Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What makes one organic carbon chain different from another?
A
functional groups
2
Q
DNA codes for 25,000 different what?
A
Proteins
3
Q
What are we as humans, predominantly composed of?
A
Proteins
4
Q
By adding a functional group, a larger molecule can then take on a different property like polarity.
True or False
A
True
5
Q
What does -myo mean?
A
muscle
6
Q
Is heat a catalyst?
A
yes
7
Q
What does -globin at the end of a word imply?
A
it’s a protein structure
8
Q
Name the monomers of these Organic groups
- Carbohydrates- ______________
- Lipids- ________ and _____ _____
- Proteins- _____ _____
- Nucleic Acids- ___________
A
Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
Lipids- glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins- amino acids
Nucleic Acids- nucleotides
9
Q
What do you add to a Nucleoside structure to make it a Nucleotide?
A
Phosphate group
10
Q
What three things have to be included for a structure to be a nucleotide?
A
Pentose sugar + Nitrogen Base + Phosphate group
11
Q
DNA and RNA have a “backbone” composed of two things, what are they?
A
Sugar Phosphate Backbone
12
Q
How many different Bases are there total that could be used in a Nucleotide structure?
(Hint: 4 are found in DNA, 4 are found in RNA)
A
5 total
13
Q
Is a Pyrimidine base a single ring or a double ring?
A
single ring
14
Q
Is a Purine base a single ring or a double ring?
A
double ring
15
Q
Name the RNA bases
A
- Adenine
- Uracil
- Cytosine
- Guanine
16
Q
Name the DNA bases
A
- Adenine
- Thymine
- Cytosine
- Guanine
17
Q
How many places does Cytosine need to bond with?
A
3
18
Q
How many places does Adenine need to bond with?
A
2
19
Q
Which two bases of the Nucleic Acids have double rings?
A
Adenine and Guanine
Hint: the two bases spelt with double n’s are the two that have double rings
20
Q
What is the Carbon ( C ) in the middle of a protein structure sometimes called?
A
Alpha Carbon
21
Q
Amino Acids are linked in condensation (dehydration synthesis) reactions to form what type of bonds?
A
Peptide Linkages or Peptide Bonds
22
Q
What is the name for short polymers of 20 or fewer amino acids? (Not a true protein)
A
Oligopeptides or peptides
23
Q
Both the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets are created by ________ _____.
A
Hydrogen Bonds
24
Q
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are part of which structure of a protein? The primary structure, the secondary structure, the tertiary structure, or the quaternary structure?
A
secondary structure
25
At which structure level is the protein finally functional?
| hint: it's functional when it folds
tertiary structure
26
DNA and RNA have what kind of "backbone"
a Sugar/Phosphate backbone
27
The sides of a DNA strand and/or an RNA strand are made from a sugar and a phosphate repeatedly bonded together with what type of Bond?
a Covalent Bond
28
The middle rungs of DNA are composed of what?
bases
29
What do we call a covalent bond between two sugars?
a glycosidic linkage
30
A pyrimidine base and a purine base must always pair up.
| true or false
true
31
What kind of bonds do the bases in the middle of a DNA ladder have?
Hydrogen Bonds
32
When Cytosine and Guanine come together, they can form how many hydrogen bonds?
3
33
When Adenine and Thymine come together they can form how many hydrogen bonds?
2
34
Base pairs are linked by what type of bonds?
Hydrogen Bonds
35
Base pairs can be separated with only a small amount of energy.
True or false
true
36
How many polynucleotide strands does DNA have?
2
37
What do Storage Proteins store?
Amino Acids
38
Collagen is what type of protein?
A Structural Protein
39
Hemoglobin is a transport protein and it carries ______
oxygen
40
What types of Proteins have the "on/off switch" for gene expression?
Genetic Regulatory proteins
41
What type of proteins are responsible for physical stability and movement?
Structural Proteins
42
Where are the receptor proteins always found on a cell?
on the surface of the cell
| outer cell membrane surface
43
R Groups are only associated with _____ _____
Amino Acids
44
R Groups are a functional group.
| True or False
True
| a functional group found on only Amino Acids
45
How many different R Groups are there?
20
46
R Groups are responsible for the different properties of Amino Acids.
True or False
true
47
What makes Cysteine (a special case amino acid) different from the other Amino acids structurally?
It has a Sulfhydryl group (-SH) in it's R group
48
When you put Amino Acids together, they are built by what reaction?
