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Social Psychology > Exam 1 (Chapters 2-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Chapters 2-4) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Basic Research

A

Studies designed to understand nature of human behavior

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2
Q

What is an example of basic research?

A

Why people may not help in a situation

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3
Q

Define Applied Research

A

Studies designed to solve social problems

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4
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Prediction of what will be found in study (must be testable)

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5
Q

Where do research ideas come from?

A

-Inspiration from previous research + theories
-personal Observations

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6
Q

Define Diffusion Responsibility

A

The more ppl are around, the less likely for sum1 to get help or help

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7
Q

What causes diffusion responsibility?

A

the thought that someone has alr gotten help and bc they don’t feel responsible

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8
Q

What are the three types of research methods?

A

-Observational
-Correlational
-Experimental

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9
Q

Define Observational Research

A

A study design/method where researcher observes ppl + systematically records measurements/impressions of their behavior

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10
Q

What are two types of observational research?

A

-Ethnography
-Archival Analysis

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11
Q

Define Ethnography

A

Method where researchers attempt to understand a group/culture by observing them from inside w/o imposing any notions

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12
Q

Define Archival Analysis

A

Form of observational research where researcher examines the accumulated documents/archives of culture (not observing real-time but studies records of ppl)

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13
Q

What are some examples of Archival Analysis?

A

-Diaries
-Novels
-Magazines
-Records/Documents

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14
Q

What are some limitations of the observational research method?

A

-Some behaviors/social situations are difficult to observe
-can’t predict/explain causes of behavior

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15
Q

Define Correlational Research

A

Study design/method where researcher systematically measures 2 or more variables + asses the relation btwn the variables

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of correlations?

A

-Positive
-Negative
-No
-Correlation Coefficient

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17
Q

Define Positive Correlations

A

Increase in 1 variable, causing the other variable to also increase

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18
Q

Define Negative Correlations

A

Increases in one variable, while the other goes down

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19
Q

Define No Correlation

A

No relation btwn two variables (no Pattern)

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20
Q

Define Correlation Coefficient

A

Statistical technique that assess how well you can predict one variable from another (coefficients range from -1.0 to 1.0)

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21
Q

Define Survey

A

Research in which a representation sample of ppl are asked questions abt attitudes/behaviors (often anonymously)

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22
Q

what are some advantages of surveys?

A

-studies variables that are difficult to observe
-can sample representative segments of the population

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23
Q

Define Random Selection

A

Every one has the chance to be in the study (all population has an equal chance of being selected for a sample)

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24
Q

What are some disadvantages of Surveys?

A

-Sampling Errors
-Problems w/ accuracy on responses

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25
Q

What are limitations of correctional method?

A

Correlation does not = Causation

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26
Q

Define Experimental Research

A

Study design in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to diff. Conditions + ensures conditions are identical except for independent variable

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27
Q

Define an experiment

A

Researchers must have all following criteria in an experiment to manipulate a variable

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28
Q

Define Internal Validity

A

making sure nothing but independent variable affected dependent variable

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29
Q

How can one increase internal validity?

A

-Randomly assign ppl in different conditions
-Keeping everything the same

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30
Q

Define External Validity

A

Extended which results of study can be generalized to other situations + ppl

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31
Q

What are 2 types of generalizability?

A

-Across Situations
-Across People

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32
Q

Define Generalizability across situations

A

Extent to which we can generalize from the situation constructed by experiment to real life

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33
Q

Define Psychological Realism

A

Psychological process triggered in experiment are similar to psychological process that occur in everyday life

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34
Q

Define Generalization across people

A

Where we can generalize from ppl who participate in experiments to ppl in general

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35
Q

Define replication

A

Repeating study w/ different populations or different settings

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36
Q

Define Field Experiments

A

Conducted in natural settings rather than in a laboratory

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37
Q

Define informed consent

A

An agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of nature of the experiment which they were explained in advance

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38
Q

Define Deception

A

Researches mislead participants abt the true purpose of a study or events that will transpire

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39
Q

Define Debriefing

A

Explaining to participants at the end of the experiment the true purpose and what happened f

40
Q

Define Social Cognition

A

How people select, use remember and interpret info to make judgements and decisions

41
Q

What are the types of cognition?

A

-Automatic
-Controlled

42
Q

Define Automatic thinking

A

Thinking that is non-conscious, unintentional, involuntary and effortless

43
Q

What are some examples of Automatic thinking?

A

Brushing teeth, showering, and getting dressed

44
Q

Define Schemas

A

Mental structures that organize knowledge abt social world and can influence the info we notice, think about and remember

45
Q

Why do we have schemas?

A

-make life easier
-Help reduce confusion or ambiguity

46
Q

Define Accessibility

A

Extend which schema + concepts are at forefront of ppl’s mind and therefore likely used when making judgement abt social world

47
Q

What are the two types of accessibility?

