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Dendrology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tree?

A

A perennial woody plant, with a single main stem or trunk, and clear apical dominance

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2
Q

Are all trees seed plants?

A

Yes

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3
Q

What two Phyla do most trees fall into?

A

Coniferophyta

Anthophyta

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4
Q

What is wood?

A

A fibrous tissue composed of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin.

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5
Q

What is wood produced by?

A

The secondary xylem in roots and shoots

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6
Q

What makes up wood?

A

Lignin

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7
Q

How many groups of fungi can decompose lignin?

A

Only one

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8
Q

What are trees two growth patterns?

A

Primary - elongation

Secondary - width

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9
Q

What is the heartwood of a tree?

A

Heartwood is older that sapwood and is usually darker because it has become infused with secondary chemicals
Heartwood is dead

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10
Q

What is the sapwood of a tree?

A

Sapwood is also dead and is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from roots to leaves

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11
Q

Both gymnosperms and angiosperms have xylem cells called?

A

Tracheids

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12
Q

What do gymnosperms not have?

A

vessel elements

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13
Q

What is the difference between tracheids and vessel elements

A

Tracheids - long and slender

Vessel elements - shorter and wider

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14
Q

When did land plants originate?

A

about 475 mya

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15
Q

When did vascular plants evolve?

A

about 420 mya

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16
Q

When did seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) originate?

A

about 305 mya

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17
Q

The common ancestor of all land plants is?

A

Green Alga

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18
Q

List the 7 types of common land plants

A 
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycophytes
Pterophytes
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
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19
Q

Of the extant plant phyla, all woody plants are?

A

seed plants

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20
Q

All gymnosperm phyla have some woody representatives but most are in which phylum?

A

Coniferophyta

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21
Q

Conifer wood is called?

A

“softwood”

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22
Q

How many Ginkgo species are extant?

A

1

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23
Q

Amongst the angiosperms, all woody plants are?

A

dicots

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24
Q

Angiosperm wood is called?

A

“hardwood”

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25
Q

What does wood do?

A

Living wood transfers nutrients and water to leaves

Living and dead wood provide structural support

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26
Q

What two simple systems can all plants be divided into?

A

root and shoot systems

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27
Q

Components of the shoot system:

A

Flower
Leaf
Bud
Stem

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28
Q

Components of the root system:

A

Taproot

Fibrous root

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29
Q

Phloem conducts __ down the stem and is alive.

A

Sugars

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30
Q

Carbon fixation/sequestration are ___ ___ provided by trees

A

Ecosystem services

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31
Q

What was the FACE project mainly looking at?

A

To see what happens if you increase the amount of CO2 around trees.

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32
Q

What does FACE stand for?

A

Free-air concentration enrichment

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33
Q

Is wood really just air that has been chemically changes into its hard state?

A

Yes

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34
Q

___ and ___ are the main contributors to removing carbon from the atmosphere.

A

photosynthesis

oceans

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35
Q

Biogeochemistry looks at?

A

understanding the cycles of the earth

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36
Q

When did the FACE experiment start and what did is focus on?

A

1996
Focused on Loblolly pine trees that were exposed to CO2 concentrations one and a half times the ambient levels (the expected 2050 levels)

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37
Q

Did the CO2 enriched trees do better than the unenhanced?

A

Yes, for a little bit at least.

For about 7 years the enriched trees grew 10-25% faster than the unenhanced trees.

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38
Q

What plant loved the elevated CO2 levels and had 70% growth enhancement

A

Poison ivy - it grew super well and the samples has a lot more of the itching chemical

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39
Q

When did the FACE study end?

A

experiment was shut down in 2012

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40
Q

Why did the trees in the FACE study not grow as fast after 7 years?

A

Liebig’s Law of the minimum - plant can only grow as fast as the limiting resource.

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41
Q

What was the limiting resource in the FACE study?

A

Nitrogen
Trees were growing so fast that they sucked all of the nitrogen out and limited themselves
Loblolly pine can grow so fast that the apical meristem bends over - called a speed wobble and it forms a permanent bend in the tree.

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42
Q

Dust can carry what into the water systems?

A

Nitrogen

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43
Q

What mountains are nitrogen saturated?

A

Great Smokey Mountains

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44
Q

How do human’s fix nitrogen?

