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A&P I - Grace College > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of bone and the skeletal system

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Assistance in Movement
  4. Blood Cell Formation
  5. Mineral Storage
  6. Triglyceride Storage
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2
Q

Bone Cell Types

A

Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts

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3
Q

Osteocytes

A

A bone cell responsible for the maintenance and turnover of the mineral content of the surrounding bone

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4
Q

Osteoblasts

A

A cell that produces the fibers and matrix of the bone

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5
Q

Osteoclasts

A

A cell that dissolves the fibers and matrix of the bone

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6
Q

Compact bone

A

Dense bone that contains parallel osteons

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7
Q

Location of Compact Bone

A

Outer shell of all bone and the shafts in long bones

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8
Q

Structure of Compact Bone

A

The osteocytes are arranged in concentric layers around a central canal.

The lamellae form a series of nested cylinders around the central canal.

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9
Q

Spongy - Cancellous Bone

A

Composed of a network of bony struts

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10
Q

Location of Spongy Bone

A

Found in the end of long bones, and in the bones of the pelvic, ribs, vertebrae, and the skull.

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11
Q

Structure of Spongy Bone

A

Lamellae are not arranged in osteons. The matrix forms a meshwork of supporting bundles of fibers called trabeculae. These thin trabeculae branch, creating an open network.

There are no capillaries or venules in the matrix of spongy bone.

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12
Q

Classification of Bones

A
  1. Long Bones
  2. Short Bones
  3. Flat Bones
  4. Irregular Bones
  5. Sesamoid Bones
  6. Sutural Bones (Wormian)
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13
Q

Primary Center of Ossification

A

Occurs in the middle of diaphysis (shaft)

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14
Q

Secondary Center of Ossification

A

Occurs in each epiphysis of long bone.

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15
Q

Epiphysis

A

The head of a long bone

Consists largely of spongy bone

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16
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone

Consists of a layer of compact bone

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17
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

The cartilaginous region between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a growing bone

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18
Q

Periosteum

A

A membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer.

  1. Isolates bone from surrounding tissues
  2. Provides a route for the blood vessels and nerves
  3. Takes part in bone growth and repair
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19
Q

Endosteum

A

An incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surface of bones

This layer is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

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20
Q

Perichondrium

A

The layer that surrounds a cartilage, consisting of an outer fibrous region and an inner cellular region.

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21
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Bone develops directly from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue

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22
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Bone tissue replaces existing cartilage

During development, most bones originate as hyaline cartilages that are miniature models of the corresponding bones of the adult skeleton. These cartilage models are gradually replaced by bone through this process.

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23
Q

Types of Bones

A

Compact and Spongy

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24
Q

Haversian canal

A

Contains one or more blood vessels (normally a capillary and a very small vein) tha carry blood to and from the osteon

Generally run parallel to the surface of the bone

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25
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull.

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26
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces.

Examples: Vertebrae, Pelvic Bones, some Skull Bones

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27
Q

Short Bones

A

Small, boxlike in appearance.

Examples: carpal bones and tarsal bones.

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28
Q

Flat Bones

A

Have thin, parallel surfaces

Examples: Form the roof of the skull, the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae.

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29
Q

Long Bones

A

Relatively long and slender

Examples: located in the arm, forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes.

Largest long bone - Femur

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30
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Usually small, round, and flat.

Example: Patella

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31
Q

Osteons

A

The basic histological unit of compact bone, consisting of osteocytes organized around a central canal and separated by concentric lamellae

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32
Q

Lamellae

A

Rings of matrix that surround the central canal.

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33
Q

Ossification

A

The formation of bone, osteogenesis

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34
Q

Metaphysis

A

Connecting portion of epiphysis and diaphysis; narrow zone

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35
Q

Calcification

A

Deposition of calcium salts

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36
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Process of which the cells of the inner layer of the periosteum differentiate into osteoblasts and deposit superficial layers of bone matrix. Eventually, these osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix and differentiate into osteocytes.

This is the process in which the developing bone increases in diameter.

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37
Q

Increasing the Length of a Developing Long Bone

A

On the diaphyseal (shaft) side of the metaphysis, osteoblasts continually invade the cartilage and replace it with bone, while on the epiphyseal side, new cartilage is produced at the same rate.

The situation is like a pair of
joggers, one in front of the other. As long as they are running at the same speed, they can run for miles without colliding.

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38
Q

Bone Remodeling

A

Continuously recycles and renews the organic and mineral components of the bone matrix.

Bone remodeling goes on throughout life, as part of normal bone maintenance.

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39
Q

Calcitrol

A

Primary Source: Kidney

Promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestive tract.

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40
Q

Growth hormone

A

Primary Source: Pituitary Gland

Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.

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41
Q

Thyroxine

A

Primary Source: Thyroid gland

With growth hormone, stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix.

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42
Q

Sex Hormones

A

Primary Source: Ovaries and Testes

Stimulate osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix; estrogens stimulate epiphyseal closure earlier than androgens.

