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Neuroscience > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six layers of gray matter?

A

Molecular, External Granular, External Pyramidal, Internal Granular, Internal Pyramidal, and Multiform.
Think: Molecular, External G&P, Internal G&P and Multiform

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2
Q

What type of cells are housed in the six layers of gray matter?

A

pyramidal cells, stellate cells, fusiform cells, horizontal cells of Cajal, and cells of martinotti

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3
Q

Axons with radial fibers run at what angle to the cortical surface? With tangential fibers?

A

Right angle.

Parallel to the cortical surface

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4
Q

Clustered vertical columns are called what?

A

Functionally specialized areas

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5
Q

Functionally specialized areas are group together into what larger anatomically and functionally distinct areas?

A

Lobes or cortices (eg occipital lobe and visual cortex)

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6
Q

What connects lobes and cortices with other areas?

A

Functional circuits

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7
Q

What do functional circuits require to connect them?

A

White matter pathways.

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8
Q

What are the three white matter pathway categories?

A

Association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers

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9
Q

What are the five functional areas of the cortex?

A

Primary sensory, sensory association, motor planning, primary motor, and association cortices

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10
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

post central gyrus

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11
Q

What cortices provide somatic sensation?

A

Primary somatosensory and Somatosensory association cortices

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12
Q

What cortices provide visual sensation?

A

Primary visual and visual association cortices

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13
Q

Where are Primary visual and visual association cortices located?

A

Primary visual: cuneus and lingual gyri.

Visual association cortices: medial and lateral occipital gyri, and angular gyrus

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14
Q

What cortices provide auditory sensation?

A

Primary auditory cortex located in the transverse temporal gyri.
Auditory association cortex located in the superior temporal gyrus

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15
Q

What cortex provides olfactory sensation?

A

The primary olfactory cortex.

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16
Q

What does the primary olfactory cortex consist of?

A

Uncus, piriform cortex, the periamygdaloid, and part of the parahippocampal gyrus

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17
Q

What can lesions in the association cortices cause?

A

Agnosia

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18
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize an object, inability to recognize and interpret sensory stimuli

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19
Q

What types of agnosia are there?

A

Tactile agnosia, visual agnosia, and auditory agnosia

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20
Q

What is the specific visual agnosia which results in an inability to recognize faces?

A

prosopagnosia

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21
Q

What are association cortices also referred to as?

A

Heteromodal association cortices

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22
Q

In which lobe are all activities (motor, cognitive, or emotional) planned? What are these kind of activities termed as?

A

Frontal lobe.

Executive function

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23
Q

Where is the limbic association cortex?

A

Anterior pole of the temporal love

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24
Q

What is the limbic system involved in regulating?

A

Emotions, mood, affect, and memory

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25
Q

How many layers of gray matter does each cortical column contain?

A

All six

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26
Q

Where do association fibers travel?

A

Between other regions in the same hemisphere

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27
Q

Where do commissural fibers travel?

A

Between regions in the other (contralateral) hemisphere

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28
Q

Where do projection fibers travel?

A

From the superficial cortices to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and spinal cord

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29
Q

What is the difference between negative and positive signs of function?

A

Negative signs mean a loss of function such as paralysis. Positive signs mean that functions are still there but function abnormally (new personality, seizures, hallucinations)

30
Q

What is the sequence of information flow between the functional areas?

A

Primary sensory cortex > Sensory association cortex > Association cortex > Motor planning areas > Primary motor cortex

31
Q

Where does simple sensory discrimination (intensity, quality) occur?

A

Primary sensory cortex.

32
Q

Where does recognition of sensation occur?

A

Sensory association cortex.

33
Q

Where does goal selection, planning, monitoring, interpretation of sensation, emotions, and memory processing occur?

A

Association cortex

34
Q

What is an example of sensory discrimination, recognition, and interpretation?

A

Example: quarter in hand, blind folded person. Sensory discrimination is that the coin is smooth. Sensory recognition is that the object is round. Sensory interpretation is that the round object is a coin.