A

Haber process - puts nitrogen under pressure and combines it with hydrogen to produce ammonia
Also done through fossil fuel combustion

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45
Q

How does nature fix nitrogen?

A

Rhizobial (biological fixation)

Lightning

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46
Q

What is acid rain really not that big of an issue anymore?

A

Thanks to the clean air act - no more sulfur is allowed to be released from factories
(Legislation that actually did something)

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47
Q

How much nitrogen is fixed naturally in 1 year?

A

100Tg

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48
Q

How much nitrogen is fixed by humans in 1 year?

A

140Tg

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49
Q

Soil with a pH of 4.5 or lower ___ becomes mobile.

A

Aluminum

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50
Q

What was the acidity of US soil in the 1980’s?

A

4.7-5.4 pH

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51
Q

What was the acidity of US soil in 2002?

A

3.1-4.7 pH

52
Q

What are the consequences of excess nitrogen?

A

Eutrophication in water
(only 1/3 of nitrogen is taken up by targeted crops)
Water is normally oligotrophic

53
Q

Classification is?

A

the ordering of trees into groups that have common characteristics

54
Q

What does classification seek to recognize?

A

The correct evolutionary lineage of organisms (their phylogenies)

55
Q

Instead of “phylum” plant taxonomists call it this?

A

Division

56
Q

In plants, it is also helpful to recognize sub- (under or beneath) and super- (over or above) classifications.

A

true

57
Q

The basic unit of taxonomy and classification - it is the smallest unit at which individuals share phylogenetic features

A

Species

58
Q

A ___ is any group of related organisms

A

taxon

59
Q

What is the biological definition of species?

A

A group of organisms that can interbreed in nature

60
Q

Do plants always listen to the biological definition?

A

No.
Plants often violate this assumption but we still recognize species in groups that hybridize
(Hybridization tends to be relatively common but most individuals have features that identify them as belonging to a particular species)

61
Q

What are the 10 classification levels?

A

(D,K,Sub,Super,pD,C,O,F,G,S)

Domain
Kingdom
Subkingdom
Superkingdom
Phylum (Division)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
62
Q

What are the first four levels of classification of all seed plants?

A 
Domain = Eukarya
Kingdom = Plantae
Subkingdom = Tracheobionta
Superkingdom = Spermatophyta
63
Q

Classification began with this man?

A

Carolus Linneaus

He was Swedish

64
Q

What was Linneaus’ system like?

A

His system was very simple and grouped some plants together in a way that, today, we would recognize as erroneous
He used characteristics of flowers like the number of stamens and pistils to indicate relatedness among plants

65
Q

What did Linneaus’ system not take into account?

A

Convergent evolution.

Errors in classification arise from grouping organisms together based on homoplasises

66
Q

What system do we use today to classify organisms?

A

Cladistics

67
Q

Cladistics

A

The process of grouping organisms into clades.

The product is a cladogram.

68
Q

Clade

A

a group of closely related species and their common ancestor

69
Q

Cladogram

A

the product of utilizing cadistics

it is a diagram showing relatedness for the taxon in question

70
Q

Parsomony

A

the cheapest

the simplest answer is probably the right one

71
Q

To determine the ingroup of a clade you use this?

A

outgroup

72
Q

Linneaus classified based on simple characteristics, what do today taxonomists used to determine relatedness?

A 
Morphology
Anatomy
Cytology
Palynology
Chemistry of secondary compounds
Ribosomal RNA
DNA
Enzymes to determine relatedness
73
Q

Modern cladistics relies on these to produce cladograms.

A

very large databases and sophisticated computer programs

74
Q

All cladograms are __ about the relatedness of the organisms in question.

A

Hypotheses

75
Q

Can common or “familiar” names be used in scientific papers?

A

Yes, but because they vary widely by region, the scientific name must always be used to identify the species.

76
Q

Common names are written in lower case except for proper names.

A

True

77
Q

Common names often refer to:

A 
Habitat
Feature of the tree
Locality
Use
Commemoration
Adaptation from other language
78
Q

The scientific name of any organism is binomial and written as?

A

Genus and specific epithet

79
Q

What does it mean when a name is written as one word or has a hyphen?

A

That tree is named incorrectly

Typically it was realized later that it did not fit into that genus

80
Q

Plants often have subspecies, varietals, or forms

A

True

81
Q

In plants is it common to write the full or abbreviated name of the person or persons who originally published the plants name?

