed by clusters of nerve cell bodies

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75
Q

What are the 4 processes in follicular dynamics?

A

Recruitment
Selection
Dominance
Atresia

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76
Q

What is atresia?

A

Irreversible degenerative process

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77
Q

What percentage of follicles of through atresia?

A

90%

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78
Q

What are follicular waves?

A

Due to growth in the presence of P4, therefore, will not ovulate and instead go through atresia

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79
Q

What does FSH do for follicles?

A

Follicle recruitment

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80
Q

What does LH do for follicles?

A

Follicle development

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81
Q

What does estrogen do? (6)

A 
Increased blood flow
Genital swelling
Leukocytosis
Increased mucosal secretion
Initiation of uterine gland growth
Elevated myometrial  tone
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82
Q

What are the steps to estrogen synthesis? (5)

A
  1. LH binds to LH receptors on theca interna
  2. Causes cholesterol to be converted to testosterone
  3. Testosterone diffuses out of theca interna and into granulosal cells
  4. FSH binds to FSH receptors on granulosal cells
  5. Causes testosterone to be converted to E2
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83
Q

What does ovulation result from?

A

A cascade of events that begins with an LH surge

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84
Q

What is hyperemia?

A

Increased blood flow to ovary and dominant follicle

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85
Q

Read through ovulation in chapter 8 notes. Summarize as if needing to write an essay

A

Read through ovulation in chapter 8 notes. Summarize as if needing to write an essay

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86
Q

What are the 4 phases of oocyte maturation?

A

Mitotic division of primordial germ cells
Nuclear arrest
Cytoplasmic growth
Resumption of meiosis

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87
Q

When does mitotic division occur?

A

Prenatally

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88
Q

What does the last mitotic division result in?

A

Meiotic prophase, which then arrests

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89
Q

What brings the oocyte out of dormancy?

A

Stimulation from the gonadotropins after puberty

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90
Q

What forms during the formation of zona pellucida? What do they allow?

A

Junctional complexes

Communication between oocyte and granulosal cells

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91
Q

What mediates oocyte growth?

A

Granulosal cells

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92
Q

What is the zona synthesized from?

A

Mucopolysaccharide material from the oocyte

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93
Q

What initiates meiosis?

A

LH surge

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94
Q

How is the first polar body formed? When?

A

Chromosomes line up and separate and form first polar body

Just before ovulation

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95
Q

How is the second polar body produced? When?

A

Second meiotic division

After fertilization

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96
Q

What estrous phases is the luteal phase made up of?

A

Metestrus and diestrus

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97
Q

When does the corpus hemorrhagicum appear?

A

After follicular rupture during ovulation

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98
Q

When is the corpus hemorrhagicum observed?

A

From ovulation until day 1 to 13 of estrous cycle

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99
Q

What happens as luteal tissue increases?

A

Bloody appearance clears and corpus luteum forms

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100
Q

What is luteinization?

A

Process whereby cells of ovulatory follicles are transformed into luteal tissue

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101
Q

What is the corpus luteum controlled by?

A

LH

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102
Q

What are thecal cells considered?

A

Small luteal cells

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103
Q

What are granulosal cells considered?

A

Large luteal cells

104
Q

How long does the CL increase in size?

A

About midway through luteal phase

105
Q

What are large and small luteal cells classified as?

A

Steroidogenic (produce steroids)

106
Q

What do only large cells consist of?

A

Secretory granules that secrete oxytocin and relaxin

107
Q

Do large cells increase in size or number?

A

Size

108
Q

Do small cells increase in size or number?

A

Number

109
Q

What are the target organs of progesterone?

A

Hypothalamus
Uterus
Mammary gland

110
Q

What does P4 stimulate?

A

Secretion from endometrium

111
Q

What does P4 inhibit?

A

Motility from muscular myometrium

112
Q

What does progesterone require?

A

Basal LH

113
Q

What is P4 formed from?

A

Cholesterol

114
Q

What does P4 prevent?

A

Preovulatory follicles
Production of E2
Behavioral estrus
Preovulatory surge of GnRH and LH

115
Q

What is luteolysis?

A

Disintegration of the CL

116
Q

When does luteolysis begin?

A

After trigger of PGF2α from uterus

117
Q

What transports PGF2α to the ovary?

A

Vascular countercurrent exchange mechanism

118
Q

Explain process of PGF2α to ovary

A

PGF2α released into uterine vein and diffuses into ovarian artery. The artery caries it to the ovary

119
Q

Why does the vascular countercurrent exchange mechanism exist?

A

Because PGF2α has a short half-life

120
Q

When do pulses of PGF2α begin?

