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Dendrology > Dendrology Final > Flashcards

Dendrology Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific name for the Beech Family?

A

Fagaceae

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2
Q

Worldwide, how many genera and species are in the Fagaceae family?

A

9 genera and about 800 species

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3
Q

In North America how many genera and species are in the Fagaceae?

A

5 genera and 97 species

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4
Q

In NC how many genera and species are in the Fagaceae family?

A

3 genera and 35 species

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5
Q

Which tree family is the most importance family in NA relative to hardwood lumber production?

A

Fagaceae

Also importance ornamentals and for mast production (wildlife food)

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6
Q

What are the five Fagaceae genera found in the USA?

A 
Fagus - Beech
Castanea - Chestnut
Chrysolepis - Western Chinkapin
Lithocarpus - Tanoak
Quercus - Oak
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7
Q

Describe the leaves and fruit of the Fagus genus.

A

Leaves: Deciduous, thin
Fruit: Nut with a bur with weak spines; 2 nuts per bur; matures in one season

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8
Q

Describe the leaves and fruit of the Castanea genus.

A

Leaves: Deciduous, thin
Fruit: Nut in a bur with stiff, sharp spines; 1-3 nuts per bur; one season to mature

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9
Q

Describe the leaves and fruit of the Quercus genus.

A

Leaves: Deciduous or persistent, thin or leathery
Fruit: Nut is an acorn; one or two seasons to mature

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10
Q

This tree is one of the ten species of Fagus in the northern hemisphere but the only one found in NA.

A

American beech - Fagus grandifolia

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11
Q

Is American beech shade tolerant?

A

Yes, American beech is highly shade tolerant. It is also slow-growing.

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12
Q

Where is American beech found in North Carolina?

A

From sea-level to 6000’ in elevation.

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13
Q

Is the fruit of American beech edible?

A

Yes, the nut is edible and it is an important wildlife food.

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14
Q

What are some of the uses of American beech wood?

A

Flooring and furniture.

Creosote made from wood was historically taken internally as a medicine to treat diarrhea.

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15
Q

What disease is associated with American beech?

A

Beech bark disease - it is an insect/fungal disease complex
Insect: Cryptococcus fagisuga
Fungus: Nectria coccinea

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16
Q

Both the insect and the disease were introduced to NA, but how does the tree contract the disease?

A

The insect inserts its stylet through the bark to suck sap - fungus gains entry to vascular tissue via wound and eventually girdles the tree

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17
Q

Epiphytes? Beech gap?

A

not sure

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18
Q

Castanea dentata

A

American chestnut

dentata = dentate margins

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19
Q

What is the largest species in the Castanea in NA?

A

American chestnut

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20
Q

American chestnut grew on a wide range of sites, but where did it grow the largest?

A

Grew largest (to 90’) on mesic slopes of So. Appalachians.

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21
Q

The American chestnut was probably the most important eastern hardwood. In So. Appalachains, up to 50% of standing timber was chestnut, but why was it the most important?

A

Fast-growing
Good coppice tree
Durable wood - can still find log cabins make of chestnut in the mtns
High tannin concentration in bark - most important tree for tanning industry
Edible fruit - People collected nuts for sale in cities - superior in flavor to other chestnut species and important wildlife food

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22
Q

Why do we no longer see American chestnuts?

A

Chestnut blight

blight was caused by an Asian fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) brought to US on Asian chestnuts.

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23
Q

Where was the chestnut blight first observed?

A

In NYC in 1904

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24
Q

By mid-1940s all chestnuts were infected (an estimated 4 billion chestnut trees died), but how did so many get infected so quickly?

A

Fungus has both airborne, and sticky spored

Spread an estimated 50 miles per year

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25
Q

Does the chestnut blight kill the roots?

A

No

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26
Q

What are the three main restoration methods currently being used to save the American chestnut?

A
  1. Cross-breeding with resistant species
  2. Finding and propagating “hypovirulent” fungi
  3. Genetic engineering - insert gene for resistance in American chestnut
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27
Q

Castanea pumila

A

Chinkapin

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28
Q

Describe a few characteristics of a chinkapin

A

A small tree on dry sites with edible nuts that are important food source for wildlife.
They are less susceptible to chestnut blight than C. dentata
Some consider Ozark chinkapin a distinct species

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29
Q

Common name for the genus Quercus?

A

Oaks

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30
Q

The genus Quercus has about this many species of primarily temperate trees - can extend into the tropics only at high- elevations

A

400 species

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31
Q

This genus is the most important genus of hardwoods both ecologically, and economically in NA and possibly all of the northern hemisphere.

A

Quercus: oaks

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32
Q

Why are oaks so important, what do they provide?

A

Important for wildlife food, for tannins, and as ornamentals, human food, and specialty products (true cork, ink from insect galls)

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33
Q

Do oaks hybridize?

A

Yes, oaks hybridize extensively: recall that our example of “introgression” was that of NA oak species

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34
Q

Oak is Elon’s symbol and the state tree of this state.