Condensation Reaction, Dehydration Synthesis
49
When the dehydration synthesis occurs to build amino acids, the H2O is removed and the Carbon (C-) links directly with what?
Nitrogen (-N)
50
When building Amino Acids, the H2O is removed and allows the Carbon to link directly with Nitrogen. When this happens, what kind of bond is formed?
Peptide Bond or a Peptide Linkage
51
What is another name for a Protein
a Polypeptide
52
What kind of bond is a Cysteine side bond?
Covalent Bond between 2 sulfhydryl groups
53
Which amino acid is found in the protein our hair is made up of called Keratin?
Cysteine
54
When you break the disulfide bridges found in hair by burning it, what does it smell like?
Sulfur
55
If the protein cannot maintain it's shape, what will happen?
| What will it lose?
it will lose functionality
56
What do Ionic Interactions form within a protein?
Salt Bridges
57
What happens when strong denaturing occurs in a protein?
* destroys the secondary and tertiary structure
| * the protein loses it's function permanently
58
What happens when gentle denaturing occurs in a protein?
*a protein can return to normal when returned to it's normal conditions
59
All of the information needed to specify the unique shape of a certain protein is contained where?
In the primary structure
60
Does heat speed up or slow down metabolic reactions?
Speed up
61
Name all four things that can denature a protein
1) Temperature (increase only)
2) Concentration of H+ ( change of pH)
3) High concentration of Polar substances
4) Non-polar substances
(extra: electrical burn)
62
define optimal temperature
The temperature needed for enzymes and proteins to live and produce there
63
What is the pH of the protein enzymes in your stomach?
pH 2
64
What is the pH of the protein enzymes in your mouth?
pH 7
65
Does freezing denature a protein?
No, freezing preserves
| hint: freezing fresh meat, cooking later
66
How many Kingdoms did the very first Kingdom Classification System have based on macroscopic view only? What were they?
2 kingdoms
1. Plantae
2. Animalia
67
Fungi was once considered a plant. They later realized that Fungi needed it's own Kingdom Classification because Fungi couldn't do what one thing that plants can do?
photosynthesis
68
What were the 3 Kingdoms, when it was based on macroscopic view and physiology only?
1. Fungi
2. Plantae
3. Animalia
69
Name all 5 of the original Kingdoms based on macroscopic, microscopic, and physiology.
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia
70
Which of the five original Kingdoms is all prokaryotes?
Monera
71
define archea
*ancient bacteria, archaic
| can live in extreme environments
72
define unicellular
single-celled
73
Name the three organisms found in the Monera group that we talked about in class.
* bacteria
* archaea
* cyanobacteria
74
What was the very first organism on Earth to produce Oxygen before plants?
cyanobacteria
75
Cyanobacteria was originally thought to be algae until they found out it was missing an essential part to be catergorized as a plant. What was it missing
a nucleus
76
Name a true multi-cellular organism
Humans
77
What's the difference between a multi-cellular organism and a unicellular organism that can form multi-cellular colonies?
A unicellular organism that can form multi-cellular colonies also has the ability to break off from the colony and function as a single cell. If a single cell broke off of a true multi-cellular organism, it would not be able to function on it's own.
78
Which Kingdom group is an Amoeba found in?
Protista
79
Many Protozoans (single-celled in Protista group) move around by using appendages known as what?
Flagella or cilia
80
Are most of the organisms in the Protista kingdom visible macroscopically or microscopically?
Microscope needed to see most of the Protista Kingdom group
81
What is another name for an Early Biologist?
Naturalist
82
Is Fungi a Eukaryote or a Prokaryote?
Eukaryote
83
Is Fungi multi-cellular or unicellular?
unicellular (single-celled)
84
Organisms in the Plantae group are Prokaryotes and multicellular.
True or False
False. They are Eukaryotes and multicellular
85
Some animals in the Animalia group are still so small they can't be seen without a microscope, yet they are all multicellular.
True or False
True
86
Better microscopes and DNA analysis lead to a new classification system, what is it called?
Domain Classification System
87
What did the Domain Classification system do to the Kingdom Monera?
Put it into two separate domains, Archaea and Bacteria
88
Can ancient bacteria (archaea) make you sick like bacteria can?
No, Archaea could never live in you and could never make you sick
89
What are the three sections in the Domain classification system?