A

During the second half of the luteal phase

121
Q

How is the CL regressed? (3)

A

PGF2α causes vasoconstriction, which decreases blood flow to CL
PGF2α causes breakdown of capillaries
PGF2α bonds to large luteal cells and causes them to die

122
Q

What are the prerequisites to sperm production? (3)

A

Adequate secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus
FSH and LH secretion from anterior pituitary
Secretion of testosterone and estrogen

123
Q

What are leydig cells analogous to?

A

Theca internal cells in follicles

124
Q

What kind of receptors do leydig cells have?

A

LH

125
Q

What happens when LH binds to leydig cells?

A

P4 is produced which is converted to testosterone

126
Q

How is LH released?

A

In pulses, 4 to 8 per day lasting 10 to 20 minutes

127
Q

When exposed to a lot of LH, what do leydig cells have? Why?

A

A refractory period because LH has a negative feedback on its own receptors

128
Q

Since testosterone has a negative feedback on GnRH, how must it be released? Why?

A

In pulses so that GnRH secretion does not get shut off, which would prevent spermatogenesis

129
Q

What are sertoli cells analogous to?

A

Granulosal cells in follicles

130
Q

What do sertoli cells do?

A

Convert testosterone to estradiol

131
Q

What increase the function of sertoli cells?

A

FSH

132
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

All cellular transformations dealing with developing germ cells

133
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

134
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

A

Proliferation phase
Meiotic phase
Differentiation phase

135
Q

What is the main event of the proliferation phase?

A

All mitotic divisions and the replacement of stem cells

136
Q

What is the main event of the meiotic phase?

A

Primary and secondary spermatocytes are formed

DNA replication and crossing over occurs

137
Q

What is the result of the meiotic phase?

A

Haploid spermatids

138
Q

What is the main event of the differentiation phase?

A

Undifferentiated spherical spermatid transforms into a typical shaped differentiates spermatozoa

139
Q

Do cell divisions occur in the differentiation phase?

A

No

140
Q

What does sperm consist of?

A

Head containing nuclear material
Flagellum
Principal piece

141
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The cell divisions occurring in which the daughter cell nucleus receives the full set
of chromosomes

142
Q

What is meiosis?

A

The cell divisions occurring in developing germ cells in which the daughter cell nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells

143
Q

What are the 4 phases of the differentiation phase?

A

Golgi
Cap
Acrosomal
Maturation

144
Q

What is the main event of the golgi phase?

A

Acrosomic formation

145
Q

What is the main event of the cap phase?

A

Acrosomic vesicle spreading over the nucleus

146
Q

What is the main event of the acrosomal phase?

A

Nuclear and cytoplasmic growth

147
Q

How much of the anterior nucleus does the acrosome cover?

A

2/3

148
Q

What is the main event of the maturation phase?

A

Final assembly that forms spermatozoan

149
Q

What does the head of sperm consist of?

A

Nucleus
Acrosome
Post-nuclear cap

150
Q

What does the tail of the sperm consist of?

A

Middle piece
Principal piece
Terminal piece

151
Q

What is spermiation?

A

Release of sperm from sertoli cells into lumen of seminiferous tubule

152
Q

What is spermiation analogous to?

A

Ovulation

153
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

Membrane-Bound lysosome that contains hydrolytic enzymes

154
Q

What are enzymes require for?

A

Penetration of oocyte

155
Q

What is an acrosome reaction?

A

A series of events that releases enzymes that digest zona pellucida

156
Q

What is the sperm tail?

A

A self-powered flagellum

157
Q

What is the sperm tail composed of?

A

Capitulum
Middle piece
Principle piece
Terminal piece

158
Q

How do males produce gametes?

A

Continuously and uniformly

159
Q

Do seasonal breeders make gametes uniformly?

A

No

160
Q

How many stages are in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium?

A

8

161
Q

How long does it take to get through the 8 stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the bull?

A

13.5 days

162
Q

How long is the process from spermatogonia to the formation of fully differentiated in a bull?

A

61 days

163
Q

What is a spermatogenic wave?

A

The wave of spermiation along the tubule

164
Q

How can you make estimations about sperm production?

A

Total number of sperm ejaculated in an ariticfical vagina with daily ejaculation for 2-3 weeks
Testicular size

165
Q

In a stallion and boar, what is used to estimate sperm production?

A

Scrotal width or length

166
Q

In a bull and ram, what is used to estimate sperm production?

A

Scrotal circumference

167
Q

What is fertility determined by? (5)

A

Sperm producing ability
Viability of spermatozoa
Number of morphologically abnormal spermatozoa that he ejaculates
Number of functionally normal sperm that he ejaculates
Ability for intromission and ejaculation

168
Q

In order to perform fertilization, what must the sperm be like?

A

Alive and highly motile

169
Q

What is motility?