A

Iowa

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35
Q

Oaks are classidied into two subgenera, what are they

A

Subgenus Cyclobalanus - cycle cup oaks: Asian

Subgenus Quercus - scale-cup oaks: northern hemisphere

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36
Q

Within subgenus Quercus there are three subsections and two of these have subsections, what are the three main sections?

A 
Section Quercus (ie. leucobalanus - white oaks)
Section Lobatae (ie. erythrobalanus - red oaks)
Section Protobalanus: intermediate oaks
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37
Q

What are the three subsections of section Quercus and the sections defining characteristics?

A

True white oaks
Chestnut oaks
Live oaks

Acorns mature in one season; leaves lobed but lack bristle tips; acorn cup scales basally thick; seed “sweet”
All white oaks have closed pores due to “tyloses” - good for cooperage

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38
Q

What are the three subsections of section Lobatae and the sections defining characteristics?

A

True red and black oaks
Willow, laurel, and water
Western live oaks

Acorns usually mature in two seasons; leaves usually with bristle tipped lobes; cup scales rarely thick; seed is bitter

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39
Q

Which of the main Quercus subsections has no eastern species?

A

Section Protobalanus: intermediate oaks

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40
Q

These are balloon-like outgrowths of xylem cells that close them and help convert sapwood to heartwood.

A

Tyloses

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41
Q

Q. alba, Q. macrocarpa, Q. lyrata, Q. stellata are apart of this subsection of section Quercus?

A

Subsection true white oaks

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42
Q

Quercus alba is found throughout most of eastern US from sea-level to 5500’ elevation but where does it grow best?

A

Grows to 100’ tall on best sites: mesic slopes with deep soil and good drainage

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43
Q

Q. alba is the most important species of the white oak ground - ____ percent of lumber sold as “white oak” is from this species.

A

75%

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44
Q

Q. alba is the state tree of these states.

A

CT, IL, and MD

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45
Q

Quercus macrocarpa is primarily a northeast and north-central species to an elevation of 3000’ but where does it grow best?

A

Dry to mesic sites, ridgese, bottomlands, or uplands

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46
Q

What growth characteristics are unique to Q. macrocarpa.

A

Grows to 80’ tall with broad crown and is drought resistant because its taproot can grow to 14’ deep
It is a good ornamental tree because of its broad crown and resistance to pollution.

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47
Q

Which coastal plain and river valley species in the Quercus family has the ability to grow on poor bottomland sites which makes it a good tree for timber production where other trees won’t grow?

A

Q. lyrata

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48
Q

Q. lyrata can be distinguished from other white oaks by its?

A

Relatively narrow leaves and acorn cup that covers 2/3 to almost all of the acorn.

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49
Q

Q. stellata is a southeastern species found from sea-level to 3000’. It is a medium sized tree on good sites but what is it like on very dry sites?

A

Shrubby on very dry sites

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50
Q

Name for cross-shapes leaves.

A

Cruciform

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51
Q

Q. michauxii, Q. montana, Q. meuhlenbergii, Q. bicolor, are apart of this subsection of section Quercus?

A

Subsection chestnut oaks

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52
Q

This shade intolerant southeastern oak is found from sea-level to 1000’ on well-drained sites in bottomlands is also known as “basket oak”.

A

Q. michauxii

Called that because its wood splits cleanly into thin strips

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53
Q

Which species in the chestnut oak is probably the most important species?

A

Q. michauxii

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54
Q

This is a northeastern chestnut oak species found on upper slopes and dry sites to 5000’ and has leaves like those of Q. michauxii.

A

Q. montana

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55
Q

What are the differences between Q. michauxii and montana?

A

Their habitats are very different and their bark is different.
Q. michauxii bark is flaky and white-oak-like
Q. montana bark tends to be darker gray and ridged

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56
Q

This chestnut oak species has a wide range but is rare over its range because it is restricted to limestone outcrops and alkaline soils.

A

Q. meuhlenbergii

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57
Q

Q. bicolor has a wide range but is only abundant on swamp margins and stream banks. How is it identifiable?

A

Velvety white leaf underside.

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58
Q

Is Q. bicolor a glacial refuge/relic?

A

Yes

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59
Q

Q. virginiana is the only economically important member of the live oak subsection true or false?

A

True

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60
Q

Native Americans made an olive-oil like substance from the acorns of this tree?

A

Q. virginiana

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61
Q

Q. virginiana is the state tree of which state?

A

GA

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62
Q

The “big tree” on Goose Island in TX, is a live oak thought to be this many years old!

A

1000

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63
Q

The “Emancipation” oak tree is a live oak under which slave children were taught in 1861 and the first reading of the emancipation proclamation was read to slaves. Where does this tree stand?

A

It now stands on the campus of Hampton University in Hampton, VA

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64
Q

The first planting of native trees in the US was of this tree for ship-building

A

Live oak

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65
Q

The wood of live oaks is dense: hard heavy and strong which helped the frame of this boat get the nick name old ironsides.

