Exam 1 Flashcards
The scientific study of woody plants?
Dendrology (studies trees, shrubs, and lianas)
Terrestrial area interacting with aquatic areas?
Riparian
What does the riparian area help with?
Helps keep the nitrogen from entering the waterways (Fertilizer - NPK)
Great Smokey Mountains are nitrogen saturated
too much nitrogen - can’t used anymore nitrogen in that area
Trees and Human Evolution
Human ancestors became bipedal between 4.5-5 mya
Changes in the environment with regard to trees are most likely attributed to human ancestors becoming bipedal
Savanna
grassland with distantly spaced trees
Psychologically humans prefer which, savannas or dense forests?
Savanna
Religion use to want you to conquer nature, why?
Nature use to surround us but this is no longer the case, now we surround nature
In Norse Legend this is an ash tree from which water of the knowledge flows
Yggdrasil
Odin, the chief god in Norse mythology, hung himself from this tree in order to gain power in the nine Norse worlds
Yggdrasil
In Egyptian mythology a ___ stood at the threshold of life and death
Sycamore
In Chinese mythology a tree produces a ___ every 3000 years and whoever eats it becomes immortal
peach
The historic Elon “senior oak” died in ___
1981
“Mighty oaks form little acorns grow”
saying that dates back to the 1400s
This tree was used in the Lord of the Rings to represent the damage to nature caused by industrialization
The White Tree of Gondor
Type of tree that has one or a few stems on a single root system
Unitary
Type of tree that develops a grove of genetically identical trees
Clonal
A grove of Clonal trees is called?
Genet
A single tree in a Genet is called?
Ramet
Coastal Redwoods are the tallest trees but ___ are considered larger due to shear mass
Sequias
The largest giant sequoia is called?
General Sherman
272 ft tall with a 35 ft wide trunk
This poet wrote the poem “Trees”
Joyce Kilmar
This wilderness area in NC has monster yellow-poplars?
Slickrock Wilderness Area
Joyce Kilmar Memorial Forest is part of the wilderness area
This poet wrote a parody to Kilmar’s “Trees”
Ogden Nash
This Dr. Seuss character speakers for the trees and defends them against the greedy Oncer-lers
The Lorax
1971
This band produced a song in 1978 called “The Trees”
Rush
Between the first settlers and the time it took for the Piedmont to be colonized the region lost how much organic soil
3 inches
How many years does it take to produce 1 inch of organic soil in a good deciduous forest
500 years
The characteristics shape and size of the tree
Habit
The three types of vegetative morphology
habit, leave, bark
Morphological features can vary with __ and __?
Age and Locaiton
Morphological features can vary with __ and __?
Age and Location
Characteristics of open grown trees
without competition form other tree, an open grown tree will have a large crown, shorter trunk, and more taper on its stem
Not high quality lumber
Characteristics of forest grown trees
Competition for sunlight and energy is dedicated to height growth, rather than grown growth
They have longer trunks, smaller crown, and less taper
produce superior lumber - long branch free stem
Type of trees with a spreading canopy with a lollipop shaped crown
decurrent trees
Type of trees with a more columnar crown
excurrent trees
These type of trees have a basal rosette of leaves or have an irregularly branched flowing stem - catus
Yucca-like trees
Type of tree that has a clear trunk with a rosette of leaves at the top
Palm - shaped trees
Type of tree that has a clear trunk with a rosette of leaves at the top
Palm - shaped trees
DBH is a measurement of what?
Measurement of the trees stem at breast height (4.5 feet or 1.4 meters above ground)
DBH can be used to calculate important measures like Basal Area
Two Leaf Types
Simple, Compound
Three types of compound leaves
pinnate, bi-pinnate, and palmate
These type of trees are tardily deciduous; they do not form abescission layer and they drop their leaves unless they are taken off by the wind, rain, or new buds form.
Marcescent
Their leaves turn brown but they do not fall - hang on through winter
common in the Fagaceae family
Three type of leaf arrangements
Opposite, Whorled, Alternate
These leaf pairs occur at right angles
Decussate
These leaves occur in one plane on the stem
Distichous
Five basic types of leaf venation
Pinnate, Palmate, Pinnipalmate, Parallel, Dichotomous
Leaf venation type with a single midrib with lateral veins branching off at intervals - the lateral veins may not be opposite or straight
Pinnate venation (feather - like)
Leave venation type with three or more primary veins that arise from the junction of the base of the leaf and the petiole
Palmate venation
Leaf venation type that is in our book but no one uses it
Pinnipolmate venation
Leaf venation type that has many straight equal-size veins that parallel on another until they join near the apex
Parallel venation
Leaf venation type that has a repeating forking pattern or Y-branching pattern
Dichotomous venation
When the lateral venation arches towards that apex when they reach the leaf margin
Arcuate venation
Four types of Conifer leaves
Acicular (needle-like)
Linear
Subulate (awl-shaped)
Scale
Conifer leaf type that is long and slender that often comes in bundles of 2, 3, or 5 facicles and held together at the base by a fascicle sheath of overlapping bud scales
Acicular (needle-like)
Conifer leaf type that is shorter than acicular, narrow, and either flat, triangular, or square in cross-section
Linear
Linear conifer leaves can attach to the stem in 4 ways
sessile on a the twig
sessile on a peg
petiolate
petiolate on a peg
Conifer leaf type that is short, narrow, stiff, and tapering to a point
Subulate (awl-shaped)
Conifer leaf type that is small, a pressed, imbricate
Scale
Scale conifer leaves that cover the sides of the twig and tend to be keeled with a ridge along the center of the leaf
Lateral scales
Scale conifer leaves that cover the top and bottom of the leaf and tend to be flat
Facial scales
Sunken veins on leaf surface
Rugose
Wax on the top of the cuticle
Glaucous
Hairs on leaves are called?
