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Biology 189 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What makes one organic carbon chain different from another?

A

functional groups

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2
Q

DNA codes for 25,000 different what?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What are we as humans, predominantly composed of?

A

Proteins

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4
Q

By adding a functional group, a larger molecule can then take on a different property like polarity.
True or False

A

True

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5
Q

What does -myo mean?

A

muscle

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6
Q

Is heat a catalyst?

A

yes

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7
Q

What does -globin at the end of a word imply?

A

it’s a protein structure

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8
Q

Name the monomers of these Organic groups

  • Carbohydrates- ______________
  • Lipids- ________ and _____ _____
  • Proteins- _____ _____
  • Nucleic Acids- ___________
A

Carbohydrates- monosaccharides
Lipids- glycerol and fatty acids
Proteins- amino acids
Nucleic Acids- nucleotides

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9
Q

What do you add to a Nucleoside structure to make it a Nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group

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10
Q

What three things have to be included for a structure to be a nucleotide?

A

Pentose sugar + Nitrogen Base + Phosphate group

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11
Q

DNA and RNA have a “backbone” composed of two things, what are they?

A

Sugar Phosphate Backbone

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12
Q

How many different Bases are there total that could be used in a Nucleotide structure?
(Hint: 4 are found in DNA, 4 are found in RNA)

A

5 total

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13
Q

Is a Pyrimidine base a single ring or a double ring?

A

single ring

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14
Q

Is a Purine base a single ring or a double ring?

A

double ring

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15
Q

Name the RNA bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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16
Q

Name the DNA bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
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17
Q

How many places does Cytosine need to bond with?

A

3

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18
Q

How many places does Adenine need to bond with?

A

2

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19
Q

Which two bases of the Nucleic Acids have double rings?

A

Adenine and Guanine

Hint: the two bases spelt with double n’s are the two that have double rings

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20
Q

What is the Carbon ( C ) in the middle of a protein structure sometimes called?

A

Alpha Carbon

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21
Q

Amino Acids are linked in condensation (dehydration synthesis) reactions to form what type of bonds?

A

Peptide Linkages or Peptide Bonds

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22
Q

What is the name for short polymers of 20 or fewer amino acids? (Not a true protein)

A

Oligopeptides or peptides

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23
Q

Both the alpha helix and the beta pleated sheets are created by ________ _____.

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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24
Q

Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are part of which structure of a protein? The primary structure, the secondary structure, the tertiary structure, or the quaternary structure?

A

secondary structure

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25
Q

At which structure level is the protein finally functional?

hint: it’s functional when it folds

A

tertiary structure

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26
Q

DNA and RNA have what kind of “backbone”

A

a Sugar/Phosphate backbone

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27
Q

The sides of a DNA strand and/or an RNA strand are made from a sugar and a phosphate repeatedly bonded together with what type of Bond?

A

a Covalent Bond

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28
Q

The middle rungs of DNA are composed of what?

A

bases

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29
Q

What do we call a covalent bond between two sugars?

A

a glycosidic linkage

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30
Q

A pyrimidine base and a purine base must always pair up.

true or false

A

true

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31
Q

What kind of bonds do the bases in the middle of a DNA ladder have?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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32
Q

When Cytosine and Guanine come together, they can form how many hydrogen bonds?

A

3

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33
Q

When Adenine and Thymine come together they can form how many hydrogen bonds?

A

2

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34
Q

Base pairs are linked by what type of bonds?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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35
Q

Base pairs can be separated with only a small amount of energy.
True or false

A

true

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36
Q

How many polynucleotide strands does DNA have?

A

2

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37
Q

What do Storage Proteins store?

A

Amino Acids

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38
Q

Collagen is what type of protein?

A

A Structural Protein

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39
Q

Hemoglobin is a transport protein and it carries ______

A

oxygen

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40
Q

What types of Proteins have the “on/off switch” for gene expression?

A

Genetic Regulatory proteins

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41
Q

What type of proteins are responsible for physical stability and movement?