A

USS Constitution
It could withstand a cannon shot due to the strength of the frame.
US navy still owns extensive track of live oaks

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66
Q

Angle oak near Charleston, SC demonstrates the spreading form of an _____ live oak.

A

Open-grown

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67
Q

Q. rubra, Q. velutina, Q. shumardii, Q. falcata, Q. pagoda, Q. coccinea, Q. marilandica, are a part of this subsection of Quercus?

A

Subsection true red and black oaks

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68
Q

This is the most important species of the subsection true red and black oaks.

A

Q. rubra

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69
Q

Q. rubra can grow on a wide variety of sites but best on mesic sites. Forms almost pure stands in high-elevation of the S. Appalachains

A

True

Can exist at high elevations and become dominant species

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70
Q

Q. rubra has good seed crops that occur at __ - __ year intervals.

A

2-5

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71
Q

This species most likely co-occured with American Chestnut and when it disappeared it filled the niche gap and expanded.

A

Q. rubra

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72
Q

What is the definition of masting?

A

The synchronous production of seed in time and in number by a population of plants.
Mast refers specifically to nuts of forest trees

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73
Q

Organisms that give birth once and then die.

A

Semelparous organisms

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74
Q

Organisms that give birth throughout their adult lives.

A

Iteroparous organisms

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75
Q

Why do trees often alternate good and mast years?

A

Mast seeding is a predator satiation strategy
Mast seeding has both intra and interspecific components
Some years are good seed years and some at not as good - adaptation for energy efficiency due to insects and wildlife predations

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76
Q

Masting Synchronization is greatest among close populations but can be detected at distances up to ___ km

A

1000 km away

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77
Q

What is quercitron?

A

A brilliant yellow dye that can be derived from the inner bark of Q. velutina

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78
Q

Q. velutina is a common upland oak with a deep taproot, it produces good seed crop on 2-3 year intervals and can grow to ___’

A

60’

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79
Q

Q. shumardii is one of the largest southern red oaks, it grows to 125’. Its wood is of high quality, but is the tree a good shade tree?

A

Yes, on appropriate sites it makes for a great shade tree.

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80
Q

Q. falcata is a common southern red oak that grow to 80’. What sites does it grow best on?

A

Grows best on mesic sites but does well on upland ones.

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81
Q

Q. pagoda is a very large oak that can grow up to 130’ tall on bottomlands and poorly drained soils. Its high quality wood is used like that of?

A

Q. rubra

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82
Q

Q. coccinea is a medium sized oak found on dry sites. This species is a poor pruner and tolerant of droughts but is it tolerant of shade?

A

No, this species is intolerant of shade

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83
Q

Q. marilandica is a short (50’), relatively short-lived oak that can be found on very dry sites with poor soils. This tree has a poor growth form and bad at pruning so what is it good for?

A

It has extremely thick twigs and its dense wood is good for fuel
But not fuel for campfires as it tends to pop.

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84
Q

When was sudden oak death discovered and how many trees has it kill to date?

A

Discovered in 1995 when tanoaks started dying

It has killed over 1 million trees to date

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85
Q

What causes sudden oak death and where did it come from?

A

Caused by an oomycete (a fungus-like protist) - Phytophthora ramorum
Recent work identifies that it came from Asia

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86
Q

Why is SOD a concern?

A

It is currently killing oaks in the west and has over 70 different host species.
If it makes it to the east - red oak and pin oak will struggle because they are highly susceptible

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87
Q

SOD disperses locally via wind driven rain but how do humans aid in the dispersal?

A

Humans can disperse long-distances in firewood, transplanting of ornamentals, and feet, clothing, etc.

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88
Q

This is one of the biggest factors for introducing fatal diseases like SOD to new territories.

A

International trade

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89
Q

Phytophthora is a protist, a water mold that are often specialists in plant disease.

A

True

They cause the Irish potato famine

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90
Q

Q. phellos, Q. nigra are a part of this subsections?

A

Subsection willow, water, and laurel oaks.

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91
Q

Trees in this subsection are alternate hosts of fusiform rust - a fungal disease of southern pines.

A

Subsection willow, water, and laurel oaks.

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92
Q

Q. phellos are large trees with good quality wood that are commonly planted landscape trees because of their rapid growth and good form but what is their native habitat?

A

Bottomlands

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93
Q

Q. nigra are medium-sized oaks found on wetlands, swamps and moist uplands, but are they a good ornamental?

A

Yes, they are a common ornamental with rapid growth and good quality wood

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94
Q

What is the scientific name for the birch family?

A

Betulaceae

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95
Q

The birch family has __ genera and about __ species world wide.

A

6 genera and 120 species

5 genera and 33 species in NA

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96
Q

What are the botanical features of the birch family? (leaves, flowers, fruit)

A

Leaves: alternate, simple
Flowers: imperfect (plants monoecious)
Fruit: a small to medium-sized nut or nutlet

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97
Q

Are birches good decorative trees?

A

Yes, because of their bark

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98
Q

Betula allegheniensis grows to 80’ in association with other northern hardwoods, but where does it not grow well?

