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Social Psychology > Exam 2 (5-6) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (5-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Self-Concept

A

The overall set of beliefs that people have abt their personal attributes

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2
Q

Self-Concept becomes more ______ and _______.

A

Abstract and Psychological

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3
Q

What are two cultural influences on the self concept?

A

-Independent view on the self-concept
-Interdependent view on the self concept

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4
Q

Define Independent view on self concept

A

Way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts, feelings and actions of others

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5
Q

Interdependent view of the self

A

Way of defining oneself determined by other’s feelings + thoughts

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6
Q

Individualistic cultures have a _________ view of the self

A

Independent

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7
Q

Collectivistic Cultures have a ________ view of the self

A

Interdependent

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8
Q

What are the four functions of self ?

A

-Self-Knowledge
-Self-Control
-Impression Management
-Self-Esteem

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9
Q

How does a person gain self-knowledge?

A

-Introspection (looking within ourselves)
-Observing our behavior
-Comparing ourselves to others

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10
Q

What is an example of an independent view of the self?

A

Define yourself in terms of your unique sense of self.

Ex: I am a procrastinator; i am different

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11
Q

What is an example of interdependent view of the self?

A

People with this view are more likely to refer to social groups (like family or religious groups )

Ex: I am American

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12
Q

Define Self-Knowledge

A

The way we understand who we are and formulate/organize this info

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13
Q

Define Self-Control

A

The way we make plans and execute decisions

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14
Q

Define Impression Management

A

The way we present ourselves to other people and get them to see us the way we want to be seen

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15
Q

Define Self-Esteem

A

The way in which we try to maintain a positive view of ourselves

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16
Q

Define Introspection

A

Process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings + Motives

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17
Q

What is 2 interesting things about Introspection?

A

-people avoid it bc thinking about ourselves can be unpleasant
-even when people do introspect, they may not know the true reasons for their feelings and behavior

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18
Q

Define Self-Awareness Theory

A

When ppl focus their attention on themselves and evaluate + compare their behavior to their internal standards + values

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19
Q

What are the negative aspects of self-awareness?

A

-aversive when it reminds us of our shortcomings and under these circumstances ppl try to avoid it

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20
Q

Example of negative aspect of self-awareness

A

-If you fail at something, so you get drunk afterwards to avoid thinking about it

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21
Q

Example of positive Aspects of self-awareness

A

-you think you’re a pretty moral person but your about to cheat on an exam. Being self-aware will make you aware of your morality so that you probably wont do it.

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22
Q

Define Casual theories

A

Theories about the causes of one’s feelings and behaviors

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23
Q

What is an example of a casual theory?

A

Ex: -“absence makes the heart grow founder”
-feeling sad on a Monday bc its the start of the work week

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24
Q

Define Self-Perception Theory

A

When our attributes + feelings are uncertain or ambiguous. we infer these states based on observing our behavior + situation in which it occurs

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25
Q

Self-Perception only works when?

A

-We don’t know how we feel
-ppl judge us whether their behavior reflects how they feel or whether it was the situation that made them act that way

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26
Q

What is an example of the self-perception theory when we don’t know how we feel?

A

Ex: -if someone asks you if you like Straykids? But you don’t know how you feel so you look at your behavior. You see yourself bobbing your head (because their music is the best) so you say you like them

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27
Q

What is an example of self-perception theory when people judge their behavior to see if that is really how they feel?

A

Ex: -You were listening to Straykids on your own free will, then you are more likely to conclude that you like them
(If forced to listen to them you are less likely to come to that conclusion)

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28
Q

What is two-factor theory of emotion?

A

Another way of obtaining self-knowledge is through your explanation of arousal that you are experiencing by looking at your situation (arousal = physiological behavior)

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29
Q

What are some examples of two-factor theory of emotion?

A

-increased heart rate
-sweating/clamminess
-butterflies in your stomach

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30
Q

What are the two types of motivations?

A

-Intrinsic Motivation
-Extrinsic Motivation

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31
Q

Define Intrinsic Motivavtion

A

Desire to engage in activity bc we enjoy it/ find it interesting not bc of external rewards or pressures

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32
Q

What is an example of an intrinsic Motivation

A

-going to the gym bc you actually like it

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33
Q

Define Extrinsic Motivation

A

Engaging in an activity bc external rewards or pressures not bc we enjoy the task or find it interesting

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34
Q

What is an example of an Extrinsic Motivation?

A

-going to work even though you hate it but you do it because you are getting paid for it

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35
Q

Define the Overjustification Effect

A

Tendency for ppl to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

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36
Q

What is an example of the overjustification effect?

A

Ex: -Kid likes to read but then gets rewarded for it. They used to enjoy it but now only do it to get the reward

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37
Q

What does the overjustification effect make people do?