A

Structural Proteins

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42
Q

Where are the receptor proteins always found on a cell?

A

on the surface of the cell

outer cell membrane surface

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43
Q

R Groups are only associated with _____ _____

A

Amino Acids

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44
Q

R Groups are a functional group.

True or False

A

True

a functional group found on only Amino Acids

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45
Q

How many different R Groups are there?

A

20

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46
Q

R Groups are responsible for the different properties of Amino Acids.
True or False

A

true

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47
Q

What makes Cysteine (a special case amino acid) different from the other Amino acids structurally?

A

It has a Sulfhydryl group (-SH) in it’s R group

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48
Q

When you put Amino Acids together, they are built by what reaction?

A

Condensation Reaction, Dehydration Synthesis

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49
Q

When the dehydration synthesis occurs to build amino acids, the H2O is removed and the Carbon (C-) links directly with what?

A

Nitrogen (-N)

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50
Q

When building Amino Acids, the H2O is removed and allows the Carbon to link directly with Nitrogen. When this happens, what kind of bond is formed?

A

Peptide Bond or a Peptide Linkage

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51
Q

What is another name for a Protein

A

a Polypeptide

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52
Q

What kind of bond is a Cysteine side bond?

A

Covalent Bond between 2 sulfhydryl groups

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53
Q

Which amino acid is found in the protein our hair is made up of called Keratin?

A

Cysteine

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54
Q

When you break the disulfide bridges found in hair by burning it, what does it smell like?

A

Sulfur

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55
Q

If the protein cannot maintain it’s shape, what will happen?

What will it lose?

A

it will lose functionality

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56
Q

What do Ionic Interactions form within a protein?

A

Salt Bridges

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57
Q

What happens when strong denaturing occurs in a protein?

A
  • destroys the secondary and tertiary structure

* the protein loses it’s function permanently

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58
Q

What happens when gentle denaturing occurs in a protein?

A

*a protein can return to normal when returned to it’s normal conditions

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59
Q

All of the information needed to specify the unique shape of a certain protein is contained where?

A

In the primary structure

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60
Q

Does heat speed up or slow down metabolic reactions?

A

Speed up

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61
Q

Name all four things that can denature a protein

A

1) Temperature (increase only)
2) Concentration of H+ ( change of pH)
3) High concentration of Polar substances
4) Non-polar substances
(extra: electrical burn)

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62
Q

define optimal temperature

A

The temperature needed for enzymes and proteins to live and produce there

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63
Q

What is the pH of the protein enzymes in your stomach?

A

pH 2

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64
Q

What is the pH of the protein enzymes in your mouth?

A

pH 7

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65
Q

Does freezing denature a protein?

A

No, freezing preserves

hint: freezing fresh meat, cooking later

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66
Q

How many Kingdoms did the very first Kingdom Classification System have based on macroscopic view only? What were they?

A

2 kingdoms

  1. Plantae
  2. Animalia
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67
Q

Fungi was once considered a plant. They later realized that Fungi needed it’s own Kingdom Classification because Fungi couldn’t do what one thing that plants can do?

A

photosynthesis

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68
Q

What were the 3 Kingdoms, when it was based on macroscopic view and physiology only?

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Plantae
  3. Animalia
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69
Q

Name all 5 of the original Kingdoms based on macroscopic, microscopic, and physiology.

A
  1. Monera
  2. Protista
  3. Fungi
  4. Plantae
  5. Animalia
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70
Q

Which of the five original Kingdoms is all prokaryotes?

A

Monera

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71
Q

define archea

A

*ancient bacteria, archaic

can live in extreme environments

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72
Q

define unicellular

A

single-celled

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73
Q

Name the three organisms found in the Monera group that we talked about in class.

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • cyanobacteria
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74
Q

What was the very first organism on Earth to produce Oxygen before plants?

A

cyanobacteria

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75
Q

Cyanobacteria was originally thought to be algae until they found out it was missing an essential part to be catergorized as a plant. What was it missing

A

a nucleus

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76
Q

Name a true multi-cellular organism

A

Humans

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77
Q

What’s the difference between a multi-cellular organism and a unicellular organism that can form multi-cellular colonies?