A

Does not do well in areas where average summer temperatures are greater than 70 F

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99
Q

Which birch tree is the most important member of the genus commercially?

A

Betula allegheniensis

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100
Q

Why is B. allegheniensis bark particularly helpful in identification?

A

Its color and horizontal peely texture

Bark peels will burn even when wet

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101
Q

Betula lenta grows to 60’ in deep mesic soils where it co-occurs with mesic slope species. What can be extracted from its twigs?

A

Oil of wintergreen can be extracted from twigs which is very aromatic

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102
Q

Betula nigra can grow to 80’ tall but it is usually smaller. What two traits make this species different from the rest?

A

It is the only member of genus Betula to occur at low elevations in the south
Also the only birch that matures its seed in late spring, when spring flood waters would typically be receding leaving bare soil for seed to germinate

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103
Q

Scientific name for alders?

A

Alnus

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104
Q

Alders have root nodules of N-fixing bacteria and play a crucial role in succession in some ecosystems. What are the N-fixing bacteria called?

A

Actinomycetes

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105
Q

F.I.T. model of succession

Proposed by Joseph Connell, Slatyer

A 
F = facilitation, early species modify site in a way that benefits later species
I = inhibition, prevent colonization like allelopathy
T = tolerance, species simply tolerate conditions presented by pre-existing organisms on the site like shade-tolerance
106
Q

This is the largest NA alder and the most important hardwood in the pacific NW.

A

Alnus rubra

Red alder is an early successional species that facilitates later stages by adding N to the soil

107
Q

Carnegiea gigantea is the only species in the Caryophillidae subclass that reaches tree-size in the southeastern US.

A

Yes
Grows on gravelly soils of desert foothills and canyons
State flowers of AZ

108
Q

What are the four families of interest to us in the subclass Dilleniidae?

A

Tiliaceae
Salicaceae
Ericaceae
Ebenaceae

109
Q

What is the scientific name for the Linden family?

A

Tiliaceae

110
Q

Approximately 50 genera and 680 species make up the Linden family. How many tree species are in NA?

A

Only one NA species is a tree

111
Q

What are the two var. of Tilia americana

A

var. americana = in the north

var. heterophylla = in the south

112
Q

What are the common names of Tilia americana?

A

Linden
Bee tree
Basswood

113
Q

Tilia americana is a wide-ranging tree growing to 80’ on deep mesic soils. What are some of its uses?

A

Excellent wood quality used for cabinet work and wood carving; charcoal is used by artists and in gun powder
Native Americans made rope from the bark
Bees make excellent honey from this tree

114
Q

What trees are Tilia americana often confused with?

A

Morus

It is easily confused with Morus but this tree does not have milky sap and has two bud scales

115
Q

Where does the common name basswood come from?

A

The common name basswood probably comes from a spelling of a mispronunciation of the word “bast”
Bast is fiber from the phloem of any plant and basswood has very fibrous phloem so it was called bastwood which became “basswood”

116
Q

Unter den Linden is a famous boulevard in the heart of the historic part of Berlin, Germany. Why is it called this?

A

It is named for the trees that lined it, Lindens

In Europe, basswoods are called Lindens.

117
Q

What is the scientific name for the willow or poplar family?

A

Salicaceae

118
Q

How many genera and species are in the Salicaceae family?

A

Two genera (Salix and Populus) and 435 species mostly in the cooler regions of the northern hemisphere.

119
Q

Salix is not an important genus for timber trees, a few withing Populus are valuable.

A

True

120
Q

Are populus trees colony forming?

A

Yes, they consist of aspens (world’s largest aspen) and cottonwood

121
Q

Salix nigra demonstrates rapid growth to 70’ and grows along rivers. It reproduces well vegetatively but is it a good ornamental?

A

Yes, its rapid growth makes it a good ornamental

122
Q

This is the largest and only commercially important willow; wood is used for furniture, cabinet work, and pulp charcoal.

A

Salix nigra

123
Q

This is the most widely distributed tree in NA; circumpolar

A

Populus tremuloides

124
Q

Populus tremuloides can grow as a shrub or tree and is found at 10,000’. It is fast growing and short lived to about 60 years. How does it reproduce?

A

Reproduces via root sprouts and clonal groves may be the oldest living things on earth (book says 1 million years but certainly many 10,000s of years)

125
Q

Populus heterophylla grows to 100’ on alluvial bottomland soils in the coastal plain of NC (and else where). Is it commercially important?

A

No swamp cottonwood is not commercially important

126
Q

Scientific name for the heath family?

A

Ericaceae

127
Q

Consists of 107 genera and 3400 species of trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs. Arbutus and Oxydendrum grow to tree size and are commercially valuable.

A

Ericaceae family

128
Q

Leaves or shrubby genera (Kalmia, leucothoe, Rhododendron) contain this toxin which is toxic to livestock, especially sheep

A

Andromedotoxin

129
Q

Kalmia latifolia is the state flower of these two states?

A

CT and PA

130
Q

Rhododendron is a genus of important hoticultural plants (rhododendron and azalea), but why are they also significant?