A

-Chronic Accessibility
-Temporary Accessibility

48
Q

Define Chronic Accessibility

A

Constantly active and ready to use to interpret ambiguous situations (always at forefront of your mind)

49
Q

Define Temporary Accessibility

A

-not always accessible
-triggered/activated by something the person has been thinking/doing before encountering event

50
Q

Define Priming

A

The process by which recent experiences increases the accessibility of a schema, trait or concept

51
Q

Define Judgmental Heuristics

A

Mental shortcuts or rules people often use to make judgment quickly and efficiently

52
Q

What are two types of judgmental heuristics?

A

-Availability
-Representative

53
Q

Define Availability Heuristic

A

A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease w/ which they can bring something to mind

54
Q

Define Representative Heuristic

A

A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

55
Q

Define underestimate base rate info

A

Info about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

56
Q

Define Analytic thinking

A

Type of thinking in which people focus on properties of objects w/o considering surrounding context

57
Q

Define Holistic thinking

A

Type of thinking in which people focus on overall context, particularly the ways that objects relate to each other

58
Q

Define Controlled thinking

A

Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful

59
Q

What is the purpose of controlled thinking?

A

-to provide checks + balances for automatic thinking
-controlled thinking requires effort and motivation

60
Q

Define Counterfactual Thinking

A

Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

61
Q

What is an example of counterfactual thinking?

A

Comparing Olympic athletes that won bronze were happier than the ones who won silver

62
Q

Is counterfactual thinking completely controlled?

A

Not always intentional or voluntary

63
Q

What are some negative aspects of counterfactual thinking?

A

-can lead to rumination

64
Q

Define Rumination

A

When people negatively focus on bad things (contributes to depression)

65
Q

What are some positive aspects of counterfactual thinking?

A

Can motivate people to do better the next time

66
Q

How to improve thinking?

A

Make people more humble about reasoning abilities

67
Q

Define Overconfidence Barrier

A

Fact that people usually have too much confidence in accuracy of their judgements

68
Q

Define Social Perception

A

The study of how we form impressions of other people + make inferences abt their behavior

69
Q

Define Non-verbal Behavior

A

The way in which people communicate w/o words (can be intentional/unintentional)

70
Q

What are the primary uses of nonverbal behavior?

A

-express emotions, attitudes, and personality traits
-facilitate verbal communication

71
Q

Define Encode

A

Express or emit nonverbal behavior

72
Q

Define Decode

A

To interpret the meaning of nonverbal behavior other people express

73
Q

Define Affect Blends

A

A facial expression in which part of face registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion

74
Q

What are other types of nonverbal behavior?

A

-eye contact
-personal space
-gestures
-emblems

75
Q

Define Emblems

A

Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood with given cultures (ex: peace sign means fuck you in other countries)

76
Q

How fast do first impressions happen?

A

1/10 of a second

77
Q

Define Thin-Slicing

A

Drawing meaningful conclusions about others personalities or skills on an extreme brief sample of behavior (can be surprisingly accurate)

78
Q

Why do first impressions linger?

A

-ppl use schemas to fill in gaps
-Primacy effect
-confirmation bias
-belief perseverance

79
Q

Define Primacy Effect

A

1st info we perceive in others influence how we view info that we learn abt them later

80
Q

Define Confirmation Bias

A

Tendency to pay attention to information that confirms our initial belief

81
Q

Define Belief Perseverance

A

Tendency to stick w/ an initial judgement even in the face of new info that should prompt us to reconsider

82
Q

Define Casual Attribution

A

Figuring out why ppl behave the way that they do

83
Q

Define Attribution Theory

A

Study of how we explain the causes of our own + other’s behaviors

84
Q

What are two types of attributions?

A

Internal and External

85
Q

Define Internal Attributions

A

Inferring that a person behaved in a certain way bc of something about the person

86
Q

Define External Attribution

A

Inferring that a person behaved in a certain way bc of the situation they are in

87
Q

Define Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to make automatic internal attributions when judging other + ignoring the situation/environment

88
Q

Why we commit Fundamental Attribution Error?

A

-info availability
-perceptual salience

89
Q

Define Perceptual Salience

A

The seemingly important info that people focus their attention on

90
Q

What does the two step attribution require in order to make an external attribution?

A

Effort + Motivation

91
Q

Define Self-Serving Attributions

A

Explanations for one’s successes that credit internal, dispositional factors + explanations for one’s failures that blame external situational factors

92
Q

Success is ______.

A

Internalized

93
Q

Failures are _____.

A

Exteranlized

94
Q

What is the reasoning behind making self-serving attributions?

A

-self esteem maintenance
-impression management
-Information availability

95
Q

Define Belief in a Just World

A

Where people assume that bad things happen to bad people + good things happen to good people (ex: blaming the victim)

96
Q

Define individualistic cultures

A

-stress individual autonomy
-emphasis on independence
-make internal attributions on other’s behaviors

97
Q

Define Collectivistic Culture

A

-make more external attributions on other’s behaviors
-more likely to commit fundamental attribution error

Social Psychology (4 decks)

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