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Dendrology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The scientific study of woody plants?

A

Dendrology (studies trees, shrubs, and lianas)

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2
Q

Terrestrial area interacting with aquatic areas?

A

Riparian

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3
Q

What does the riparian area help with?

A

Helps keep the nitrogen from entering the waterways (Fertilizer - NPK)

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4
Q

Great Smokey Mountains are nitrogen saturated

A

too much nitrogen - can’t used anymore nitrogen in that area

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5
Q

Trees and Human Evolution

A

Human ancestors became bipedal between 4.5-5 mya

Changes in the environment with regard to trees are most likely attributed to human ancestors becoming bipedal

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6
Q

Savanna

A

grassland with distantly spaced trees

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7
Q

Psychologically humans prefer which, savannas or dense forests?

A

Savanna

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8
Q

Religion use to want you to conquer nature, why?

A

Nature use to surround us but this is no longer the case, now we surround nature

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9
Q

In Norse Legend this is an ash tree from which water of the knowledge flows

A

Yggdrasil

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10
Q

Odin, the chief god in Norse mythology, hung himself from this tree in order to gain power in the nine Norse worlds

A

Yggdrasil

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11
Q

In Egyptian mythology a ___ stood at the threshold of life and death

A

Sycamore

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12
Q

In Chinese mythology a tree produces a ___ every 3000 years and whoever eats it becomes immortal

A

peach

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13
Q

The historic Elon “senior oak” died in ___

A

1981

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14
Q

“Mighty oaks form little acorns grow”

A

saying that dates back to the 1400s

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15
Q

This tree was used in the Lord of the Rings to represent the damage to nature caused by industrialization

A

The White Tree of Gondor

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16
Q

Type of tree that has one or a few stems on a single root system

A

Unitary

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17
Q

Type of tree that develops a grove of genetically identical trees

A

Clonal

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18
Q

A grove of Clonal trees is called?

A

Genet

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19
Q

A single tree in a Genet is called?

A

Ramet

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20
Q

Coastal Redwoods are the tallest trees but ___ are considered larger due to shear mass

A

Sequias

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21
Q

The largest giant sequoia is called?

A

General Sherman

272 ft tall with a 35 ft wide trunk

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22
Q

This poet wrote the poem “Trees”

A

Joyce Kilmar

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23
Q

This wilderness area in NC has monster yellow-poplars?

A

Slickrock Wilderness Area

Joyce Kilmar Memorial Forest is part of the wilderness area

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24
Q

This poet wrote a parody to Kilmar’s “Trees”

A

Ogden Nash

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25
Q

This Dr. Seuss character speakers for the trees and defends them against the greedy Oncer-lers

A

The Lorax

1971

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26
Q

This band produced a song in 1978 called “The Trees”

A

Rush

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27
Q

Between the first settlers and the time it took for the Piedmont to be colonized the region lost how much organic soil

A

3 inches

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28
Q

How many years does it take to produce 1 inch of organic soil in a good deciduous forest

A

500 years

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29
Q

The characteristics shape and size of the tree

A

Habit

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30
Q

The three types of vegetative morphology

A

habit, leave, bark

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31
Q

Morphological features can vary with __ and __?

A

Age and Locaiton

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32
Q

Morphological features can vary with __ and __?

A

Age and Location

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33
Q

Characteristics of open grown trees

A

without competition form other tree, an open grown tree will have a large crown, shorter trunk, and more taper on its stem
Not high quality lumber

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34
Q

Characteristics of forest grown trees

A

Competition for sunlight and energy is dedicated to height growth, rather than grown growth
They have longer trunks, smaller crown, and less taper
produce superior lumber - long branch free stem

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35
Q

Type of trees with a spreading canopy with a lollipop shaped crown

A

decurrent trees

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36
Q

Type of trees with a more columnar crown

A

excurrent trees

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37
Q

These type of trees have a basal rosette of leaves or have an irregularly branched flowing stem - catus

A

Yucca-like trees

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38
Q

Type of tree that has a clear trunk with a rosette of leaves at the top

A

Palm - shaped trees

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39
Q

Type of tree that has a clear trunk with a rosette of leaves at the top

A

Palm - shaped trees

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40
Q

DBH is a measurement of what?

A

Measurement of the trees stem at breast height (4.5 feet or 1.4 meters above ground)
DBH can be used to calculate important measures like Basal Area

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41
Q

Two Leaf Types

A

Simple, Compound

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42
Q

Three types of compound leaves

A

pinnate, bi-pinnate, and palmate

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43
Q

These type of trees are tardily deciduous; they do not form abescission layer and they drop their leaves unless they are taken off by the wind, rain, or new buds form.