A

They are also an alternate host of SOD

131
Q

A common understory tree to 50’ growing at an angle to reduce self-shading. It produces an excellent fall color and excellent honey is made from this tree.

A

Oxydendrum arboreum

132
Q

What is the scientific name of the ebony family?

A

Ebenaceae

133
Q

This family has two genera and 485 species of mostly tropical and warm-region forests?

A

Ebenaceae

134
Q

True ebony wood comes from this tree, but other species produce dark wood that is marketed as ebony.

A

Diospyros ebenum

135
Q

Diospyros virginiana is a shade-tolerant tree that grows to 50’ on a wide range of habitats but can it withstand droughts?

A

Yes, persimmon is drought-tolerant but grows well in well-drained bottomlands

136
Q

This tree is easily identifiable by its large edible fruit and alligator bark.

A

Dispyros virginiana

137
Q

What are the families of interest to us in the subclass Rosidae?

A 
Rosaceae
Fabaceae
Cornaceae
Aquifoliaceae
Hippocastanaceae
Aceraceae
Anacardiaceae
Other: Euphorbiaceae and Zygophyllaceae
138
Q

What is the scientific name for the rose family?

A

Rosaceae

139
Q

The rose family has 95 genera and 2825 species worldwide but is it an important family for the timber industry?

A

No, it is not an important family for timber but it is one of the most commercially important for its fruit (apple, cheery, peach, strawberry, blackberry, apricot) and for its flowering species which make great ornamentals

140
Q

Prunus serotina grows to 80’ in a wide range of habitats. The tree is intolerant of shade and grows rapidly. Why is this tree highly desired?

A

Its clear bole produces highly desirable wood used for furniture and paneling.
Best trees for commercial products grow in NY, PA, and WV

141
Q

Prunus serotina is the #1 cause of livestock death because its leaves contain this toxin?

A

Cyanogenic glycoside

142
Q

What is the scientific name for the Legumes?

A

Fabaceae

143
Q

This family is second only to grasses in economic importance. In addition to food, lumber, tannins, gums, resins, dyes, and drugs come from this family?

A

Legumes - Fabaceae

144
Q

Legumes are ecologically important because of their symbiotic relationships with N-fixing bacteria which are known as?

A

Microrhizobial bacteria

145
Q

Gleditsia tricanthos is a tree of bottomlands and limestone soils, it grows well when planted ornamentally. Describe one instance in which it was used as an ornamental.

A

Many dead American elms were replaces with the thornless, podless variety of this tree.

146
Q

This tree has strong durable wood, bees make commercial honey, and the trees sweet pulp can be made into beer.

A

Gledistia tricanthos - Honeylocust

147
Q

Gymnocladus dioicus is an uncommon tree in its native habitat, it is a relatively common and desirable landscape tree. What is its common name?

A

Kentucky coffeetree

148
Q

Gymnocladus dioicus seeds are poisonous but are sometimes used as this?

A

Seeds were roasted as a poor substitute for coffee

149
Q

Robinia pseudoacacia is a fast growing, shade-intolerant tree with very durable wood used for what?

A

Railroad ties and fence posts

150
Q

Where is black locust invasive?

A

Europe

151
Q

In NC mtns, what does the locust leaf miner do?

A

Makes the black locust leaves turn brown in late summer

152
Q

Cornus florida is an important ornamental tree and the state flower of these states and the state tree of these states.

A

Flower: NC, VA
Tree: MO, VA

153
Q

This is a small, shade-tolerant understory tree and one of the few calciphiles.

A

Cornus florida

Its seeds are important source of this nutrient for birds

154
Q

Dogwoods are currently under threat from this Asian fungus?

A

Dogwood anthracnose - Discula destructiva

155
Q

This tree grows to 60’ on a variety of sites and is one of the longest lived trees (500 yrs) and it is ecologically important because large trees of this species are often hollow.

A

Nyssa sylvatica

156
Q

Nyssa sylvatica is a good ornamental because of its color but its wood is not of high quality because of this trait.

A

Wood has interlocking grains

157
Q

This is the largest native holly. It is highly shade-tolerant and can grow in many habitats

A

Ilex ocapa

158
Q

This species was the #1 generalist species in the Carolinas as determine by Fridley et al. and is the state tree of DE.

A

Ilex ocapa

159
Q

Ilex ocapa wood is hard and can be dyed and sold as a substitute for this type of tree?

A

Ebony

160
Q

Scientific name for the buckeye family?

A

Hippocastanaceae

161
Q

Are trees in the buckeye family valued for their timber?

A

No, but they are important ornamentals

162
Q

This genus in the buckeye family has two native tree species that produce nuts. What is the name of the genus and what is significant about the nuts?

A

Aesculus (latin for “edible chestnut”)

Nuts are edible to humans but must be blanched to remove tannins; the nuts are toxic to cattle

163
Q

This is a tall Aesculus species found on fertile soil in Appalachain

A

Aesculus flava - yellow buckeye

164
Q

This is the state tree of OH.

