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Physiology of Reproduction > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 layers of the female reproductive tract?

A

Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

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2
Q

What is mucosa lined with?

A

Secretory layer of epithelium

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3
Q

What is the mucosa type dependent on?

A

Location/function of tract

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4
Q

What is the oviduct made up of?

A

Ciliate and nonciliated simple columnar epithelium

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5
Q

What does the submucosa do?

A

Houses blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

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6
Q

What does the muscularis do? (2)

A

Gives ability to contract

Transportation of secretory products, gametes

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7
Q

What is the serosa?

A

Single cell layer of squamous cells that cover the surface

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8
Q

What are the functions of the broad ligament? (2)

A

Supports and suspends the reproductive tract

Houses vasculature, lymphatic drainage, and nerves

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9
Q

What are the 3 components of the broad ligament?

A

Mesovarium
Mesosalpinx
Mesometrium

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10
Q

What is the mesovarium?

A

The anterior portion that houses vessels and nerves that supply the ovary

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11
Q

What is the mesosalpinx?

A

The part that surrounds and supports the oviduct.

Helps to orientate the oviduct to catch oocyte

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12
Q

What is the mesometrium?

A

The largest portion that supports uterine horns and body

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13
Q

What does the ovary do? (2)

A

Controls hormonal changes during estrous cycle due to its different structures
Houses oocytes prior to ovulation

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14
Q

What hormones does the ovary control? (6)

A 
Progesterone
Estrogen
Oxytocin
Relaxin
Inhibin
Activin
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15
Q

What are the 3 layers of the ovary?

A

Tunica albuginea
Ovarian cortex
Ovarian medulla

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16
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Outer connective tissue covered with germinal epithelium

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17
Q

What are the ovarian cortex’s functions? (2)

A

Houses oocytes, but not in mare

Houses corpora lutea and corpora albicantia

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18
Q

What is the ovarian medulla’s function?

A

Houses the vasculature, nerves, and lymphatcis

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19
Q

What is the ovarian medulla composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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20
Q

Where is the ovarian medulla on the mare?

A

On the outside

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21
Q

Where is the ovarian cortex on the mare?

A

On the inside

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22
Q

Where does ovulation occur in the mare?

A

Ovulation fossa

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23
Q

Can the CL be palpated per rectum? Follicles?

A

No

Yes

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24
Q

What is the order of ovarian structures/follicles? (6)

A 
Primordial
Primary
Secondary
Antral/tertiary
Graafian/dominant
Ovulating
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25
Q

Describe the primordial follicle. (4)

A

Microscopic
Most immature
Oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells
Female born with all the primordial cells she will ever have

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26
Q

Describe the primary follicles. (3)

A

Slightly more mature
Surrounded by layer of cuboidal epithelium (follicle cells)
Follicles will either progress to the next stage or regress

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27
Q

Describe the Secondary follicles. (4)

A

Still microscopic
2 or more layers of follicle cells
No antrum
Surrounded by zona pellucida

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28
Q

Describe the antral follicle.

A

Antrum present

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29
Q

What is the antrum?

A

Follicular fluid filled cavity

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30
Q

Describe the graafian follicle. (3)

A

Visible to naked eye
Looks like a blister
Vary in size

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31
Q

Describe the ovulating follicle. (2)

A

Only a small percentage of primordial cells reach this stage

The rest regress and become degenerate

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32
Q

What are the 3 layers of the antral follicle?

A

Theca Externa
Theca Interna
Granulosal cell layer

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33
Q

What is the theca externa?

A

Loose connective tissue that surrounds and supports the follicle

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34
Q

What does the theca interna produce?

A

Androgens under control of LH

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35
Q

What does the granulosal cell layer do? (3)

A

FSH receptors
Produce estrogen, inhibin, and follicular fluid
control oocyte maturation

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36
Q

What is the corpus hemorrhagicum also known as?

A

Bloody body

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37
Q

What is the function of the corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

Forms in the place where ovulation occurred

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38
Q

What is the corpus luteum also known as?

A

Yellow body

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39
Q

What does the CL do?

A

Produces progesterone

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40
Q

What is the corpus albicans also known as?

A

White body

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41
Q

What is the corpus albicans?

A

Scar issue after CL heals

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42
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

The terminal end of the oviduct

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43
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum?

A

To catch the oocyte after ovulation

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44
Q

What is the infundibulum covered with? What does it do?

A

Fimbriae

Increases the surface area and causes the whole infundibulum to cover the ovary at the time of ovulation

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45
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Largest section that is the thick middle portion of the oviduct and the site of fertilization

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46
Q

What does the isthmus connect to? By what?

A

Uterus

Uterotubal junction

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47
Q

What does the ampullary-isthmic junction do in a horse?

