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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

A

general anesthetic

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2
Q

valproic acid

A

antiepileptic

bipolar disorder

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3
Q

phenytoin (Dilantin)

A

antiepileptic
most common
tx status epileptics

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4
Q

phenobarbital

A

anti epileptic

most common

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5
Q

carbamazepine (Tegretol)

A

anti epileptic

second most common

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6
Q

doxapram (Dopram)

A

CNS stimulant

analeptic

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7
Q

Caffeine

A

CNS stimulant

antimigraine

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8
Q

ergotamine

A

CNS stimulant
antimigraine
second line defense

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9
Q

sumatriptan (Imitrex)

A

CNS stimulant
antimigraine
first one created

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10
Q

orlistat (Xenical)

A

Lipase inhibitor, not a CNS stimulant
Also used to treat obesity
May cause fecal incontinence

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11
Q

phentermine (Ionamin)

A

CNS stimulant, anorexiant

obesity

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12
Q

methamphetamine (Desoxyn)

A

CNS stimulant, anorexiant

obesity

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13
Q

benzphetamine (Didrex)

A

Anorexiant CNS stimulant

obesity

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14
Q

diazepam (Valium)

A

long acting
benzodiazapine
sedative-hypnotic

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15
Q

modafinil (Provigil)

A

CNS stimulant

narcolepsy

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16
Q

lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)

A

CNS stimulant

ADHD

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17
Q

atomoxetine (Strattera)

A

norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
ADHD
May cause suicidal thinking and behavior

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18
Q

methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin, Metadate CD)

A

CNS stimulant

ADHD in children (ritalin)

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19
Q

amphetamine (Dexedrine, Adderall)

A

CNS stimulant

ADHD

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20
Q

dantrolene (Dantrium)

A

common muscle relaxant

malignant hyperthermia

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21
Q

temazepam (Restoril)

A

benzodiazapine
sedative-hypnotic
immediate-acting

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22
Q

cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)

A

common muscle relaxant

muscle spasticity

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23
Q

baclofen (Lioresal)

A

common muscle relaxant

muscle spasticity

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24
Q

phenobarbital (long)

A

Long acting
Prevent seizures
Treat status epilepticus (IV onset 5 minutes)
Therapeutic value = 5 to 40 mg/mL

25
Q

pentobarbital (Nembutol) (short)

A

short acting

Pre-op anxiety and sedation

26
Q

Activated charcoal

A

treatment for OD of barbiturates

27
Q

Ramelteon (Rozerem)

A

nonbenzodiazapine

works with melatonin, treat sleep

28
Q

extended-release zolpidem (Ambien CR)

A

nonbenzodiazapine
hypnotic

DIS– difficulty imitating sleep
stays asleep….

29
Q

eszoplicone (Lunesta)

A

nonbenzodiazapine
hypnotic

treats sleep– 8 hrs of sleep… if you can’t dedicate more than 6+ hrs to sleep then do not take

30
Q

zolpidem (Ambien)

A

nonbenzodiazapine
hypnotic

treats difficulty initiating sleep

31
Q

midazolam (Versed)

A

benzodiazapine
sedative-hypnotic
short-acting

32
Q

Flumazenil as an antidote

A

has a short half life & duration– so if its long acting Benzodiazepine that you may have to re-dose the antidote

33
Q

zaleplon (Sonata)

A

nonbenzodiazapine
hypnotic
CNS Depressant

Treats EMA (early morning awakening)

34
Q

Opioid Mechanism of Action

A

Agonist – binds to pain receptors in brain; decrease pain
Antagonist – bind to pain receptors but no decrease in pain (reverses agonist)
Agonist-Antagonist – binds to pain receptors and causes weaker pain response

35
Q

Opioid Indications

A 
Moderate to severe pain 
Control post-op pain
Suppress cough
During surgery with anesthetics 
Obstetric surgery 
Pain control in patients with past opioid addiction
Reversal of opioid overdose
36
Q

Opioid Contraindications

A

Allergy
Pregnancy
Severe asthma
*respiratory insufficiency

37
Q

Opioid Adverse Effects

A 
CNS depression leads respiratory depression
Histamine release – itch, rash, flushing
N, V, Constipation 
Urinary retention
Orthostatic hypotension
38
Q