A

Aesculus glabra - Ohio buckeye;fetid buckeye

165
Q

This Aesculus species is a widely planted ornamental native to the Balkan peninsula?

A

Aesculus hippocastanum - Horse chestnut

166
Q

Recent evidence has merged this family with the Sapindaceae and the Hippocastanaceae may be merged into that family too. What is the family?

A

Maple family - Aceraceae

167
Q

Acer saccharum is one of the most importance ecological and economic species in NA. It is so important it is the state tree of these 4 states and on this country’s flag?

A 
NY
VT
WV
WI
Canada
168
Q

Why are sugar maples in the northeast in decline?

A

possible because of acid rain

169
Q

Red, black, and sugar maples produce sap fro syrup but which are the best?

A

Black and Sugar maples are preferred because of their sap flow, sugar concentration, and later budding

170
Q

Sugar maple sap is __-__% sugar

A

3-5%

171
Q

Canada accounts for __% of worldwide syrup production.

A

80%

172
Q

Prolonged temps below 25 are required to convert starch in roots to sucrose.
Sap is boiled to remove water and increase sugar concentration.

A

True

173
Q

___ wood is a deformation in the wood grain caused by the response of a tree to infections.

A

Burled wood

174
Q

A burl is a type of plant gall (growth on the suface of the plant)

A

True

175
Q

What is burled wood used for?

A

A wide variety of commercial uses including veneer, sculpture, furniture, inlay, picture frames, etc…

176
Q

Craving for non-food things, like a salt lick for cows

A

Pica

Ex: figures in wood

177
Q

Compartmentalization of disease in trees, infection and tissues grows around it making a gall

A

Codit

178
Q

A phenomenon that most often occurs in sugar maples. The effect is reminiscent of that found in burls, but no-one knows what causes it.

A

Bird’s eye maple

179
Q

The effect given by bird’s eye and flame maple is called the wood’s what?

A

Figure

180
Q

Called curly or tiger maple. It looks dope.

A

Flame maple

181
Q

___ is caused by the wood grain, innate properties of the wood and the transverse cut of the wood.

A

Figure

182
Q

___ is any form of wood coloration caused by fungi. It usually involves more than one fungus.

A

Spalting

183
Q

Spalting coloration is caused by fungi that pigment wood, some that cause white rot, and zone lines left behind by fungal mycelia

A

True

184
Q

Spalting in hardwoods is best for woodworking because it _____

A

rots softwood too quickly

185
Q

What are the three types of cuts?

A

Transverse cut - cross-section
Tangential cut - plainsawn/flatsawn
Radial cut - quartersawn

186
Q

Scientific name for the cashew family

A

Anacardiaceae

187
Q

This family has 70 genera and 875 species found mostly in subtropical to tropical areas of the world.

A

Cashew family

188
Q

Sap from species in this family can be milky or clear and turn black when dried, it is used to make drugs, dyes, waxes, and tannins.

A

Cashew family

189
Q

Cashew nut shells are toxic and used by SA Indians to scar their skin into designs

A

True

190
Q

Scientific name for the spurge family?

A

Euphorbiaceae

191
Q

Euphorbs can be found in almost all terrestrial habitats. Some Euphorbs have succulent stems and spines/thorns and are sold as cactus.

A

True

Similarities to cactus are due to convergent evolution - both are desert plants

192
Q

Hippomane manchinella is a Euphorb native to Florida, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and SA. What is significant about this tree?

A

It is one of the most poisonous trees in the world.

193
Q

Manchineel trees have fruit and leaves that resemble those of an apple trees, the fruit is apparently sweet but can cause serious medical problems, why? What is the irritant called?

A

The tree is poisonous.
All parts of the tree contain phorbol which is a skin irritant causing blisters.
Standing under the tree during rain is dangerous

194
Q

What did the Carib indians use the milky sap from the Manchineel tree for?

A

They used the milky sap to poison their arrows
They tied prisoners to the tree for a slow and painful death
They poisoned enemy water supplies with the trees leaves

195
Q

Scientific name of the caltrop family?

A

Zygophyllaceae

196
Q

Seeds of this invasive herbaceous plant (to the US) are used by body builders to restore testosterone levels after anabolic steroid use - despite no evidence that the plant has this effect.

A

Tribulus terrestris - Caltrop

197
Q

Genus Guaiacum contains 5 species of shrubs/trees native to tropical and subtropical Americas. What are four interesting facts about these types of trees?

A

The heartwood is the hardest known wood and is called “lignum-vitae” (wood of life)
Wood is hard enough to make guitar picks
Spanish thought the wood was a cure for syphilis
A compound from the wood is part of a common test for blood in stool samples

198
Q

What are the three families of interest to us in the Subclass Asteridae?

A

Oleaceae
Scrophulariaceae
Bignoniaceae

199
Q

Scientific name of the Olive family?

A

Oleaceae

200
Q

These two genera in the olive family produce excellent quality wood.

A

Fraxinus and Olea

201
Q

The most commercially important ash: the wood is used for baseball bats, tennis raquets, hockey sticks, and oars.