A

A unicellular organism that can form multi-cellular colonies also has the ability to break off from the colony and function as a single cell. If a single cell broke off of a true multi-cellular organism, it would not be able to function on it’s own.

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78
Q

Which Kingdom group is an Amoeba found in?

A

Protista

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79
Q

Many Protozoans (single-celled in Protista group) move around by using appendages known as what?

A

Flagella or cilia

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80
Q

Are most of the organisms in the Protista kingdom visible macroscopically or microscopically?

A

Microscope needed to see most of the Protista Kingdom group

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81
Q

What is another name for an Early Biologist?

A

Naturalist

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82
Q

Is Fungi a Eukaryote or a Prokaryote?

A

Eukaryote

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83
Q

Is Fungi multi-cellular or unicellular?

A

unicellular (single-celled)

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84
Q

Organisms in the Plantae group are Prokaryotes and multicellular.
True or False

A

False. They are Eukaryotes and multicellular

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85
Q

Some animals in the Animalia group are still so small they can’t be seen without a microscope, yet they are all multicellular.
True or False

A

True

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86
Q

Better microscopes and DNA analysis lead to a new classification system, what is it called?

A

Domain Classification System

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87
Q

What did the Domain Classification system do to the Kingdom Monera?

A

Put it into two separate domains, Archaea and Bacteria

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88
Q

Can ancient bacteria (archaea) make you sick like bacteria can?

A

No, Archaea could never live in you and could never make you sick

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89
Q

What are the three sections in the Domain classification system?

A
  1. Archaea
  2. Bacteria
  3. Eukaryotes
    they separted them into these domains because this is the best way to look at their distinct differences at cellular level
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90
Q

What does cyto- mean?

A

cell

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91
Q

What are the 4 basic features of all Cells (what prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common)?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytosol
  • Chromosomes
  • Ribosomes
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92
Q

What do Chromosomes do?

A

carry genes

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93
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

make proteins

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94
Q

How often can a bacteria cell divide/reproduce?

A

every 20 minutes

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95
Q

Is a bacteria cell large and complex or simple and basic?

A

simple and basic

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96
Q

What are prokaryotes designed to do?

A

make more/reproduce

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97
Q

What shape is a prokaryote?

A

rod-shaped

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98
Q

Prokaryotes have no organelles and no _______

A

nucleus

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99
Q

What is the cell membrane responsible for?

A

entry and exit of the cell

allows in nutrients, lets out waste

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100
Q

DNA holds the recipe, RNA _____ the recipe

A

reads

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101
Q

A cell must arise from a pre-existing cell (a parent cell)

True or false

A

True

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102
Q

Are Archaea and Bacteria eukaryotes or prokaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes

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103
Q

Which kingdom is the first level to have multicellular organisms?

A

Plantae

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104
Q

Where is most of our DNA located in the cell?

A

in the Nucleus

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105
Q

Do Mitochondria and Chloroplast both have DNA?

A

yes

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106
Q

Animals have Eukaryotic DNA, what type of DNA do plants have?

A

prokaryotic DNA

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107
Q

Our DNA is a linear strand in pairs. What does a plants DNA look like?

A

A single circular strand of the double helix

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108
Q

What is known as the “suicide sack”, and why would it be bad for it to burst?

A
  • lysosomes
  • because they are filled with powerful digestive enzymes that would break down and destroy the cell if they burst open within the cell
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109
Q

What is the job of the Nuclear pore?

A

to let out big things (large macromolecules) like RNA

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110
Q

DNA wrapped around histone proteins makes what?

A

Chromatin

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111
Q

What does the Nucleolus produce?

A

Ribosomes

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112
Q

The shape of the nucleus is maintained by the _______ ______, which is composed of protein.

A

nuclear lamina

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113
Q

What does -lamina mean?

A

base structure

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114
Q

What does it mean for something to be amphipathic?