A

Ability of sperm to swim progressively forward

170
Q

What is the most commonly used assessment of viability?

A

Motility

171
Q

How is motility expressed?

A

As a percentage of sperm that are swimming within a given environment

172
Q

How many sperm are produced per second?

A

200,000

173
Q

What is the normal percentage to have abnormal sperm?

A

5-15%

174
Q

At what percentage of abnormal sperm is there reduced fertility?

A

More than 20%

175
Q

What are 2 assessments made on sperm?

A

Motility and morphology

176
Q

What are other things that could be wrong with sperm?

A

Abnormal nuclear composition
Abnormal biochemical composition
Surface protein deficiency
Faulty response to female reproductive tract

177
Q

What are the stages of male reproductive behavior?

A

Precopulatory
Copulatory
Postcopulatory

178
Q

What happens during the precopulatory stage? (5)

A 
Search for sexual partner
Courtship
Sexual arousal
Erection
Penile protrusion
179
Q

What happens during the copulatory stage? (3)

A

Mounting
Intromission
Ejaculation

180
Q

What happens during the postcopulatory stage? (3)

A

Dismount
Refractory period
Memory

181
Q

What are 3 functions in the female for reproductive behavior?

A

Attractivity
Proceptivity
Receptivity

182
Q

What happens during attractivity? What can help with this? (4)

A

Behaviors and other signals to attract males

Pheromones, vocalization, increased physical activity, and posture changes

183
Q

What happens during proceptivity? What can help with this? (2)

A

Behaviors towards males that stimulate the male to copulate

Head butting and mounting the male

184
Q

What happens during receptivity? What can help with this? (2)

A

Behaviors allowing males to copulate and ensure insemination
Immobility and mating stance (lordosis)

185
Q

Once a mate has been found, what courtship behaviors begin? (7)

A 
Sniffing of he vulva
Female urinate in presence of male
Flehmen behavior
Chin resting
Circling
Increased phonation
Lordosis signals to the male that she is receptive
186
Q

What animals are short copulators?

A

Bull, ram, buck, and tom

187
Q

What animals are sustained copulators?

A

Boar, dog, and camelids

188
Q

What kind of copulators are horses?

A

Intermediate

189
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The period of time during which a second copulation will not occur

190
Q

When does sexual differentiation occur?

A

During embryogenesis when the brain is either feminized or not

191
Q

What α-fetoprotein do?

A

Binds to estradiol and prevents it from crossing blood-brain barrier

192
Q

What is reproductive behavior controlled by?

A

Central nervous system

193
Q

What are the 3 sources of stimulation?

A

Auditory
Visual
Tactile

194
Q

What are auditory sources?

A

Vocalization, particularly in long-range scenarios

195
Q

What are visual sources? What do they do?

A

Sexual posturing

Increases time to ejaculation and concentration of sperm in semen

196
Q

What are tactic sources?

A

Biting on the neck and withers, chin resting

197
Q

In the female, where are pheromones?

A

In vaginal and urinary secretions

198
Q

Where do boars produce a pheromone?

A

Saliva

199
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ?

A

An accessory olfactory organ located past opening in roof of the mouth for flehman behavior

200
Q

What is ejaculation?

A

Reflex expulsion of semen

201
Q

What is ejaculation a result of?

A

Sensory stimulation from the glans penis , which causes a series of coordinated muscular contractions

202
Q

What are important muscles involved with ejaculation?

A

Urethras
Ischiocavernosus
Bulbospongiosus

203
Q

What does the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary do for ejaculation?

A

Causes contraction of smooth muscle around tail of epididymis and ductus deferens which transports sperm from tail to pelvic urethra

204
Q

What does stimulation cause for ejaculation?

A

Nerve impulses to be transmitted to spinal cord, which activate nerves that trigger contractions of muscles, pushing semen into urethra

205
Q

Why do some species exhibit homosexual like behavior? (2)

A

To signal to the male that female is in estrus

We have selected animals that show strong estrous behavior

206
Q

What is most often used to collect semen?

A

Artificial vagina

207
Q

What is electroejaculation?

A

Electrical stimulation of the accessory sex glands and pelvic urethra, which causes ejaculation

208
Q

What are the 6 steps of fertilization?

A
  1. Sperm must transverse the cervix
  2. Be transported through the uterus to the oviduct
  3. Undergo capacitation
  4. Bind to the oocyte
  5. Undergo acromsome reaction
  6. Penetrate the zona pellucida and fuse with the oocyte plasma membrane where the sperm enters the oocyte cytoplasm and its nucleus decondenses
209
Q

When has a successful fertilization take place?

A

When the male pronucleus is formed

210
Q

What animals ejaculate into the vagina? (6)

A 
Cow
Sheep
Rabbit
Primates
Dog
Cat
211
Q

What do pigs ejaculate into?