A

Marcescent
Their leaves turn brown but they do not fall - hang on through winter
common in the Fagaceae family

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44
Q

Three type of leaf arrangements

A

Opposite, Whorled, Alternate

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45
Q

These leaf pairs occur at right angles

A

Decussate

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46
Q

These leaves occur in one plane on the stem

A

Distichous

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47
Q

Five basic types of leaf venation

A

Pinnate, Palmate, Pinnipalmate, Parallel, Dichotomous

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48
Q

Leaf venation type with a single midrib with lateral veins branching off at intervals - the lateral veins may not be opposite or straight

A

Pinnate venation (feather - like)

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49
Q

Leave venation type with three or more primary veins that arise from the junction of the base of the leaf and the petiole

A

Palmate venation

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50
Q

Leaf venation type that is in our book but no one uses it

A

Pinnipolmate venation

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51
Q

Leaf venation type that has many straight equal-size veins that parallel on another until they join near the apex

A

Parallel venation

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52
Q

Leaf venation type that has a repeating forking pattern or Y-branching pattern

A

Dichotomous venation

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53
Q

When the lateral venation arches towards that apex when they reach the leaf margin

A

Arcuate venation

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54
Q

Four types of Conifer leaves

A

Acicular (needle-like)
Linear
Subulate (awl-shaped)
Scale

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55
Q

Conifer leaf type that is long and slender that often comes in bundles of 2, 3, or 5 facicles and held together at the base by a fascicle sheath of overlapping bud scales

A

Acicular (needle-like)

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56
Q

Conifer leaf type that is shorter than acicular, narrow, and either flat, triangular, or square in cross-section

A

Linear

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57
Q

Linear conifer leaves can attach to the stem in 4 ways

A

sessile on a the twig
sessile on a peg
petiolate
petiolate on a peg

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58
Q

Conifer leaf type that is short, narrow, stiff, and tapering to a point

A

Subulate (awl-shaped)

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59
Q

Conifer leaf type that is small, a pressed, imbricate

A

Scale

60
Q

Scale conifer leaves that cover the sides of the twig and tend to be keeled with a ridge along the center of the leaf

A

Lateral scales

61
Q

Scale conifer leaves that cover the top and bottom of the leaf and tend to be flat

A

Facial scales

62
Q

Sunken veins on leaf surface

A

Rugose

63
Q

Wax on the top of the cuticle

A

Glaucous

64
Q

Hairs on leaves are called?

A

Trichomes

65
Q

Leaf hairiness: smooth

A

Glabrous

66
Q

Leaf hairiness: soft, fine hairs

A

Pubescent

67
Q

Leaf hairiness: matted woolly hairs

A

Tomentose

68
Q

Leaf hairiness: rough, sandpapery bristly hairs

A

Scabrous

69
Q

Leaf hairiness: having hair rays parallel to the surface

A

Stellate

70
Q

Leaf texture: thick and leathery

A

Coriaceous

71
Q

Leaf texture: thin and papery

A

Membranous

72
Q

Buds at the end of the twig

A

Terminal Bud aka Apical Bud

73
Q

Buds along the twig

A

Lateral Bud

74
Q

When there is more than one lateral bud at a node, the bud above the leaf scar is the true lateral bud, the others are called ___

A

Accessory Buds

75
Q

When accessory buds appear above a lateral bud they are called ___

A

Superposed

76
Q

When accessory buds are arranged on either side of the lateral bud, they are called ____

A

Collateral buds

77
Q

These buds are found on roots and stems that can give rise to adventitious branchlets, shoots, or roots

A

Epicormic buds

78
Q

These two practices take advantage of epicormic buds

A

Pollarding and coppicing

79
Q

This is done to keep trees at the same uniform height or to produce new wood for fuel

A

Pollarding

80
Q

This was used for quick generation of forests after harvest - used a lot to manage many broad-leaf trees

A

Coppicing

81
Q

These are modified leaves or stipules that protect the bud

A

Bud scales

82
Q

A bud without scales is considered

A

“naked”

common in the tropics

83
Q

Overlapping bud scales are called

A

Imbricate

84
Q

Non-overlapping bud scales are called

A

Valvate

85
Q

___ represents where a petiole once attached to a twig

A

Leaf scar

86
Q

Theses are often apparent in the leaf scars

A

Vascular bundle scars

87
Q

___ are small lens shaped, sometimes wart like tissue that provided aeration for the growing cells of a twig

A

Lenticels

88
Q

__ is usually a difference color than the wood surrounding it

A

Pith

89
Q

__ and __ of the pith can be useful in the identification process

A

shape and texture

90
Q

Two types of shapes pith can come in

A 
Terete = round
Stellate = star-shaped
91
Q

Twp types of textures pith can come in

A 
Continuous = solid
Diaphragmed = chambered, spongy
92
Q

Two shoot types

A

Long and short

93
Q

Elongation of the internode implies which shoot type

A

Long shoot

94
Q

A spur of dwarf shoot that bears only leaves or leaves and flowers implies which shoot type