Trichomes
Leaf hairiness: smooth
Glabrous
Leaf hairiness: soft, fine hairs
Pubescent
Leaf hairiness: matted woolly hairs
Tomentose
Leaf hairiness: rough, sandpapery bristly hairs
Scabrous
Leaf hairiness: having hair rays parallel to the surface
Stellate
Leaf texture: thick and leathery
Coriaceous
Leaf texture: thin and papery
Membranous
Buds at the end of the twig
Terminal Bud aka Apical Bud
Buds along the twig
Lateral Bud
When there is more than one lateral bud at a node, the bud above the leaf scar is the true lateral bud, the others are called ___
Accessory Buds
When accessory buds appear above a lateral bud they are called ___
Superposed
When accessory buds are arranged on either side of the lateral bud, they are called ____
Collateral buds
These buds are found on roots and stems that can give rise to adventitious branchlets, shoots, or roots
Epicormic buds
These two practices take advantage of epicormic buds
Pollarding and coppicing
This is done to keep trees at the same uniform height or to produce new wood for fuel
Pollarding
This was used for quick generation of forests after harvest - used a lot to manage many broad-leaf trees
Coppicing
These are modified leaves or stipules that protect the bud
Bud scales
A bud without scales is considered
“naked”
common in the tropics
Overlapping bud scales are called
Imbricate
Non-overlapping bud scales are called
Valvate
___ represents where a petiole once attached to a twig
Leaf scar
Theses are often apparent in the leaf scars
Vascular bundle scars
___ are small lens shaped, sometimes wart like tissue that provided aeration for the growing cells of a twig
Lenticels
__ is usually a difference color than the wood surrounding it
Pith
__ and __ of the pith can be useful in the identification process
shape and texture
Two types of shapes pith can come in
Terete = round Stellate = star-shaped
Twp types of textures pith can come in
Continuous = solid Diaphragmed = chambered, spongy
Two shoot types
Long and short
Elongation of the internode implies which shoot type
Long shoot
A spur of dwarf shoot that bears only leaves or leaves and flowers implies which shoot type
Short shoot
This type of short shoot type continues growing
interminate short shoot
This type of short shoot type does not continue growing and drops with the leaves
determinate short shoot
These are modified stems commonly found on honey-locust and hawthorn trees
Thorns
These are modified leaves
Spines
What are the two types of spines
Foliar and stipular
One spine with a bud in the axil
Foliar
One spine on either side of the leaf scar
Stipular
Black locust have stipular spines
Prickles arise from the ___
epidermis
Why is bark economically valuable?
Burned for energy in saw mills Contains important chemical compounds: (alkaloids, tannins, dyes, and pharmaceuticals) Cordage and paper fibers Decorative mulch Pine bark soaks up oil
Why is bark ecologically important?
many epiphytic lichens, algae, liverworts, and mosses live on it
Reproductive morphology: Because plants are under such strong selective pressure, reproductive structure are most stable
True
___ is the male reproduction structure and carries sperm
Pollen
___ is the female reproduction structure and carries eggs
Ovules
These type of flowers have both male and female reproductive parts
Perfect Flowers
These type of flowers only have one gender
Imperfect Flowers
Trees with perfect flowers are monoecious or dioecious?
Monoecious
Trees with imperfect flowers of both sexes are monoecious or dioecious
Monoecious
Trees with just one gender of imperfect flowers are monoecious or dioecious?
Dioecious
Term for trees that can switch gender with age or vary from year to year
Sequential hermaphroditism
Some trees can have both perfect and imperfect flowers on them
True
Pollination: pollen sac to ovule
gymnosperms
Pollination: anther to stigma
angiosperms
Gymno =
sperm =
“naked”
“seed”
Pollen cones are NOT useful for identificaiton of the trees
True
Although they have seeds, cones are not fruits
True
Ovulate cones are made up of ___ which can be woody, leathery, or semi-fleshy
Scales (sporophylls)
This is the exposed part of the cone scale
Apophysis
This is the small protuberance on the apophysis
Umbo
These type of cones require fire or extreme heat to open
Serotinous cones
Angio =
sperm =
“Vessel”
“seed”
___ are flowering plants that have seeds inside of a fruit
Angiosperms
Angiosperms are far more complex that gymnosperms and are better at seed dispersal
True
Four main parts of a flower
Sepals
Petals
Stamen
Pistil or Carpel
Parts of the Stamen
Anther
Filament
Parts of the Pistil/Carpel
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Flowers with radial symmetry
Actinomorphic
Flowers with bilateral symmetry
Zygomorphic
The arrangement of several flowers on a stem
Inflorenscence
The arrangement of several fruits on a stem
Infrutescence
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a rachis with sessile flowers
Spike
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a dense spike with many apetalous, unisexual flowers (Usually pendant)
Catkin
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a central axis with pedicelled flowers
Raceme
Flower/fruit arrangement: type with a number of sessile flowers clusted on a common receptacle
Head
a fruit is a ripened __
ovary
Term for dry fruits that are classified based on whether or not they split open
Dehisce
Dehiscent fruits usually have a line of suture
A strawberry is a fleshy compound fruit with many seeds which are called
achenes
Fruits can be simple and compound
True
Fruits formed from a single ovary in a flower
Simple fruit
Fruits formed from several ovaries that remain together when the fruit matures
Compound fruit
Five means of seed dispersal
Diffuse Water Wind Ballistic Animal
Organism that has escaped cultivation
Invasive
Three types of Asexual vegetation reproduction
Sprouting
Layering
Fragmentation - relies on adventitious buds