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43
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Primary Source: Parathyroid glands

Stimulates osteoclast activity; increases blood calcium ion concentrations

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44
Q

Calcitonin

A

Primary Source: Thyroid gland

Inhibits osteoclast activity; promotes calcium loss by kidneys; decreases blood calcium ion concentrations.

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45
Q

Fracture

A

A break or crack in a bone.

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46
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

A chronic disorder that can result in enlarged
and misshapen bones due to abnormal bone destruction and
regrowth

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47
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

80 Bones; Forms the longitudinal axis of the body; 40% of the bones in the human body

Skull - 8 Cranial, 14 Facial
Bones associated with the Skull - 6 Auditory ossicles and the Hyoid
Vertebral Column - 24 Vertebrae, Sacrum, Coccyx
Thoracic Cage - Sternum, 24 Ribs

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48
Q

Primary Functions of Axial Skeleton

A

Provides a framework that supports and protects the brain, spinal cord, and the thoracic and abdominal regions.

Also provides an extensive surface area for the attachment of muscles that (1) adjust the positions of the head, neck, trunk; (2) perform respiratory movements; and (3) stabilize or position parts of the appendicular skeleton.

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49
Q

Suture

A

A synarthrotic joint located only between the bones of the skull.

Does not move

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50
Q

Types of Sutures

A
  1. Lamboid Suture
  2. Coronal Suture
  3. Sagittal Suture
  4. Squamous Suture
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51
Q

Lamboid Suture

A

Connects the occipital bone with the two parietal bones

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52
Q

Coronal Suture

A

Attaches the frontal bone to the parietal bones of either side

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53
Q

Sagittal Suture

A

Extends from the lamboid suture to the coronal suture, between the parietal bones.

54
Q

Squamous Suture

A

On each side of the skull joins the temporal bone and the parietal bone of that side

55
Q

Hyoid Bone

A

Supports the larynx and is the attachment site for muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue.

56
Q

3 Bones of the Sternum

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Body
  3. Xiphoid Process
57
Q

Synarthroses

A

NO MOVEMENT

The bony edges are quite close together and may even interlock. These extremely strong joins are located where movement between the bones must be prevented.

Examples: Suture, gomphosis, Synchrondrosis, Synostosis

58
Q

Gomphosis

A

A synarthrosis that binds the teeth to bony sockets in the maxillae and mandible.

Does not move.

59
Q

Synchondrosis

A

A rigid, cartilaginous bridge between two articulating bones.

60
Q

Synostosis

A

A totally rigid, immovable joint created when two bones fuse and the boundary between them disappears.

Happens in infants.

61
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

LITTLE MOVEMENT

Permits a little movement, but is much stronger than a freely movable joint. The articulating bones are connected by collagen fibers or cartilage.

Examples: Syndesmosis, Symphysis

62
Q

Syndesmosis

A

Bones are connected by a ligament.

Example: Distal joint between the tibia and fibula.

63
Q

Symphysis

A

The articulating bones are connected by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage.

Example: The joint between the two pubic bones.

64
Q

Diarthrosis

A

FREE MOVEMENT

Subdivided according to the movement permitted.

Example: Synovial joints

Monoaxial, biaxial, triaxial.

65
Q

Monoaxial

A

Movement in one plane

Elbow, ankle

66
Q

Biaxial

A

Movement in two planes

Ribs, wrist

67
Q

Triaxial

A

Movement in three planes

Shoulder, hip

68
Q

Synovial

A

Permits a wider range of motion than do other types of joints. They are typically located at the ends of long bones, such as those of the upper and lower limbs.

69
Q

Flexion

A

Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between the articulating bones.

70
Q

Extension

A

Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones.

71
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension past the anatomical position

72
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

73
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

74
Q

Circumduction

A

A movement in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circular direction, but the shaft does not rotate.

75
Q

Supination

A

The palm is turned back over into anatomical position

76
Q

Pronation

A

The palm is turned inwards towards the midline of the body

77
Q

Elevation

A

Moves in a superior direction

Closing of the mouth

78
Q

Depression

A

Moves in an inferior direction

Opening of the mouth

79
Q

Inversion

A

Twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole.

80
Q

Eversion

A

Twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole back outward.

81
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at the ankle joint and elevation of the sole, as when you dig in your heel.

82
Q

Plantar flexion

A

Extends the ankle joint and elevates the heel, as when you stand on your tiptoes.

83
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb towards the surface of the palm or the pads of other fingers.

84
Q

Reposition

A

Movement that returns the thumb and fingers from opposition

85
Q

Protraction

A

Moving a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane

86
Q

Retraction

A

Moving a body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane

87
Q

Lateral flexion

A

Occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side

88
Q

Gliding Joint

A

Have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another, but the amount of movement is very slight.

Examples: Intercarpal joint, verterbrocostal joint, sacroiliac joint

89
Q

Hinge Joint

A

Permit angular motion in a single plane, like the opening and closing of a door

Examples: elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint

90
Q

Condylar Joint

A

Have an oval articular face nestled within a depression on the opposing surface.