A

Makes ppl lose interest in the activity they initially enjoyed

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38
Q

How can we prevent overjustification?

A

-Rewards will only undermine intrinsic motivation if initial interest is high (no initial interest, then extrinsic motivation isn’t bad)
-type of reward makes a difference

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39
Q

What are the different types of rewards?

A

-Task-Contingent
-Performance-Contingent

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40
Q

Define Task-Contingent Rewards

A

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done (as long as its done)

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41
Q

What is an example of Task-Contingent reward?

A

Ex: if your parents would make you clean, but they don’t check to see if you code it good

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42
Q

Define Performance-Contingent Rewards

A

Rewards that are based on how well you perform a task (must have done a good job to receive the reward)

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43
Q

What is an example of Performance-contingent reward?

A

When your told to clean the bathroom and they check after your done to see if you get reward or not

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44
Q

Which type of reward helps prevent the Over-justification effect?

A

Performance-Contingent Rewards

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45
Q

Define Social Comparison Theory

A

We learn abt our own abilities + attitudes by comparing ourselves to other ppl

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46
Q

When do we engage in a social comparison?

A

-When there is no objective standard (don’t know if your being generous or not)
-When you experience uncertainty abt yourself

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47
Q

Who do we choose to compare ourselves to?

A

Ppl similar to us (goals, backgrounds)

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48
Q

What are the types of Social Comparison?

A

-upward social comparison
-downward social comparison
-temporal comparison

49
Q

Define Upward Social Comparison

A

Comparing ourselves to ppl who are better that we are on particular trait/ability

50
Q

What are two outcomes of upward social comparison?

A

-feel inspired by person
-dissatisfied or demoralized

51
Q

What are the outcomes of downward social comparison?

A

-feel better about yourself

52
Q

Define Temporal Comparison

A

Comparing your current performance with your own past performances

53
Q

What are the two different types of temporal comparison?

A

-upward
-downward

54
Q

What is an upward temporal comparison?

A

Past self was better than were/or you are right now (can make one feel inspired/dissatisfied)

55
Q

Define downward temporal comparison

A

Past self was worse than where you are now (you get to feel better about yourself)

56
Q

How do our goals affect the comparisons we make?

A

-Accuracy Goals: compare urself w/ someone who is similiar
-Inspirational Goals: Upward Comparison
-Self-enhancement Goals: Downward Comparison

57
Q

Define Self Control

A

Ability 2 subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals

58
Q

How can someone improve self-control?

A

-form implementation intentions
-Arrange environment to avoid temptation

59
Q

Define Form implementation Intentions

A

Ppl’s specific plans to do things to allow success make “if-then plans”

60
Q

What is an example of Form implementation intentions?

A

If you want a snack it has to be an apple/healthy

61
Q

Define arranging an environment to avoid temptation

A

When you purposely do something to avoid temptation of something

62
Q

What is an example of arranging an environment to avoid temptation?

A

-not buying junk food bc you don’t want to eat it
-putting your phone in another room while studying so you wont be tempted to look at it when studying.

63
Q

Define Impression Management

A

Attempt by ppl to get others to see them as they want to be seen

64
Q

What are the different types of Impression Management?

A

-Integration
-Self-Handicapping

65
Q

Define Integration

A

Process by which ppl flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves like able to another person, often higher status

66
Q

What are some problems with Integration?

A

Can backfire if recipient thinks u are insincere

67
Q

Define Self-Handicapping

A

Strategy whereby ppl create obstacles + excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves

68
Q

What are the 2 different types of self-handicapping?

A

-behavioral self-handicapping
-reported self-handicapping

69
Q

Define Behavioral Self-Handicapping

A

Creating actual obstacles that reduce the likelihood that they will succeed on a task

70
Q

What is an example of Behavioral Self-Handicapping?

A

Knowing you have an exam, but still picking up lots of shifts so they have an excuse/reason to still look good

71
Q

Define Reported Self-Handicapping

A

Devise ready- made excuses in case they fail

72
Q

What is an example to Reported Self Handicapping?

A

Saying you feel sick or are coming down with something to excuse if you do bad and if you do good you look good as well.

73
Q

What are some problems with self-handicapping?

A
  • you can come to believe premade excuses + exert less effort on task (poor Performance)
    -risk of being disliked by peers (sum1 who makes excuses for everything)
74
Q

Define Cognitive Dissonance

A

The discomfort that ppl feel when they behave in ways that threaten their self-esteem

75
Q

Since we are always trying to reduce dissonance what are 3 ways to do this?

A
  1. Change Behavior
  2. Change attitude
  3. Excuse
76
Q

Define Self-Affirmation Theory

A

The idea that ppl can reduce threats to their self-esteem by affirming themselves in areas unrelated to the source of that threat

77
Q

Define Post-decision Decision

A

Dissonance aroused after making a decision, reduced by making what you picked to seem better than before + making what you rejected seem worse than before

78
Q

What affects decision dissonance?