A

Yes it is

The name in the parentheses is always the original describer

82
Q

Pinus jeffreyi (Grev. & Balf.) means

A

that both authors are equally responsible for the name

83
Q

Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carr. means

A

that Parry used the binomial for this species but didn’t publish it
Carriere published the name but gave credit to Parry

84
Q

Pinus edulis Englem. in Wisliz. means

A

that the name Engelmann used was published in a book by Wislizenus

85
Q

The “___” in a any scientific name means that the plant is a hybrid

A

X

86
Q

Intergeneric hybrids are noted with the x where?

A

X before the genus name

87
Q

Cultivars are denoted with?

A

cv

88
Q

Why do scientific names change?

A

Names change because of nomenclatural or taxonomic reasons

new information on the taxonomy on the genus

89
Q

Division word endings consistently end in

A

ophyta

90
Q

Class word endings consistently end in

A

opsida

91
Q

Subclass word endings consistently end in

A

idea

92
Q

Order word endings consistently end in

A

ales

93
Q

Family word endings consistently end in

A

aceae

94
Q

Groups of organisms that fit within a taxonomic category are often grouped with this suffix

A

“con”

95
Q

Some taxa have only one species, for this the suffix ___ is used

A

“mono”

ex: Genus Ginkgo is monospecific

96
Q

Knowledge of these three factors is not only interesting from an ecological stand point but it is helpful in identifying trees

A

Habitat
Range
Communities

97
Q

All species are adapted to a range of environmental conditions

A

True

98
Q

Is the adaptation of a tree to a specific range genetic?

A

Yes

99
Q

What do we call the range a tree has adapted to?

A

“Niche”

100
Q

Acclimatization

A

you get use to it

101
Q

What is a niche?

A

A niche is the range of some number of environmental conditions to which an organism is adapted

102
Q

What did Joseph Grinnell call a niche in the past?

A

The organisms “place” in it’s world

103
Q

What did Charles Elton call a niche in the past?

A

The organisms “role” in it’s world

104
Q

G. Evelyn Hutchinson defined the niche as an

A

“N-dimensional hypervolume”

105
Q

Do species always occupy their entire niche?

A

no

106
Q

The ___ niche is everywhere an organism could live in the absence of interspecific competitors

A

Fundamental

107
Q

The ___ niche is everywhere it does live as a consequence of competitive outcomes with other species

A

realized

108
Q

Joseph Connell did research on which two species?

A

Balanus (bullies)

Chthamalus

109
Q

GF Gause proposed the idea of competitive exclusion. What is it?

A

That when the niches of two species overlap they would not coexist and one would competitively exclude the other.
(Interspecific competition)

110
Q

Limiting similarity

A

There is a maximum level of niche overlap between two species that will allow them to coexist

111
Q

Resource partitioning (“niche shift”)

A

Competing species utilize parts of the habitat in which that are most competitive

112
Q

Character displacement

A

an evolutionary shift in behavior or physiology that results in niche partitioning

113
Q

In any situation in which resources are too available, species will increase their niche space in order to utilize those resources - expand to their fundamental niche

A

true

114
Q

If resources are limiting then competition will force those species back to their realized niche.

A

true

115
Q

Climate

A

the regional interaction between solar radiation, the atmosphere and land and water masses
(not weather)

116
Q

Soil

A

a living, three-dimensional substrate that provides water and most nutrient elements to trees
soil also provides support for the stem and crown of a tree
soil vary in texture, nutrient status, and age

117
Q

dirt

A

soil where you don’t want it

118
Q

Rain forest has old soil - farmers clear land and add nutrients with this method

A

slash and burn

soil only have nutrients for about 3-4 years

119
Q

Physiography

A 
slope
elevation
aspect
land-shape
land-water interface
120
Q

Biota

A

all of the living organisms within an area

121
Q

ecotone

A

region where the organisms present might start to shift due to environmental factors

122
Q

endemic

A

native/restricted to an area

123
Q

aspect

A

the direction a slope faces

124
Q

North and east facing slopes stay ___ and ___ than do south and west facing slopes

A

cooler and moister

125
Q

Temperature goes down and precipitation goes up as elevation increases

A

true

Dendrology (8 decks)

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