A

Short shoot

95
Q

This type of short shoot type continues growing

A

interminate short shoot

96
Q

This type of short shoot type does not continue growing and drops with the leaves

A

determinate short shoot

97
Q

These are modified stems commonly found on honey-locust and hawthorn trees

A

Thorns

98
Q

These are modified leaves

A

Spines

99
Q

What are the two types of spines

A

Foliar and stipular

100
Q

One spine with a bud in the axil

A

Foliar

101
Q

One spine on either side of the leaf scar

A

Stipular

Black locust have stipular spines

102
Q

Prickles arise from the ___

A

epidermis

103
Q

Why is bark economically valuable?

A 
Burned for energy in saw mills
Contains important chemical compounds: (alkaloids, tannins, dyes, and pharmaceuticals)
Cordage and paper fibers
Decorative mulch
Pine bark soaks up oil
104
Q

Why is bark ecologically important?

A

many epiphytic lichens, algae, liverworts, and mosses live on it

105
Q

Reproductive morphology: Because plants are under such strong selective pressure, reproductive structure are most stable

A

True

106
Q

___ is the male reproduction structure and carries sperm

A

Pollen

107
Q

___ is the female reproduction structure and carries eggs

A

Ovules

108
Q

These type of flowers have both male and female reproductive parts

A

Perfect Flowers

109
Q

These type of flowers only have one gender

A

Imperfect Flowers

110
Q

Trees with perfect flowers are monoecious or dioecious?

A

Monoecious

111
Q

Trees with imperfect flowers of both sexes are monoecious or dioecious

A

Monoecious

112
Q

Trees with just one gender of imperfect flowers are monoecious or dioecious?

A

Dioecious

113
Q

Term for trees that can switch gender with age or vary from year to year

A

Sequential hermaphroditism

114
Q

Some trees can have both perfect and imperfect flowers on them

A

True

115
Q

Pollination: pollen sac to ovule

A

gymnosperms

116
Q

Pollination: anther to stigma

A

angiosperms

117
Q

Gymno =

sperm =

A

“naked”

“seed”

118
Q

Pollen cones are NOT useful for identificaiton of the trees

A

True

119
Q

Although they have seeds, cones are not fruits

A

True

120
Q

Ovulate cones are made up of ___ which can be woody, leathery, or semi-fleshy

A

Scales (sporophylls)

121
Q

This is the exposed part of the cone scale

A

Apophysis

122
Q

This is the small protuberance on the apophysis

A

Umbo

123
Q

These type of cones require fire or extreme heat to open

A

Serotinous cones

124
Q

Angio =

sperm =

A

“Vessel”

“seed”

125
Q

___ are flowering plants that have seeds inside of a fruit

A

Angiosperms

126
Q

Angiosperms are far more complex that gymnosperms and are better at seed dispersal

A

True

127
Q

Four main parts of a flower

A

Sepals
Petals
Stamen
Pistil or Carpel

128
Q

Parts of the Stamen

A

Anther

Filament

129
Q

Parts of the Pistil/Carpel

A

Stigma
Style
Ovary

130
Q

Flowers with radial symmetry

A

Actinomorphic

131
Q

Flowers with bilateral symmetry

A

Zygomorphic

132
Q

The arrangement of several flowers on a stem

A

Inflorenscence

133
Q

The arrangement of several fruits on a stem

A

Infrutescence

134
Q

Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a rachis with sessile flowers

A

Spike

135
Q

Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a dense spike with many apetalous, unisexual flowers (Usually pendant)

A

Catkin

136
Q

Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a central axis with pedicelled flowers

A

Raceme

137
Q

Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a number of sessile flowers clusted on a common receptacle

A

Head

138
Q

a fruit is a ripened __

A

ovary

139
Q

Term for dry fruits that are classified based on whether or not they split open

A

Dehisce

Dehiscent fruits usually have a line of suture

140
Q

A strawberry is a fleshy compound fruit with many seeds which are called

A

achenes

141
Q

Fruits can be simple and compound

A

True

142
Q

Fruits formed from a single ovary in a flower

A

Simple fruit

143
Q

Fruits formed from several ovaries that remain together when the fruit matures

A

Compound fruit

144
Q

Five means of seed dispersal

A 
Diffuse
Water
Wind
Ballistic
Animal
145
Q

Organism that has escaped cultivation

A

Invasive

146
Q

Three types of Asexual vegetation reproduction

A

Sprouting
Layering
Fragmentation - relies on adventitious buds

Dendrology (8 decks)

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