A

being both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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115
Q

What is a semipermeable membrane?

A

a membrane that will allow only certain molecules or ions to pass through it by diffusion (not all though)

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116
Q

What is the name of the discrete units that DNA is organized into?

A

Chromosomes

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117
Q

What part of the cell consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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118
Q

Desmosomes are one of the four types of intercellular junctions we discussed. What does it do?

A

allow for flexibility (pulling your cheek)

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119
Q

Of the four intercellular junctions we discussed, which one is only found in plant cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

120
Q

Neighboring cells in tissues, organs, and organ systems often adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact. What facilitates this contact?

A

Intercellular Junctions

121
Q

Is it acidic or alkaline inside of a lysosome?

A

acidic

122
Q

What do we call the area on the Golgi Apparatus that receives the proteins and lipids from the ER and takes them in?

A

cis face

123
Q

What is the name for the area on the Golgi Apparatus that the processed and sorted proteins and lipids exit through?

A

trans face

124
Q

Where does the cell wall in a plant cell get it’s structure from?

A

cellulose

125
Q

What is the large central vacuole in a plant cell surrounded by?

A

tonoplast

126
Q

What is the function of the large central vacuole in a plant cell?

A

to store water

127
Q

Does an animal cell have a cell wall?

A

No

128
Q

What are the chloroplasts found in a plant responsible for?

A

Photosynthesis

129
Q

What fuels the mitochondria to make energy?

A

sugars

130
Q

Does the plasmodesmata belong to the plant cell or the animal cell?

A

plant cell

131
Q

What is plasmodesmata and what is it’s function?

A
  • Narrow channels
  • bridges that facilitate communication and transport of materials between plant cells
  • attach plant cells together
132
Q

Both Plant Cells and Animal Cells have centrioles.

True or False?

A

False. Only Animal cells have centrioles

133
Q

What is mitosis

A

cell division

134
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • Movement of water
  • from place of low concentration to high concentration
  • across a semi-permeable membrane
135
Q

What is the rate of diffusion effected by?

three things

A
  • temperature
  • size of molecules
  • concentration of molecules
136
Q

What is the most popular steroid that is also found in our phospholipid bilayer?

A

cholesterol

137
Q

A vacuole is found in what two things?

A

plants and fungus

138
Q

Animal cells have something like a vacuole but called something different, what is it?

A

vesicles

139
Q

Plant and Animal cells have most of the same organelles.

True or False?

A

true

140
Q

What is the cell membrane/plasma membrane composed of?

A
  • phospholipids
  • protein
  • (cholesterol only in animal cells)
141
Q

Name the 3 fibers that make up the Cytoskeleton

A
  • Microtubules
  • Micro filaments
  • Intermediate Filaments
142
Q

Name the components of the Endomembrane System

A
  • Nuclear Envelope
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Plasma membrane
143
Q

Where are the free ribosomes found?

A

in the cytosol

144
Q

Where are the bound ribosomes found?

A

on the rough ER

145
Q

what does endo- mean?

A

means within

146
Q

what does -reticulum mean ?

A

network

147
Q

What do the bound ribosomes secrete?

A

glycoproteins

148
Q

What does the smooth ER make? What does it break down and/or build?

A

it makes fats and phospholipids

breaks down or builds carbohydrates

149
Q

Which ER Detoxifies drugs?

A

smooth ER

150
Q

Which ER store calcium ions?

A

smooth ER

151
Q

Which ER distributes transport vesicles?

A

rough ER

152
Q

What forms a food vacuole?

A

phagocytosis

153
Q

What is it called when lysosomes use enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organelles and molecules? (hint: the cell is eating itself)

A

autophagy

154
Q

List two things about peroxisomes?

A
  • they contain peroxide

* they break things down and destroy

155
Q

What do contractile vacuoles do?

A

pump excess water out of cells

156
Q

Mitochondria are the sites of which metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP?

A

cellular respiration

157
Q

Where are Chloroplasts found?

