Exam 1

Question 1

Drug

Answer 1

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Question 2

Pharmacology

Answer 2

Study or science of drugs

Question 3

Pharmaceutics

Answer 3

How drugs affect the body based on dosage forms; the study of how various drug forms & dosages influence the way in which the drug affects the body

Question 4

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

What a drug does to the body

Question 5

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 5

What the body does to a drug; study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body; study of drug movement throughout the body

Question 6

Pharmacotherapeutics

Answer 6

Clinical use of drugs to treat and prevent illness

Question 7

Generic name

Answer 7

(Nonproprietary name); name given by the United States Adopted Names Council

Question 8

Trade name

Answer 8

The drug has a registered trademark; use of the name is restricted by the drug’s patent owner (usually the manufacturer)

Question 9

Peak level

Answer 9

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 10

Trough level

Answer 10

The lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level, usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Question 11

Dependence

Answer 11

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need for a drug

Question 12

Tolerance

Answer 12

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Question 13

Agonist

Answer 13

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Question 14

Antagonist

Answer 14

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Question 15

Additive effects

Answer 15

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

Question 16

Antagonistic effects

Answer 16

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone; it is usually caused by an antagonizing effect of one drug on another

Question 17

Synergistic effects

Answer 17

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

Question 18

Adverse Drug Event

Answer 18

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

Question 19

Medication error

Answer 19

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional; it may or may not cause patient harm

Question 20

Adverse drug reaction

Answer 20

Any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at the therapeutic dosage

Question 21

Allergic reaction

Answer 21

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event

Question 22

Adverse effects

Answer 22

A general term of any undesirable effects that are a direct response

Question 23

Drug actions

Answer 23

The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells; also called mechanism of action

Question 24

Drug interactions

Answer 24

Alteration on the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

Question 25

Contraindication

Answer 25

Any condition, especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

Question 26

Drug effects

Answer 26

The physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The terms onset, peak, and duration are used to describe drug effects

Question 27

Onset of action

Answer 27

The time it takes for the drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Question 28

Peak effect

Answer 28

The time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response

Question 29

Duration of action

Answer 29

The time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response

Question 30

Half-life

Answer 30

The time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug to be removed from the body

Question 31

Therapeutic effect

Answer 31

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

Question 32

Bioavailability

Answer 32

Degree to which a drug makes it to its target tissue; measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (%)

Question 33

Biotransformation

Answer 33

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active, also known as metabolism

Question 34

First-pass effect

Answer 34

Initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from GI tract before reaches systemic circulation

Question 35

Therapeutic index

Answer 35

Ratio between toxic & therapeutic concentration of a drug

Question 36

Drug Polymorphism

Answer 36

Effect of a patient’s age, gender, size, body composition, and other characteristics on the pharmacokinetics of specific drugs

Question 37

African American Health Beliefs

Answer 37

Emphasis on proper diet & rest

Home remedies, “laying of the hands”

Question 38

Asian American Health Beliefs

Answer 38

Yin & Yang: balance = healthy state

Acupuncture, Cupping

Question 39

Native American Health Beliefs

Answer 39

Harmony in nature, balance b/t body, mind & environment

Medicine man, Massage

Question 40

Hispanic Health Beliefs

Answer 40

Health = good luck & living right

Use of heat and cold to cure

Question 41

Prescription Drug Use by FDA

Answer 41

Primary purpose is the protect the patient and endure drug effectiveness
Less authority over vitamins, herbals & homeopathic preparations as labeled “dietary supplements” not “drugs”

Question 42

Prescription Drug Use by DEA

Answer 42

Regulate controlled substances

Prescription privileges

Question 43

Clinical phases of investigational drug studies

Answer 43

Phase I – small # healthy subjects
Goal – optimal dose range and pharmacokinetics (ADME)

Phase II – small # volunteers with condition want to treat
Goal – effectiveness & identify adverse effects

Phase III – large # of patients
Goal – infrequent or rare adverse effects

Phase IV – up to 2 years after drug released
Goal – continued follow-up therapeutic and adverse effects
Placebo – blinded and double blinded studies