A

Cervix

212
Q

Where do horses and camelids ejaculate into?

A

Cervical lumen where much of it goes into uterine body

213
Q

What is the stallion’s ejaculate like?

A

Bursts. The first few are highly concentrated with sperm

214
Q

What is the boar’s ejaculate like?

A

Large volume

215
Q

What does estradiol cause the immune system to do?

A

Neutrophils to accumulate in the vagina and uterine mucosa

216
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Attack foreign materials, including sperm

217
Q

What happens 6-12 hours after the introduction of sperm?

A

There is a large migration of neutrophils from uterine mucosa into uterine lumen

218
Q

What are the 2 phases of sperm transport?

A

Rapid transport phase

Sustained transport phase

219
Q

What is the rapid transport phase?

A

Sperm reach oviduct a few minutes after copulation, but the sperm are not fertile

220
Q

What is the sustained transport phase?

A

Sperm are transported to oviducts in a trickle-like effect from reservoirs in the tract

221
Q

What assists with sperm transport? (2)

A

Contraction of muscularis and seminal fluids

222
Q

What stimulates contractions?

A

Estradiol

223
Q

What increases sperm concentration?

A

Prostaglandins in semen

224
Q

What are the 2 types of mucus produced in the cervix of a cow?

A

Sialomucin

Sulfomucin

225
Q

What is sialomucin?

A

A mucus of low viscosity produced by cells in the basal areas of the crypts

226
Q

What is sulfomucin?

A

A mucus of high viscosity produced in the apical portions of the epithelium covering the tips of the cervical folds

227
Q

What happens to sperm that swim into sulfomucin?

A

They get stuck and get flushed out

228
Q

What happens to sperm the swim into sialomucin?

A

They swim through

229
Q

What triggers capacitation?

A

The female reproductive tract

230
Q

What does capacitation involve?

A

Stripping of the various proteins that cover the sperm

231
Q

As sperm moves into the oviduct, what happens?

A

They become hyperactive

232
Q

What happens to the motility of sperm as they move to the oviduct?

A

The switch from swimming in a straight line to a frenzied circular motion

233
Q

What is the primary zona binding region responsible for?

A

Adherence

234
Q

What is the second binding site?

A

Acrosome reaction promoting ligand

235
Q

What is the acrosomal reaction?

A

An orderly fusion the spermatozoa plasma membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane

236
Q

What is the purpose of the acrosomal reaction? (2)

A

Reaction enables sperm to penetrate the zona pellucida

Exposes the equatorial segment so that it can fuse with the plasma membrane of the oocyte

237
Q

When does the acrosomal reaction begin?

A

When plasma membrane of sperm forms multiple fusion sites with the outer acrosomal membrane of the sperm which forms vesicles

238
Q

What happens in the acrosomal reaction after vesicles form?

A

The acrosomal contents are dispersed and the sperm nucleus is left with the inner acrosomal membrane surrounding it

239
Q

What does the acrosomal reaction release?

A

Enzymes that allow sperm to digest its way through the zona pellucida

240
Q

What is acrosin?

A

An enzyme that hydrolyzes zona proteins and enhances sperm’s ability to bind

241
Q

What is proacrosin?

A

The inactive form of acrosin with a strong affinity for the zona

242
Q

What is the penetration of zona assisted by?

A

Flagellar action

243
Q

What is the cortical reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs which creates a zona block so that more sperm cannot penetrate

244
Q

What is polyspermy?

A

When more than one sperm penetrate

245
Q

What is the vitelline block?

A

A reduction in the oocyte plasm membrane’s ability to fuse with additional sperm and prevents polyspermy

246
Q

What happens to the sperm nucleus after fertilization?

A

It decondenses

247
Q

What does the sperm nucleus become after fertilization?

A

Male pronucleus

248
Q

What is the fertile life-span of sperm in reptiles?

A

5 years

249
Q

What is the fertile life-span of sperm in dogs?

A

9-11 days

250
Q

What is the fertile life-span of sperm in camelids?

A

4-5 days

251
Q

What is the fertile life-span of sperm in a cow?

A

1.5-2 days

252
Q

What is the fertile life-span of sperm in a mare?

A

4-5 days

253
Q

What is the fertile life-span of sperm in a woman?

A

5-6 days

254
Q

What is the average percent that pregnancy will occur when copulation occurs within 2 days of ovulation?

A

33%

255
Q

What is the cascade of events in fertilization? (8)

A 
Hyperactive motility
Binding to zona pellucida
Acrosomal reaction
Penetration of zona pellucida
Sperm-oocyte membrane fusion
Sperm engulfed
Decondensation of sperm nucleus
Formation of male pronucleus

Physiology of Reproduction (3 decks)

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