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PSYCH 1001 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Axons and Axon Terminals

A

Portion of neuron that SENDS signals

The extension from the cell body

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2
Q

Cell body

A

Central part of the Neuron

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Space between neurons where chemical messages are transmitted

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulator wrapped around the axons

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5
Q

Action Potential

A

electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical transmitters between neurons

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7
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemical specialized in pain reduction

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8
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Ability of the nervous system to change

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9
Q

Central nervous system

A

part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system (CNS)

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11
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the cerebrum’s two hemispheres

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12
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

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14
Q

Amygdala

A

part of limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal

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15
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory

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16
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory

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18
Q

Occipital

A

back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

brain structure responsible for our sense of balance

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20
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement

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21
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion

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24
Q

Endocrine system

A

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers

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25
Q

CT scan

A

a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images

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26
Q

EEG

A

recording of brain’s electrical activity at the surface of the skull

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27
Q

fMRI

A

technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level

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28
Q

Epigenetics

A

changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression

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29
Q

Heritability

A

percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes

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30
Q

Heredity

A

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another

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31
Q

Classical conditioning

A

form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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32
Q

Unconditional response

UCR

A

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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33
Q

unconditioned stimulus

UCS

A

stimulus that elicits an automatic response

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34
Q

Conditioned response

A

response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning

35
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus

36
Q

Acquisition

A

learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

37
Q

Extinction

A

gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

38
Q

Higher order Conditioning

A

developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus

39
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

40
Q

Schedules of Reinforcement

A

Pattern of reinforcing behavior

41
Q

Continuous reinforce ment

A

reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement

42
Q

Partial reinforcement

A

only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually

43
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

provide reinforcement aft er a regular number of responses.

44
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

reinforcement aft er a specific number of responses on average, but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly.

45
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

reinforcement for producing the response at least once aft er a specified amount of time has passed.

46
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly

47
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

48
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

49
Q

Positive punishment

A

administering a stimulus that the organism wants to avoid, such as a physical shock or a spanking,

50
Q

Negative punishment

A

the removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience

51
Q

Generalization

A

Displaying a response to stimuli similar to but not identical to the original stimulus

52
Q

Discrimination stimulus

A

Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus

53
Q

Shaping

A

conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target

54
Q

Observational Learning

A

learning by watching others

55
Q

Latent learning

A

learning that’s not directly observable

56
Q

Insight Learning

A

Once an individual solves the problem, he or she gets the answer right almost every time after that.

57
Q

Preparedness

A

evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value

58
Q

Instinctive drift

A

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement

59
Q

Cross sectional research

A

research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time

60
Q

Longitudinal

A

research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time

61
Q

Nature via nurture

A

Genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particular environments that influence our behavior, leading to the mistaken appearance of a pure effect of nature.

62
Q

Teratogen

A

an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development

63
Q

Reflexes

A

an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus

64
Q

Piaget stages of development

A

how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember

65
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

No thought beyond immediate physical experiences

66
Q

Preoperational stage

A

stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them

67
Q

concrete operations stage

A

stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only

68
Q

formal operations stage

A

stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now

69
Q

Imprinting

A

(young geese) seemed to follow around the first person they saw as their mother

70
Q

Secure attachment

A

reacts to mom’s departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy.

71
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

shows no distress at mom’s departure, and displays little reaction upon her return.

72
Q

Insecure-anxious attachment

A

distress when the stranger enters, reacts to mom’s departure with panic, and shows a mixed emotional reaction upon her return,

73
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

react to the toys, the stranger, and mom’s departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses.

74
Q

Strange situation

A

a laboratory procedure designed to evaluate attachment style

75
Q

Spearman’s G intelligence

A

hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people

76
Q

multiple intelligences

A

Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill

77
Q

Triarchic theory

A

model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative

78
Q

Flynn effect

A

finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade

79
Q

Stereotype threat

A

fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype

80
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecies

A

Believing something and then your belief influencing and being confirmed by your actions

81
Q

within-group heritability

A

extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced

82
Q

between-group heritability

A

extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced

83
Q

Emotional intelligence

A

ability to understand our own emotions and those of others and to apply this information to our daily lives

84
Q

Dendrites

A

Portion of the neuron that receives signals

PSYCH 1001 (9 decks)

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