1. Archaea
2. Bacteria
3. Eukaryotes
they separted them into these domains because this is the best way to look at their distinct differences at cellular level
90
What does cyto- mean?
cell
91
What are the 4 basic features of all Cells (what prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common)?
* Plasma membrane
* Cytosol
* Chromosomes
* Ribosomes
92
What do Chromosomes do?
carry genes
93
What do ribosomes do?
make proteins
94
How often can a bacteria cell divide/reproduce?
every 20 minutes
95
Is a bacteria cell large and complex or simple and basic?
simple and basic
96
What are prokaryotes designed to do?
make more/reproduce
97
What shape is a prokaryote?
rod-shaped
98
Prokaryotes have no organelles and no _______
nucleus
99
What is the cell membrane responsible for?
entry and exit of the cell
| allows in nutrients, lets out waste
100
DNA holds the recipe, RNA _____ the recipe
reads
101
A cell must arise from a pre-existing cell (a parent cell)
| True or false
True
102
Are Archaea and Bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Prokaryotes
103
Which kingdom is the first level to have multicellular organisms?
Plantae
104
Where is most of our DNA located in the cell?
in the Nucleus
105
Do Mitochondria and Chloroplast both have DNA?
yes
106
Animals have Eukaryotic DNA, what type of DNA do plants have?
prokaryotic DNA
107
Our DNA is a linear strand in pairs. What does a plants DNA look like?
A single circular strand of the double helix
108
What is known as the "suicide sack", and why would it be bad for it to burst?
* lysosomes
* because they are filled with powerful digestive enzymes that would break down and destroy the cell if they burst open within the cell
109
What is the job of the Nuclear pore?
to let out big things (large macromolecules) like RNA
110
DNA wrapped around histone proteins makes what?
Chromatin
111
What does the Nucleolus produce?
Ribosomes
112
The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the _______ ______, which is composed of protein.
nuclear lamina
113
What does -lamina mean?
base structure
114
What does it mean for something to be amphipathic?
being both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
115
What is a semipermeable membrane?
a membrane that will allow only certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion (not all though)
116
What is the name of the discrete units that DNA is organized into?
Chromosomes
117
What part of the cell consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae?
Golgi Apparatus
118
Desmosomes are one of the four types of intercellular junctions we discussed. What does it do?
allow for flexibility (pulling your cheek)
119
Of the four intercellular junctions we discussed, which one is only found in plant cells?
Plasmodesmata
120
Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, and organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact. What facilitates this contact?
Intercellular Junctions
121
Is it acidic or alkaline inside of a lysosome?
acidic
122
What do we call the area on the Golgi Apparatus that receives the proteins and lipids from the ER and takes them in?
cis face
123
What is the name for the area on the Golgi Apparatus that the processed and sorted proteins and lipids exit through?
trans face
124
Where does the cell wall in a plant cell get it's structure from?
cellulose
125
What is the large central vacuole in a plant cell surrounded by?
tonoplast
126
What is the function of the large central vacuole in a plant cell?
to store water
127
Does an animal cell have a cell wall?
No
128
What are the chloroplasts found in a plant responsible for?
Photosynthesis
129
What fuels the mitochondria to make energy?
sugars
130
Does the plasmodesmata belong to the plant cell or the animal cell?
plant cell
131
What is plasmodesmata and what is it's function?
* Narrow channels
* bridges that facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells
* attach plant cells together
132
Both Plant Cells and Animal Cells have centrioles.
| True or False?
False. Only Animal cells have centrioles
133
What is mitosis
cell division
134
What is osmosis?
* Movement of water
* from place of low concentration to high concentration
* across a semi-permeable membrane
135
What is the rate of diffusion effected by?
| three things
* temperature
* size of molecules
* concentration of molecules
136
What is the most popular steroid that is also found in our phospholipid bilayer?
cholesterol
137
A vacuole is found in what two things?
plants and fungus
138
Animal cells have something like a vacuole but called something different, what is it?
vesicles
139
Plant and Animal cells have most of the same organelles.
| True or False?
true
140
What is the cell membrane/plasma membrane composed of?