Opioid Drugs

A

Agonist – morphine, codeine, fentanyl, methadone, oxycodone
Antagonist – naloxone
Agonist-Antagonist – nalbuphine

39
Q

Opioid Nursing Implications

A

Monitor vital signs –
BP
RR

40
Q

Tylenol Indications

A

Mild to moderate pain
Fever
Alternative for those who cannot take aspirin products

41
Q

Tylenol Contraindications

A 
Should not be taken in the presence of 
Drug allergy
Liver dysfunction
Possible liver failure
G6PD deficiency

Dangerous interactions may occur if taken with alcohol or other drugs that are hepatotoxic

42
Q

Tylenol Max Daily Dose

A

Maximum daily dose for healthy adults is being lowered to 3000 mg/day
—2000 mg for elderly or those with liver disease

43
Q

Malignant hyperthermia

A

Allergic reaction to general anesthesia
Sudden elevation in body temperature (greater than 104° F)
Tachypnea, tachycardia, muscle rigidity
Life-threatening emergency
Treated with cardiorespiratory supportive care and dantrolene (skeletal muscle relaxant)

44
Q

Moderate/Conscious Sedation

A

Anxiety and sensitivity to pain are reduced, and patient cannot recall the procedure
Preserves the patient’s ability to maintain own airway and to respond to verbal commands

45
Q

Spinal Headache

A

sometimes there is a leakage of spinal fluid and it sets off a reaction that causes a headache

Treatment: IV hydration (increase CSF pressure), drink caffeinated beverages, strict bed rest (24-48 hours), blood patch

46
Q

NMBDs Indications

A

Main use: facilitating controlled ventilation during surgical procedures
Endotracheal intubation (short-acting)
To reduce muscle contraction in an area that needs surgery

47
Q

NMBDs Adverse Effects

A

Few when used appropriately
May cause:
Hypotension (blockade of autonomic ganglia)
Tachycardia (blockade of muscarinic receptors)
Effects vary according to site

48
Q

Local Anesthetics Indications

A

Local anesthetics are used for:
Surgical, dental, and diagnostic procedures
Treatment of certain types of chronic pain
Spinal anesthesia: to control pain during surgical procedures and childbirth

49
Q

Local Anesthetics Adverse Effects

A

Spinal headache

50
Q

Sedatives

A

Drugs that have an inhibitory effect on the 
CNS to the degree that they reduce:
Nervousness
Excitability
Irritability

51
Q

Hypnotics

A

Cause sleep
Much more potent effect on CNS than sedatives
A sedative can become a hypnotic if it is given in large enough doses

52
Q

Benzodiazepines Adverse Effects

A 
Headache
Drowsiness
Dizziness
Cognitive impairment
Vertigo
Lethargy
Huge fall hazard for elderly persons
“Hangover” effect/daytime sleepiness
53
Q

Benzodiazepines Overdose

A 
Somnolence-increased sleepiness,
Confusion
Coma 
Diminished reflexes
Do not cause hypotension and respiratory depression unless taken with other CNS depressants
Treatment symptomatic and supportive
54
Q

Benzodiazepines Interactions

A

Grapefruit Juice

Alcohol

55
Q

Nonbenzodiazepines

A

Used to treat insomnia

56
Q

Barbiturates Adverse Effects

A 
Hypotension 
Dizziness 
Drowsiness
“Hangover”
Paradoxical restlessness or excitement 
Reduced REM sleep, resulting in:
Agitation
Inability to deal with normal stress
Sudden stop = rebound REM (vivid nightmares)
57
Q

Barbiturates Toxicity

A

Overdose frequently leads to respiratory depression and subsequent respiratory arrest
Overdose produces CNS depression (sleep to coma and death)
Can be therapeutic
Anesthesia induction
Uncontrollable seizures: “phenobarbital coma”

58
Q

Muscle Relaxants Indications

A

Relief of painful musculoskeletal conditions
Muscle spasms
Management of spasticity of severe chronic disorders (multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy)
Work best when used along with physical therapy
Hiccups
Not used to treat insomnia

59
Q

Muscle Relaxants Adverse Effects

A 
Usually occur early on in treatment and are short lived
Extension of effects on CNS and skeletal muscles
Euphoria
Lightheadedness
Dizziness
Drowsiness
Fatigue
Muscle weakness, others

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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