A

Allow fertilized ova to pass through

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48
Q

What is the oviduct?

A

Muscularis that transports oocytes and sperm to the site of fertilization

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49
Q

What does the uterus connect together?

A

The oviduct and cervix

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50
Q

What are the difference uteri classifications? (4)

A

Duplex
Bicornuate (poorly to moderately developed0
Bicornuate (highly developed)
Simple

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51
Q

What are the functions of the uterus? (5)

A 
Sperm transport
Luteolysis and control of cyclicity 
Environment for reattachment embryo
Maternal contribution to placenta
Expulsion of the fetus and fetal placenta
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52
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium

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53
Q

Describe the perimetrium. (2)

A

Serosal layer

Thin and almost transparent

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54
Q

What is the function of the myometrium?

A

Provides motility for uterus

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55
Q

Describe the endometrium. (3)

A

2 layers: mucosal epithelium and submucosal
Mucosal secretes material for embryo and sperm viability
Submucosal houses uterine glands

56
Q

What does the endometrium produce?

A

Prostaglandin F2α

57
Q

If animal is not pregnant, what does prostaglandin F2α cause?

A

Luteolysis

58
Q

What are the functions of the cervix? (3)

A

Provide lubrication and a flushing system
Provides a barrier for sperm transport in ewe, cow, bitch and queen, but not mare and sow
Mucus plug that forms during pregnancy

59
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Copulatory organ and birth canal with poorly develop muscular layer and high developed muscular epithelium

60
Q

What is the vulva?

A

External portion of reproductive tract

61
Q

What does the vulva consist of?

A

Labia major and labia minor
Perineum
Clitoral fossa
Vestibular glands

62
Q

What does the perineum do?

A

Surrounds vulva and anus

63
Q

What does the clitoral fossa do?

A

House the clitoris

64
Q

What do the vestibule glands do?

A

Secrete mucous-like material during estrus

65
Q

What are the functions of the male reproductive system? (2)

A

Manufacture spermatozoa

Produce hormones and secretory products

66
Q

What are the 6 main parts of the male tract?

A 
Spermatic cord
Scrotum
Testis
Excurrent duct system
Accessory sex glands
Penis and muscles
67
Q

What are the functions of the spermatic cord? (2)

A

Suspend the testis

Provide pathway for vasculature, lymphatics, and nerves

68
Q

What does the spermatic cord house?

A

Ductus deferens
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus

69
Q

What is the pampiniform plexus?

A

Vascular structure of intertwined arteries and veins

70
Q

What does the pampiniform plexus do? (2)

A

Control temperature in testis

Eliminates pulse pressure

71
Q

What does the cremaster muscle do?

A

Supports testis

Contracts and relaxed to facilitate blood flow and cooling

72
Q

What type of muscle makes up the cremaster muscle? What does that mean for the muscle?

A

Striated muscle

It is not capable of sustained contractions

73
Q

What is the function of the scrotum?

A

Protects, supports, and controls temperature

74
Q

What are the 4 major layers of the scrotum?

A

Skin
Tunica dartos
Scrotal fascia
Parietal tunica vaginalis

75
Q

What does the skin do for the scrotum?

A

Has sweat glands to facilitate cooling

76
Q

What regulates the sweating and respiratory rate on the skin?

A

Thermosensitive nerves

77
Q

What is the tunica dartos?

A

Smooth muscle surrounding scrotum that contracts to alter closeness of scrotum to body= temperature regulation

78
Q

What is the tunica dartos controlled by?

A

Sensory nerves on skin

79
Q

What controls the contractile characteristics of the tunica dartos?

A

Testosterone

80
Q

What are the functions the testes? (4)

A

Produce spermatozoa
Produce testosterone
Produce inhibin, estrogens, proteins that improve sperm function
Produce fluid which sperm are suspended in and facilitates their removal from testes

81
Q

What are the 3 areas of the testes?

A

Testicular capsule
Parenchyma
Mediastinum

82
Q

What is inside the testicular capsule?

A

Visceral tunica vaginalis

Tunica albuginea

83
Q

What is inside the tubular compartment of the parenchyma?

A

Seminiferous tubules and the cells and material inside them

84
Q

What is found in the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells

85
Q

What is inside the interstitial compartment? (5)

A 
Blood vessels
Connective tissue
Lymphatics
Nerves
Leydig cells
86
Q

What do leydig cells do?

A

Produce testosterone

87
Q

What does the mediastinum do?

A

House rete tubules

88
Q

What are rete tubules?

A

Tiny channels through which sperm are transported

89
Q

What do sertoli cells do?

A

Host developing germ cells that become spermatozoa

90
Q

What do sertoli cells contain?

A

Receptors for FSH and testosterone

91
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier do?