Example: Radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsophalangeal joint

91
Q

Saddle Joint

A

Have complex articular faces and fit together like a rider in a saddle. Each face is concave along one axis and convex along the other.

Example: Thumb

92
Q

Pivot Joint

A

Only permit rotation

Examples: Atlantoaxial joint (neck), proximal radioulnar joint

93
Q

Ball-and-socket Joint

A

The round head of one bone rests within a cup shaped depression in another.

Example: Shoulder joint, hip joint

94
Q

Oxygen debt results from:

A

Prolonged anaerobic metabolism

95
Q

The correct anatomical name for the lower jaw is the mandible. True or False?

A

True

96
Q

The organic component of the bone is primarily:

A

Collagen

97
Q

The inorganic component of the bone is primarily:

A

Hydroxyapatite

98
Q

Which of the following is NOT a part of the axial skeleton?

a. Hyoid
b. Ilium
c. Sternum
d. Sacrum
e. Ethmoid

A

Ilium

99
Q

True or False: Serum calcium levels are elevated by vitamin D and calcitonin.

A

False

100
Q

True or False: The articulating surfaces of bones are covered by fibrocartilage.

A

False; hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces of the bones.

101
Q

Muscle relaxation occurs when:

A

Calcium has returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

102
Q

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Cells are long, cylindrical, striated, and multinucleated.

Voluntary

103
Q

Location of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Combined with connective tissues and neural tissues in skeletal muscles.

104
Q

Function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

A

Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton

Guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts

Generates heat

Protects internal organs

105
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected with intercalated discs

Involuntary

106
Q

Location of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Heart

107
Q

Functions of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

A

Circulates blood

Maintains blood pressure

108
Q

Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated, with a single central nucleus.

Involuntary

109
Q

Location of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Found in the walls of the blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs.

110
Q

Functions of Smooth Muscle Tissue

A

Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions

Controls diameter of respiratory passageways

Regulates the diameter of blood vessels

111
Q

Striations

A

A series of ridges, furrows or linear marks

112
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The plasma membra of a muscle cell

113
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network of channels that runs the long axis of the muscle cell and stores calcium for muscle contraction

114
Q

Myofibril

A

Runs the whole length of the skeletal muscle, composes each muscle, elongated, non-branching, subdivided into sarcomeres which are the contractile unit.

115
Q

Myofilaments

A

Fine protein filaments composed primarily of the proteins actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

116
Q

Myosin

A

The protein component of thick filaments

117
Q

Actin

A

The protein component of microfilaments
that forms thin filaments in skeletal muscles and
produces contractions of all muscles through
interaction with thick (myosin) filaments

118
Q

Canaliculi

A

Small channels in the lamellae that provide passageways through the solid matrix for diffusion of nutrients and wastes.

119
Q

A Band

A

Broad dark band in middle of sarcomere

120
Q

I Band

A

Broad light band on the ends of the sarcomere

121
Q

M Line

A

In the center of the A band `

122
Q

H Band

A

Lighter region on either side of the M line

123
Q

Zone of Overlap

A

Dark region where thin filaments are located between the thick filament

124
Q

Z Line

A

Bisects the I bands and mark the boundaray between adjacent sarcomeres

125
Q

Steps in Muscle Contraction

A
  1. Excitation of fiber - the impusle comes to the cell
  2. Action potential comes to the t-tubule and into the cell from the t-tubule
  3. Calcium comes out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and frees the actin binding sites.
  4. The cross bridge cycle
  5. Cessation of Contraction - muscle contraction stops when calcium is back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the troponin moves back causing the tropomyosin to cover the binding sites returning the muscle to its original length.
126
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle

A
  1. Phosphorylated myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament
  2. ADP and Phosphate ions are released from the myosin head. Myosin head changes to bend, low energy state. Shape change pulls the actin towards the M line.
  3. Cross bridge detachment - ATP attaches to myosin breaking the cross bridge
  4. Cocking of the myosin head - attached ADP is hydrolyzed by myosin ATPase into ADP + Phosphate ions, bringing it back to a high energy state.
127
Q

Energy for Muscle Contraction

A

Creatine Phosphate reacted with ADP to created Creatine and ATP which is used for energy.

Glucose (from glycogen breakdown or delivered from blood) => 2 ATP, Pyruvic acid, and Lactic acid (which gets released to the blood)

Oxidation of Glucose - Pyruvic acid leads to aerobic respiration in mitochondria which splits into CO2, H2O and 38 ATP

128
Q

Oxygen Debt

A

Blood vessels in muscles dilate and blood flow is increased in order to increase the available oxygen supply. Up to a point, the available oxygen is sufficient to meet the energy needs of the body.

129
Q

Fatigue

A

Decline in ability of a muscle to generate force

130
Q

Functions of Muscular System

A
  1. Movement
  2. Provides protection and support for other tissues
  3. Generate heat that maintains body temperture

A&P I - Grace College (5 decks)

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