A

-importance
-permanence

79
Q

Define Justification of effort

A

Tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard for

80
Q

What are the 2 types of Justification?

A

-External justification
-Internal Justification

81
Q

Define external Justification

A

An excuse reason or justification for dissonant behavior that resides outside the individual

82
Q

Define Internal Justification

A

The reduction by changing something about oneself

83
Q

define Counter attitudinal Advocacy

A

Acting in a way that runs counter to one’s private belief/attitude

84
Q

Define Insufficient External Justification

A

When you can’t find an excuse to use

85
Q

What does the Ben Franklin Effect say?

A

Based on cognitive dissonance theory we end up liking a person more if we don’t like them at first

86
Q

What is the reasoning behind the Ben Franklin Effect?

A

Bc we have to justify why we did sum nice for someone we don’t like

87
Q

Define Insufficient Punishment

A

Dissonance when ppl lack sufficient external justification for having resisted desired activity/object leading to person devolving activity/object (can’t make good enough excuse)

88
Q

Define Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory

A

Idea that ppl exp dissonance when someone close to us outperforms us in an area that is central to our self-esteem

89
Q

How do we overcome Dissonance?

A

-learning from our mistakes (don’t get caught in the Rationalization Trap

90
Q

Define the Rationalization Trap

A

Cycle of rationalizing/justifying dissonant behavior (don’t learn anything) and continue to behave in ways that cause cognitive dissonance

91
Q

Define Narcissim

A

Combination of excessive self-love + lack of empathy towards others (have been rising since 80’s and are more prevalent in US)

92
Q

What are the negative impacts of narcissism

A

-do worse academically
-violent/aggressive
-disliked by others
-less successful in business

93
Q

What do ppl who are non narcissist have higher levels of?

A

Happiness

94
Q

Define Attitude

A

Evaluations of ppl, objects, and ideas

95
Q

Define Attitude Objects

A

The target of out attributes; what we are evaluating (ex: ppl, issues, places, objects)

96
Q

What are the three components of an attitude?

A

-Cognitive
-Affective
-Behavioral

97
Q

Define Cognitive Component of Attitude

A

Consists of your thoughts + beliefs about attitude object

98
Q

Define Affective Component of an Attitude

A

Consists of your emotional reactions toward the attitude object

99
Q

Define Behavioral Component of an attitude

A

Consists of your actions or observable behavior toward attitude

100
Q

Example of the Cognitive Component (thoughts, beliefs)

A

When buying a car. You consider the car’s price, financing options,features gas mileage, safety, warranty

101
Q

Example of Affective Component (emotions, feelings)

A

When buying a car. You feel happy and excited about this car

102
Q

Example of Behavioral Component

A

When buying a car. You ask for a test drive and want to discuss financing

103
Q

Define Cognitively based Attitude

A

An attitude based primarily on ppl’s beliefs abt the properties of an attitude object

104
Q

Define Affectively based attitude

A

An attitude based on ppl’s feelings + values

105
Q

Where do affectively based attitudes come from?

A

-ppl’s values
-sensory reactions
-aesthetic reactions
-conditioning

106
Q

Define Behaviorally Based Attitude

A

An attitude based on observations of how one behaves towards and attitude object

107
Q

Attitude Accessibility

A

Strength of association between attitude + object + persons evaluation of that object, measured by the speed which ppl can report how they feel abt the object

108
Q

Define the theory of planned behavior

A

Idea that ppl’s intentions are the best predictions of their deliberate behavior which we determine by one’s attitudes toward spec behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control

109
Q

Define persuasive communication

A

A message advocating a particular side of an issue

110
Q

what is the Yale attitude change approach?

A

“Who said what to whom”
Can tell you which one is more important

111
Q

Define Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

Explains the two ways which persuasive communications can cause attitude change

112
Q

Define the central route to persuasion

A

The case where ppl have both the ability + motivation to elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening, carefully + thinking of arguments presented

113
Q

Define Reactance Theory

A

Idea ppl feel their freedom is threatened, an unpleasant state of resistance is aroused which they can reduce by performing

114
Q

Define attitude Inocualtion

A

Making ppl immune to attempts to change their attitudes by exposing them to small doses of the arguments against their position

115
Q

Define Subliminal Advertising

A

Words/pictures that are not consciously perceived but may influence ppl’s judgements, attitudes + behaviors (don’t work in real world)

116
Q

Define fear amusing communications

A

Persuasive messages that attempt to change ppl’s attitudes by scaring them (arousing their fear)

117
Q

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

A

-ppl not motivated
-do not have the ability to pay attention
(Automatic thinking)

118
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

A

-paying attention
-listening
-strong logical arguments

Social Psychology (4 decks)

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