* phospholipids
* protein
* (cholesterol only in animal cells)
141
Name the 3 fibers that make up the Cytoskeleton
* Microtubules
* Micro filaments
* Intermediate Filaments
142
Name the components of the Endomembrane System
* Nuclear Envelope
* Endoplasmic reticulum
* Golgi Apparatus
* Lysosomes
* Vacuoles
* Plasma membrane
143
Where are the free ribosomes found?
in the cytosol
144
Where are the bound ribosomes found?
on the rough ER
145
what does endo- mean?
means within
146
what does -reticulum mean ?
network
147
What do the bound ribosomes secrete?
glycoproteins
148
What does the smooth ER make? What does it break down and/or build?
it makes fats and phospholipids
| breaks down or builds carbohydrates
149
Which ER Detoxifies drugs?
smooth ER
150
Which ER store calcium ions?
smooth ER
151
Which ER distributes transport vesicles?
rough ER
152
What forms a food vacuole?
phagocytosis
153
What is it called when lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell's own organelles and molecules? (hint: the cell is eating itself)
autophagy
154
List two things about peroxisomes?
* they contain peroxide
| * they break things down and destroy
155
What do contractile vacuoles do?
pump excess water out of cells
156
Mitochondria are the sites of which metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP?
cellular respiration
157
Where are Chloroplasts found?
plants and algae
158
Chloroplasts contain what green pigment?
Chlorophyll
159
They know how peroxisomes are related to other organelles.
| true or false?
false. there relation to other organelles is still unknown
160
Microfilaments are also known as _____ _________
Actin Filaments
161
Actin is responsible for what function?
movement
162
Microfilaments are responsible for muscle cells ability to do what?
shorten and contract
163
Your muscles can get bigger because you make more what?
Actin filaments
164
What do centrioles do in cell division?
anchor to help pull chromosomes apart
165
What does auto- mean?
self
166
What does -phag mean?
to eat
167
Are most cells positive or negatively charged inside?
negative
168
Where are vacuoles or vesicles derived from?
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
169
Food vacuoles are formed by what?
phagocytosis
170
Free Ribosomes can be found in the mitochondrial matrix.
| true or false
true
171
What do Actin filaments look like?
2 strands wrapped together
172
When looking at a model of the cell membrane, when you see a 4 ring structure in the middle of the phospholipids, what is it and what is it's purpose there.
It's cholesterol and it's there to make it less fluid
173
Plants have both ____________ and ____________ , so they can make their own energy, store it, break it down and release it.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
174
An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell. What organelle came of this?
Mitochondria
(using a nonphotosynthetic prokaryote)
Chloroplast
(using a photosynthetic prokaryote)
175
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have a true codependant relationship which means what?
They cannot live without eachother
176
What is the Endosymbiotic theory?
The early ancestor of the eukaryotic cell engulfing the prokaryotic cell and creating Mitochondria/chloroplasts
177
What does Endo- mean?
within
178
What does -symbiotic mean?
two things living together
179
Can DNA break off and move?
yes
180
Which is the thickest of the three fiber components that make up the cytoskeleton?
microtubules
181
Which of the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton is the thinnest?
Microfilaments
182
The cytoskeleton supports the cell and maintains its _____.
shape
183
The Cytoskeleton interacts with what type of proteins to produce motility?
motor proteins
184
What are the 3 functions of Microtubules?
* Shaping the cell
* Guiding movement of organelles
* **Separating Chromosomes during cell division
185
What does the Centrosome have to do with Micotubules?
In many cells, the Centrosome is a "microtubule-organizing center"
186
Centrioles are made of microtubules and both play a big part in ____ ________.
Cell division
187
Which two of the fibers in the cytoskeleton can change length?
Microtubules
| Microfilaments
188
Microfilaments form a support structure that the plasma membrane can hold onto, what is this structure called?
the Cortex
189
Which fibers in the cytoskeleton are considered more permanent fixtures than the other too classes?
Intermediate filaments
190
Name the three extracellular structures
* Cell Walls in plants
* The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
* Intercellular (cell) junctions
191
The extracellular matrix is sticky like glue.
| True or False?
True
192
Other than plants, what else has a cell wall?
Prokaryotes, Fungi, and some protists
193
Name the four different types of intercellular junctions
* Plasmodesmata (plants only)
* Tight Junctions
* Desmosomes
* Gap Junctions
194
What type of intercellular junction in the animal cell is most like the plant cells Plasmodesmata?
Gap Junctions
195
Do we need to ingest cholesterol in order to maintain the amount we need in the body?
