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PSYCH 1001 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Axons and Axon Terminals

A

Portion of neuron that SENDS signals

The extension from the cell body

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2
Q

Cell body

A

Central part of the Neuron

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3
Q

Synapse

A

Space between neurons where chemical messages are transmitted

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4
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Insulator wrapped around the axons

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5
Q

Action Potential

A

electrical impulse that travels down the axon triggering the release of neurotransmitters

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical transmitters between neurons

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7
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemical specialized in pain reduction

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8
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Ability of the nervous system to change

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9
Q

Central nervous system

A

part of nervous system containing brain and spinal cord that controls the mind and behavior

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10
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

nerves in the body that extend outside the central nervous system (CNS)

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11
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Bundle of nerve fibers connecting the cerebrum’s two hemispheres

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12
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

forward part of cerebral cortex responsible for motor function, language, memory, and planning

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of the brain responsible for maintaining a constant internal state

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14
Q

Amygdala

A

part of limbic system that plays key roles in fear, excitement, and arousal

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15
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of the brain that plays a role in spatial memory

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16
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

upper middle part of the cerebral cortex lying behind the frontal lobe that is specialized for touch and perception

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17
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

lower part of cerebral cortex that plays roles in hearing, understanding language, and memory

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18
Q

Occipital

A

back part of cerebral cortex specialized for vision

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19
Q

Cerebellum

A

brain structure responsible for our sense of balance

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20
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system that conveys information between the CNS and the body, controlling and coordinating voluntary movement

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21
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the nervous system controlling the involuntary actions of our internal organs and glands, which (along with the limbic system) participates in emotion regulation

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22
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

division of the autonomic nervous system engaged during a crisis or after actions requiring fight or flight

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23
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

division of autonomic nervous system that controls rest and digestion

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24
Q

Endocrine system

A

system of glands and hormones that controls secretion of blood-borne chemical messengers

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25
CT scan
a scanning technique using multiple X-rays to construct three-dimensional images
26
EEG
recording of brain’s electrical activity at the surface of the skull
27
fMRI
technique that uses magnetic fields to visualize brain activity using changes in blood oxygen level
28
Epigenetics
changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression
29
Heritability
percentage of the variability in a trait across individuals that is due to genes
30
Heredity
the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
31
Classical conditioning
form of learning in which animals come to respond to a previously neutral stimulus that had been paired with another stimulus that elicits an automatic response
32
Unconditional response | UCR
stimulus that elicits an automatic response
33
unconditioned stimulus | UCS
stimulus that elicits an automatic response
34
Conditioned response
response previously associated with a nonneutral stimulus that is elicited by a neutral stimulus through conditioning
35
Conditioned Stimulus
initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a  response due to association with an unconditioned stimulus
36
Acquisition
learning phase during which a conditioned response is established
37
Extinction
gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus
38
Higher order Conditioning
developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another conditioned stimulus
39
Spontaneous Recovery
sudden reemergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus
40
Schedules of Reinforcement
Pattern of reinforcing behavior
41
Continuous reinforce ment
reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs, resulting in faster learning but faster extinction than only occasional reinforcement
42
Partial reinforcement
only occasional reinforcement of a behavior, resulting in slower extinction than if the behavior had been reinforced continually
43
Fixed ratio schedule
provide reinforcement aft er a regular number of responses.
44
Variable ratio schedule
reinforcement aft er a specific number of responses on average, but the precise number of responses required during any given period varies randomly.
45
Fixed interval schedule
reinforcement for producing the response at least once aft er a specified amount of time has passed.
46
Variable interval schedule
pattern in which we provide reinforcement for producing the response at least once during an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly
47
Positive reinforcement
presentation of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
48
Negative reinforcement
removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior
49
Positive punishment
administering a stimulus that the organism wants to avoid, such as a physical shock or a spanking,
50
Negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus that the organism wishes to experience
51
Generalization
Displaying a response to stimuli similar to but not identical to the original stimulus
52
Discrimination stimulus
Displaying a less pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus
53
Shaping
conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target
54
Observational Learning
learning by watching others
55
Latent learning
learning that’s not directly observable
56
Insight Learning
Once an individual solves the problem, he or she gets the answer right almost every time after that.
57
Preparedness
evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value
58
Instinctive drift
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
59
Cross sectional research
research design that examines people of different ages at a single point in time
60
Longitudinal
research design that examines development in the same group of people on multiple occasions over time
61
Nature via nurture
Genetic predispositions can drive us to select and create particular environments that influence our behavior, leading to the mistaken appearance of a pure effect of nature.
62
Teratogen
an environmental factor that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development
63
Reflexes
an automatic motor response to a sensory stimulus
64
Piaget stages of development
how children acquire the ability to learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember
65
Sensorimotor stage
No thought beyond immediate physical experiences
66
Preoperational stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience but not yet perform operations on them
67
concrete operations stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only
68
formal operations stage
stage in Piaget’s theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now
69
Imprinting
(young geese) seemed to follow around the first person they saw as their mother
70
Secure attachment
reacts to mom’s departure by becoming upset, but greets her return with joy.
71
Insecure-avoidant attachment
shows no distress at mom’s departure, and displays little reaction upon her return.
72
Insecure-anxious attachment
distress when the stranger enters, reacts to mom’s departure with panic, and shows a mixed emotional reaction upon her return,
73
Disorganized attachment
react to the toys, the stranger, and mom’s departure and return with an inconsistent and confused set of responses.
74
Strange situation
a laboratory procedure designed to evaluate attachment style
75
Spearman's G intelligence
hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect among people
76
multiple intelligences
Idea that people vary in their ability levels across different domains of intellectual skill
77
Triarchic theory
model of intelligence proposed by Robert Sternberg positing three distinct types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative
78
Flynn effect
finding that average IQ scores have been rising at a rate of approximately three points per decade
79
Stereotype threat
fear that we may confirm a negative group stereotype
80
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Believing something and then your belief influencing and being confirmed by your actions
81
within-group heritability
extent to which the variability of a trait within a group is genetically influenced
82
between-group heritability
extent to which differences in a trait between groups is genetically influenced
83
Emotional intelligence
ability to understand our own emotions and those of others and to apply this information to our daily lives
84
Dendrites
Portion of the neuron that receives signals

PSYCH 1001 (9 decks)

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