A

Fraxinus americana

202
Q

Which ash occupies upland habitats and which ash occupies poorly-drained bottomlands?

A

White ash = uplands

Green ash = bottomlands

203
Q

The ___ ___ ___ is an Asian insect that has endangers 7.5 billion ash trees in the US. (Comparison: chestnut blight killed 3.5-4 billion and Dutch elm disease killed 200 million)

A

Emerald Ash Borer

204
Q

Where was the first Emerald Ash Borer discovered? How did it get there? Has it spread?

A

First ID’ed in MI in 2002
Most likely introduced accidentally from Asian shipping containers that contained infested ornamentals
Yes, its spread! - Now found in OH, MI, IN, IL, IA, KY, WV, MN, WI, NY, and ONT

205
Q

How does the Emerald Ash Borer affect the trees?

A

Larva feed on the meristematic, xylem tissues and phloem of ash trees
It can take a year to recognize infected tree.

206
Q

What attempts have been made to control the Emerald Ash Borer?

A

Biocontrol using parasitic wasps is being researched

207
Q

Scientific name of the figwort family?

A

Scrophulariaceae

208
Q

This species, in the figwort family, is the source of the glycoside heart medicine Digitalis.

A

Digitalis purpurea - Foxglove

209
Q

This is an invasive tree in the southeast that has recently been removed from the figwort family and moved to the Paulowniaceae family. It is a culturally significant tree in Japan and its flower is used as a symbol of the office of the Japanese Prime Minister. Also, its charcoal is used in art and gunpowder.

A

Paulownia tomentosa - princess-tree

210
Q

Scientific name for the Trumpet-creeper family?

A

Bignoniaceae

211
Q

The organisms in the Bignoniaceae are mostly tropical but one genus has two tree-sizes species in eastern NA. Name the genus and the two species?

A

Catalpa
C. Speciosa
C. bignonides
Both are common ornamentals that look like the princess tree but that have whorled leaves, rather than opposite - their fruits look different too - also princess tree has purple colored flowers

212
Q

Catalpa “worms” (larvae of the catalpa sphinx moth) are commonly used as fishing bait.

A

True

213
Q

Scientific name for the aster family?

A

Asteraceae

214
Q

This aster species is a salt-tolerant plant that is typically found in wetlands and blooms in the late fall. It becomes semi-woody and shurb-like in NA.

A

Baccharis halmifolia - Eastern baccharis, groundsel tree

215
Q

Gymnosperms are synonymous with this Division (Phylum)

A

Pinophyta

216
Q

Gymnosperms evolved about ___ mya.

A

350

217
Q

When did Angiosperms diverge from Gymnosperms?

A

About 200 mya

218
Q

When were Gymnosperms the dominant plants on earth from?

A

250 to 100 mya (when agiosperms became dominant)

219
Q

There are currently less than ___ species of gymnosperms left on Earth.

A

900

Contrast with over 250,000 angiosperms

220
Q

Pinophyta has 4 classes, each of which has just one order. What are they?

A 
Class - Order
Cycadopsida - Cycadales
Ginkgoopside - Ginkgoales
Gnetopsida - Gnetales
Pinopsida - Pinales
221
Q

Cycadales are all tropical and subtropical plants. There is only one cycad family that occurs in NA, what is it?

A

Zamiaceae

Zamia integrifolia (Florida arrowroot) - a woody fern like plant

222
Q

There is only one extant species in all of Ginkgoopsida. It is a non-invasive tree from China that can grow to 100’ and has seeds that are edible if you boil, fry, or roast them.

A

Ginkgo biloba

Make sure you get a male or a non-seed-producing female - seed/fruit smells like vomit

223
Q

Does eating Ginkgo seeds/fruit enhance memory?

A

Little evidence for it’s supposed benefits for memory but it does raise peoples heart rates

224
Q

Pinales (synonymous with “conifer”) included the oldest, tallest, and most massive unitary organisms. What are the NA Pinales families?

A

Pinaceae
Cupressaceae
Taxaceae

225
Q

What is the oldest living unitary thing?

A

A Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)
It is named Methuselah and is 4,841 years old
Its exact location in the White Mtns of eastern CA is kept a secret.

226
Q

Why is the exact location of Methuselah (the oldest unitary tree) kept a secret?

A

Another bristlecone named Prometheus was cut down in 1964 by some asshole - Prometheus was 4,844 years old

227
Q

What is the tallest living unitary thing?

A

Hyperion - 380’
A Coastal Redwood (Sequioa sempervirens) in Redwood National park
Hyperion’s location is also kept a secret

228
Q

How do tall trees get water to their leaves?

A

Top of trees creates negative pressure, pulling the water up the tree, water sticks to the tracheids as it moves up

229
Q

What is the most massive unitary thing?

A

General Sherman - over 52,500 cubic ft of wood

A Giant Sequioa (Sequoiadendron giganteum)

230
Q

Scientific name of the Yew family?