No, the liver makes the exact amount we need without ingesting it
196
The cell/plasma membrane allows some substances to cross it more easily than others, this is because the plasma membrane has what?
selective permeability
197
In the saying Fluid Mosaic, what does the word fluid and the word mosaic represent?
fluid- phospholipid bilayer (oils)
| mosaic- (proteins) things moving in it
198
What will the phospholipid bilayer alone not let through?
Anything Ionic, Polar, or too large
199
The R groups can be hydrophilic or hyrdophobic.
| true or false
true
200
Is an unsaturated fatty acid less fluid or more fluid than a saturated fatty acid?
more fluid
201
The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of ______ it has.
lipids, (unsaturated or saturated)
202
Will an animal cell from the tropics have mostly saturated fats or unsaturated fats when discussing fluidity and viscosity?
saturated, because the heat causes them to be more fluid
203
How does the protein Cholesterol have different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures?
At warmer temperatures= Cholesterol restrains movement
| At cooler temperatures= Cholesterol maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing
204
What determines most of the membranes specific functions?
proteins
205
Peripheral proteins are for cell signaling. They cannot do what?
they cannot pass through the membrane
206
What are the two major membrane proteins?
Peripheral and Integral
207
Integral proteins that span (go across) the membrane are called what?
transmembrane proteins
208
Where is actin mostly found?
in the cortex
209
How often does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane?
once a month
210
Are proteins larger or smaller than lipids and do they move faster or slower than lipids?
* larger
| * move slower
211
When a hormone bonds to a receptor protein and tells the cell to do a process, what is this called?
Signal transduction
212
Which is more dependent on the ambient temperature, plants or animals? Why?
Plants, because they cannot generate their own heat or cool themselves down.
213
List the 6 major functions of proteins in the membrane?
1. Transport
2. Enzymatic activity
3. Signal transduction
4. Cell-Cell recognition
5. Intercellular joining
6. Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
214
What is the hydrophobic region of an integral protein (the transmembrane proteins) made up of?
stretches of nonpolar amino acids coiled into the shape of an alpha helix (like a tube to let molecules through)
215
The Integral proteins are specific about what they let through.
true or false?
true
216
An Integral membrane protein is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
True or false
true
217
All Transmembrane proteins are IMP (Integral Membrane proteins), but not all IMP are Transmembrane proteins.
True or False?
True
218
Where does synthesis of Ribosomes occur?
In the Nucleolus
219
What does rRNA mean?
ribosomal RNA (RNA found in ribosomes)
220
Why is Insulin and blood sugar used as an example or signal transduction?
Insulin bonds to the receptor protein and tells it to open up or close to let sugar in or stop it
221
Does Active Transport require energy or does it not require energy?
```
requires energy
(hint Active, needs ATP, both A's)
```
222
Does Passive Transport require energy?
no, no energy needed
223
In Passive Transport, do substances move up the concentration gradient or down the concentration gradient?
down the gradient (no energy exerted)
224
In Osmosis, the water moves across a semipermeable membrane toward what?
higher concentration of solute
| toward the most "stuff"
225
Aquaporin are Integral Membrane Proteins that form pores in the membrane that are always open.
True or false?
true
226
Are Glycoproteins used in cell-cell recognition?
yes
227
If you have type-A bloodtype, what do you have on the surface of your blood cell?
carbohydrate A
228
How is a glycoprotein formed?
A membrane carbohydrate covalently bonds to a protein
229
How is a glycolipid formed?
A membrane carbohydrate covalently bonds to a lipid
230
Antibodies cannot recognize surface glycoproteins.
| True or false?
false
231
Are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates distributed evenly throughout the plasma membrane?
no, there is assymmetrical distribution
232
The Golgi apparatus and the Endoplasmic reticulum actually add surface area to the membrane when they send over transport vesicles.
true or false
true
233
Anything with a charge must pass through _______ ________.
Channel Proteins
234
Transport Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and make it bigger.
True or false
true
235
Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy is called _______ _________.
Passive Transport
236
If a molecule is moving without any energy being invested in passive transport, what is making it move?
using it's own kinetic energy to move
237
When something is diffusing, it's going from ______ concentration to _____ concentration.