A

Prevents autoimmune reactions from destroying the developing germ cells

92
Q

What does the blood-testis barrier surround?

A

Seminiferous tubule and the sertoli cell junctional complexes

93
Q

What is the epididymal duct the site of?

A

Sperm maturation

94
Q

What are the 3 areas of the epididymal duct?

A

Head
Body
Tail

95
Q

What does the tail of the epididymis do?

A

Stores sperm

96
Q

What is transit time?

A

Time from proximal head to distal tail

97
Q

What is transit time like in the head and body? Tail?

A

Constant

Sexual excitement causes it to increase

98
Q

What do contractions of the epididymis do?

A

Move sperm into ductus deferens

99
Q

What happens to sperm number if there is a high ejaculation frequency?

A

Fewer sperm

100
Q

If sperm spen a long time in the tail, what happens to the quality?

A

Decreases

101
Q

What is seminal plasma produced by?

A 
Epididymis
Ampulla
Vesicular glands
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral
102
Q

What does the seminal plasma do?

A

Provides fluid for delivery

Contains coagulation properties for boars and stallions

103
Q

What is the most important product of seminal plasma? What does it do?

A

Fructose

Serves as an energy source for sperm

104
Q

What does the penis consist of?

A

Base
Shaft
Glans penis

105
Q

Which animals have a fibroelastic penis?

A

Bulls
Boars
Rams

106
Q

What is the corpus cavernous and corpus spongiosum?

A

Spongy erectile tissue in the shaft which fills with blood during erection

107
Q

What is embryogenesis differentiation?

A

The process whereby a group of unspecialized cells develop into a function, recognizable group of cells that have a common function

108
Q

What makes up the endoderm?

A

Digestive system
Lungs
Endocrine system

109
Q

What makes up the mesoderm?

A

Muscle
Skeleton
Cardiovascular
Reproductive system

110
Q

What makes up the ectoderm?

A

Nervous system
Skin
Hair

111
Q

What does the posterior lobe of the pituitary originate from?

A

Neural tissue of the brain

112
Q

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary originate from?

A

Roof of embryo’s mouth (stomodeal ectoderm)

113
Q

What does the infundibulum in the anterior lobe develop from?

A

Floor of brain downwards

114
Q

What does rathke’s pouch in the anterior lobe develop from?

A

Roof of mouth upwards

115
Q

What is another word for pituitary?

A

Hypophysis

116
Q

What is another word for anterior lobe? Is it glandular or neural?

A

Adenohypophysis

Glandular

117
Q

What is another word for posterior lobe? Is it glandular or neural?

A

Neurohypophysis

Neural

118
Q

What does the sphenoid bone do?

A

Forms a protective cavity around both lobes called the sella turcica

119
Q

Where do primordial germ cells develop and migrate?

A

Develop in yolk sac and migrate to genital ridge to eventually form gonads

120
Q

Read differentiation of reproductive tract potential essay question

A

Read differentiation of reproductive tract potential essay question

121
Q

What determines if it is a female or male tract?

A

SRY protein

122
Q

What degenerates to become part of male tract?

A

Mesonephric kidney

123
Q

What do mesonephric tubules become?

A

Efferent ducts that connect with rete testis

124
Q

What do mesonephric ducts become?

A

Epididymis and ductus deferens

125
Q

What are the 3 phases of the testes descending into the scrotum?

A
  1. Growth and elongation of the fetal body away from the testes
  2. Rapid growth of the extra abdominal gubernaculum
  3. Shrinkage of the gubernaculum within the scrotum
126
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum

127
Q

What is inguinal herniation?

A

A portion of the intestines have passes through the inguinal canal

128
Q

What do the cells in the sex cords differentiate onto in the absence of SRY protein?

A

follicular cells

129
Q

What does the genital ridge become when the female tract is developing?

A

Ovary

130
Q

What do the paramesonephric ducts become in the female?

A

Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

131
Q

What determines the the type of uterus?

A

The degree to which the paramesonephric ducts fuse

132
Q

What forms from the ectoderm in females?

A

Caudal vagina and vulva

133
Q

What is retroperitoneal?

A

Gonad and duct system are outside the peritoneum

134
Q

What is freemartinism?

A

Abnormal embryogenesis of the female reproductive tract

135
Q

What happens when there are twins in cows?

A

Chorion fuse so there is a common blood supply between two calves and both are exposed to same hormones

136
Q

In freemartinism, when is the common blood supply established?

A

Day 39 of gestation

137
Q

Explain what happens in freemartinism around day 40 of gestation?

A

Testis develop before ovaries and anti-mullerian hormone is produced and disrupts the development of heifers tract and ovaries caising her to be sterile and appear “bullish”

Physiology of Reproduction (3 decks)

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