35
Q

Which association cortex processes goal-oriented behavior and self-awareness?

A

Prefrontal association cortex

36
Q

Which association cortex processes sensory-integration, problem solving, understanding language and special relationships?

A

Parietotemporal association cortex

37
Q

Which association cortex processes emotion, motivation, personality, and processing of memory?

A

Limbic association cortex

38
Q

A lesion to what association cortex can result in left hemineglect syndrome?

A

Parietotemporal association cortex

39
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia involves which association cortex?

A

Parietotemporal association in the dominant hemisphere

40
Q

Neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication involves which association cortex?

A

Parietotemporal association in the NON-dominant hemisphere

41
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Voluntary controlled movements

42
Q

What is the function of the premotor area?

A

Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments

43
Q

What is the function of the supplementary motor area?

A

Initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements

44
Q

What is the function of Broca’s area?

A

Motor programming of speech (usually in the left hemisphere only)

45
Q

What is the function of area analogous to Broca’s in the opposite hemisphere?

A

Planning non-verbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere)

46
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Difficulty in producing non-verbal communication

47
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to plan a movement

48
Q

What are the five various types of apraxia?

A

Akinetic, amnestic, motor, ideational, and facial

49
Q

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to carry out spontaneous movement?

A

Akinetic

50
Q

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to perform facial-oral movements on command?

A

Facial apraxia

51
Q

What is the most common type of apraxia?

A

Facial apraxia

52
Q

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to demonstrate us of objects?

A

Ideational apraxia

53
Q

What type of apraxia is the loss of ability to carry out movements on command due to inability to remember the command?

A

Amnestic apraxia

54
Q

Which hemisphere is the dominant one in most individuals?

A

Left hemisphere

55
Q

What is the one exception of anatomical difference between the symmetry of the two hemispheres?

A

The planum temporale (including Wernicke’s speech area) tends to be bigger in the left hemisphere

56
Q

Approximately what percent of the population is right handed?

A

90%

57
Q

What percentage of right handed people are left brain dominant?

A

90%

58
Q

What percentage of left handed people are left brain dominant?

A

60-70%

59
Q

T/F Most people are left brain dominant regardless of handedness.

A

True

60
Q

What are the functions of the dominant hemisphere?

A

Language, skilled motor formulation (praxis), sequential and analytic calculating skills in arithmetic and musical ability of trained musicians, sequence processing

61
Q

What are the functions of the nondominant hemisphere?

A

Prosody (emotion, tone, and rhythm of voice), visual spatial analysis and spatial attention, spatial arithmetic skills, spacial orientation and processing

62
Q

Where do nearly all inputs into the cerebrum first synapse?

A

Thalamus

63
Q

How far do neurons in the thalamus project their axons?

A

Almost all areas of the cortex

64
Q

T/F Thalamic neurons receive dense reciprocal feedback connections from cortical regions

A

True

65
Q

What are the five anatomically categorized nuclei groups of the thalamus?

A

Lateral nuclear group, medial nuclear group, anterior nuclear group, Intralaminar nuclei, midline thalamic nuclei

66
Q

What are the medial, lateral, and anterior groups separated by?

A

A Y shaped white matter structure termed the internal medullary lamina

67
Q

What are the three functionally categorized nuclei of the thalamus?

A

Relay nuceli, Association, nuclei, and Nonspecific nuclei

68
Q

Which four thalamic nuclei are Sensory Relay?

A

VPL, VPM, LGN, MGN

69
Q

What are the two Motor Relay nuclei?

A

VL and VA

70
Q

What are the three association nuclei?

A

P, MD, AN

71
Q

Where do VPL and VPM both relay sensation to?

A

Somatosensory cortex

72
Q

What the circle of Papez Circuit sequence?

A

Cingulate gyrus, enterorhinal cortex, hippocampus, mammalian body, thalamic nucleus, cingulate gyrus.

Mnemonic: Can Every Hippo Forget Mammals Are Clever

Neuroscience (10 decks)

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