A

Taxaceae

231
Q

This species in the Yew family is federally endangered, native to FL only along the Appalachicola River

A

Torreya taxifolia - stinking cedar

232
Q

The cancer-fighting drug TAXOL was first derived from the inner-bark of this small pacific NW tree.

A

Taxus brevifolia - pacific yew

233
Q

Anecdotal reports have been made about 400’ trees being cut during the logging era. Which tree are this reports about?

A

Pseudotsuga mensiesii - Douglas firs

234
Q

What are the 6 genera in the Pinaceae family?

A 
Pinus - pine
Larix - larch
Picea - spruce
Pseudotsuga - douglas-fir
Tsuga - hemlock
Abies - fir
235
Q

What are the two subgenera pines are divided into?

A

Strobus - soft pines

Pinus - hard pines

236
Q

What is the state tree of NC?

A

Pine … just pine

237
Q

This tree has the longest needles and largest cone of any eastern pine. It is important commercially and ecologically.

A

Pinus palustric - longleaf pine

Sugar pine (P. lambertiana) has the longest cone in the world

238
Q

Longleaf pines were once widespread throughtout SE coastal plain area, but now they only cover this % of their former habitat.

A

3-5%

239
Q

What are the growth stages of longleaf pines?

A

Grass
Bottlebrush
Young pole
Mature

240
Q

Longleaf susceptibility to fire varies throughout there life, in which stages are they susceptible to fire and in which stages are they not?

A

Susceptible: Bottlebrush and Young pole

Resistant: Grass and Mature

241
Q

What did the Naval stores industry use longleaf pines for?

A

To make resin, turpentine, tar, pitch, and lumber

242
Q

What part of the longleaf pine does pitch and tar come from?

A

Come from smoldering the heartwood in low oxygen fires

243
Q

How were terpentine and resin produced from longleaf pines?

A

By cutting into the sapwood of a living longleaf and collecting the sap. The sap was sent to a distillery where it was boiled and fractions were collected

244
Q

Are longleaf pines ecologically important? What organisms do they benefit?

A

Yes, very important

Benefit the Red-cockaded woodpecker - a federally endangered species.

245
Q

This species is highly shade-tolerant, long-lived and very large. It can be found in the NC mountains. It is not commercially valuable except as an excellent ornamental. It is the state tree of PA.

A

Tsuga canadensis - eastern hemlock

It is closely related to T. caroliniana which is endemic to the So. Appalachians

246
Q

Hemlocks in the NC mtns are currently being killed by this Asian insect.

A

Hemlock woolly adelgid - Adelges tsugae

247
Q

How do Adelgids damage the trees?

A

They are sap suckers and they appear to inject a toxin into the tree that kills needles and keeps trees from growing new ones.

248
Q

These Asian insects were introduced to NA in 1924 and discovered in the US in PA in 1967.

A

Hemlock woolly adelgid - Adelges tsugae

249
Q

This tree is endemic to So. Appalachian and found above 5000’ in association with red spruce (Picea rubens). Higher elevations usually have purer stands of this trees.

A

Abies fraseri - Fraser fir

Common and popular Christmas trees

250
Q

Native So. App people had nicknames for Fraser fir and Red spruce, what were they?

A

Fraser = She-balsam - pleasant vanilla-like scent

Red spruce = He-balsam

251
Q

What Asain insect has almost eliminated all the mature Fraser firs?

A

Balsam woolly adelgid - Adelges piceae

Juvenile trees are not susceptible

252
Q

Firs on top of Clingmans Dome were treated with insecticide

Firs on top of Mt. Rogers in VA seem to be ok

A

True

253
Q

This tree is highly shade-intolerant and has durable heartwood that was formerly used for telephone poles. It also has aromatic vegetation and wood is used to make “cedar” chests and closets.

A

Juniperus virginiana

254
Q

Baldcypresses and pondcypresses are both trees of hydric places though they can grow in yards if maintained. The are some of the largest and oldest trees in the east. Each has very high quality lumber which lead to them being highly logged.

A

True

255
Q

What root characteristic to cypresses exhibit.

A

Cypress knees are structures emerging vertically from the roots and are most often seen in trees growing in swamps
They were thought to aid in obtaining O2 in wet soils but studies have shown that trees with knees removed have as much O2 as those with them
Now it is thought that they might help provide stability to the tree - similar to that provided by buttressing.

256
Q

What is Krummholz?

A

Krummholz refers to the bending or twisting of a tree trunk due to wind.
It commonly occurs in firs, spruces, and pines growing in exposed environments

257
Q

What is reaction wood?

A

Reaction wood is a tree’s response to mechanical stressed caused by a bending of the trunk and involves a thickening of cell walls.

258
Q

In angiosperms what is reaction wood called?

A

Tension wood, it is made primarily of cellulose, and it forms cells above the affected area of the the stem

259
Q

In gymnosperms what is reaction wood called?

A

Compression wood, it is made primarily of lignin, and it forms in cells below the affected area

260
Q

What tree was on a U2 album?

A

Yucca brevifolia - Joshua tree

Dendrology (8 decks)

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