Higher to lower
238
Can you speed up diffusion, if so how?
yes, by adding heat (heat=energy, energy= move faster)
239
Diffusion is always _______.
passive
240
What do you need to move against the gradient
ATP (energy)
241
Are Hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
| Are they polar or nonpolar?
hydrophobic and nonpolar
242
Do polar molecules such as sugars, pass the membrane easily?
no
243
What do aquaporins facilitate the passage of?
water
244
Transport proteins allow passage of what types of substances across the membrane?
hydrophilic
245
A transport protein is specific for the substance it moves.
| true or false?
true
246
Why can't Mitochondria diffuse to the outside of the cell?
It's too big
247
Define Tonicity
the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
248
If someone is very dehydrated and needs an IV, what type of solution would add some water to the inside of their cells?
Hypotonic solution
249
When the solute concentration is greater than that in the cell and the cell loses water, what kind of solution is this?
Hypertonic Solution
250
When the solute concentration is the same as that inside of the cell and there is no net water movement across the plasma membrane, what kind of solution is this?
Isotonic solution
251
When the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell and the cell gains water, what kind of solution is this?
Hypotonic solution
| hypo, low on solutes
252
Cell walls in plants help maintain water balance.
| true or false?
true
253
Define plasmolysis
when a plant cell is in a hypertonic environment, loses water, and its membrane pulls away from the cell wall
254
What type of solution is the animal cell happiest (normal) in?
Isotonic Solution
255
What type of solution is the plant cell happiest (normal) in?
Hypotonic Solution
256
What is Facilitated diffusion?
Passive transport is aided by proteins
257
Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient.
True or False?
True
258
Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ___.
ATP
259
What is considered the most important type of Active Transport system?
The sodium-potassium pump
260
Name the 2 different types of gradients
Electrical gradient
| Chemical gradient
261
What is the electrical gradient based on?
the separation of charge
262
What is the chemical gradient based on?
concentration of chemicals/molecules
263
What does the proton pump do?
actively transports protons against the concentration gradient
264
The proton pump and the sodium potassium pump are both active transporters.
true or fasle?
true
265
A Hydrogen Ion (H+) is considered the same as a ______.
Proton
266
Do most proteins have a positive or negative charge?
negative
267
When does Co-transport occur?
when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute
268
The cell moves H+ out (protons) so that sugar can move in using how many transport proteins?
2
269
How do small molecules and/or water enter and leave the cell?
through the lipid bilayer or by transport proteins
270
How do larger molecules like polysaccharides and proteins cross the membrane?
through vesicles
271
Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by __________ and ___________.
* exocytosis
| * endocytosis
272
What is a secretory cell?
a Gland
273
When transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents ( exit large things from the cell), this is called what?
exocytosis
| exit
274
Define endocytosis
reversal of exocytosis.
| The cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane
275
What does -osis mean
a process
276
How many different types of endocytosis are there?
3 types
277
Name all three types of endocytosis and what they mean
Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Receptor-mediated: chemicals bond to receptors
278
what does ligand mean?
chemical
279
Many animal cells are surrounded by an intercellular matrix.
| true or false?
false.
| extracellular matrix
280
The extracellular structure (sticky structure) that surrounds animal cells has two components, name them
*fibrous: collagen
*gel-like: proteoglycans
(sugar proteins)
281
Cell Membrane proteins interact with the Extracellular Matrix.
True or false?
true
282
Proteins like Integrin connect the Extracellular Matrix to the ______ ________.
Plasma Membrane
283
The main role of the extracellular matrix is what?
Hold cells together
284
What is the group of specialized structures that protrude from adjacent cells and "glue" them together?
Cell (Intercellular) junctions
285
Which cell junction holds cells together but allows materials to move in the matrix?
Desmosomes
286
Which cell junction prevents substances from moving through spaces between cells?
tight junctions
287
Which cell junction is a channel that runs between membrane pores in adjacent cells, allowing substances to pass between the cells?
Gap junctions
288
What part of the cell adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins?
Rough ER
289
What part of the cell is responsible for the division of labor?
Organelles
290
What do saprophytes do?
feed on dead organic matter
291
What are two major differences in cells?
cell shape and different proteins in the membrane
292
Is an Embryonic cell descript or nondescript?
nondescript
293
What is the longest cell in the body?
a nerve cell (can be a meter long)
294
When does cell differentiation take place?
as we develop
295
Name the 4 basic features of all cells
1. plasma membrane
2. cytosol (semi fluid substance)
3. Chromosomes (carry genes, made of DNA)
4. Ribosomes (make proteins)
296
What is responsible for driving the diffusion of Ions across a membrane?
the electrochemical gradient