A

plants and algae

158
Q

Chloroplasts contain what green pigment?

A

Chlorophyll

159
Q

They know how peroxisomes are related to other organelles.

true or false?

A

false. there relation to other organelles is still unknown

160
Q

Microfilaments are also known as _____ _________

A

Actin Filaments

161
Q

Actin is responsible for what function?

A

movement

162
Q

Microfilaments are responsible for muscle cells ability to do what?

A

shorten and contract

163
Q

Your muscles can get bigger because you make more what?

A

Actin filaments

164
Q

What do centrioles do in cell division?

A

anchor to help pull chromosomes apart

165
Q

What does auto- mean?

A

self

166
Q

What does -phag mean?

A

to eat

167
Q

Are most cells positive or negatively charged inside?

A

negative

168
Q

Where are vacuoles or vesicles derived from?

A

endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

169
Q

Food vacuoles are formed by what?

A

phagocytosis

170
Q

Free Ribosomes can be found in the mitochondrial matrix.

true or false

A

true

171
Q

What do Actin filaments look like?

A

2 strands wrapped together

172
Q

When looking at a model of the cell membrane, when you see a 4 ring structure in the middle of the phospholipids, what is it and what is it’s purpose there.

A

It’s cholesterol and it’s there to make it less fluid

173
Q

Plants have both ____________ and ____________ , so they can make their own energy, store it, break it down and release it.

A

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

174
Q

An early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a prokaryotic cell. What organelle came of this?

A

Mitochondria
(using a nonphotosynthetic prokaryote)
Chloroplast
(using a photosynthetic prokaryote)

175
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have a true codependant relationship which means what?

A

They cannot live without eachother

176
Q

What is the Endosymbiotic theory?

A

The early ancestor of the eukaryotic cell engulfing the prokaryotic cell and creating Mitochondria/chloroplasts

177
Q

What does Endo- mean?

A

within

178
Q

What does -symbiotic mean?

A

two things living together

179
Q

Can DNA break off and move?

A

yes

180
Q

Which is the thickest of the three fiber components that make up the cytoskeleton?

A

microtubules

181
Q

Which of the three fibers that make up the cytoskeleton is the thinnest?

A

Microfilaments

182
Q

The cytoskeleton supports the cell and maintains its _____.

A

shape

183
Q

The Cytoskeleton interacts with what type of proteins to produce motility?

A

motor proteins

184
Q

What are the 3 functions of Microtubules?

A
  • Shaping the cell
  • Guiding movement of organelles
  • **Separating Chromosomes during cell division
185
Q

What does the Centrosome have to do with Micotubules?

A

In many cells, the Centrosome is a “microtubule-organizing center”

186
Q

Centrioles are made of microtubules and both play a big part in ____ ________.

A

Cell division

187
Q

Which two of the fibers in the cytoskeleton can change length?

A

Microtubules

Microfilaments

188
Q

Microfilaments form a support structure that the plasma membrane can hold onto, what is this structure called?

A

the Cortex

189
Q

Which fibers in the cytoskeleton are considered more permanent fixtures than the other too classes?

A

Intermediate filaments

190
Q

Name the three extracellular structures

A
  • Cell Walls in plants
  • The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells
  • Intercellular (cell) junctions
191
Q

The extracellular matrix is sticky like glue.

True or False?

A

True

192
Q

Other than plants, what else has a cell wall?

A

Prokaryotes, Fungi, and some protists

193
Q

Name the four different types of intercellular junctions

A
  • Plasmodesmata (plants only)
  • Tight Junctions
  • Desmosomes
  • Gap Junctions
194
Q

What type of intercellular junction in the animal cell is most like the plant cells Plasmodesmata?

A

Gap Junctions

195
Q

Do we need to ingest cholesterol in order to maintain the amount we need in the body?

A

No, the liver makes the exact amount we need without ingesting it

196
Q

The cell/plasma membrane allows some substances to cross it more easily than others, this is because the plasma membrane has what?

A

selective permeability

197
Q

In the saying Fluid Mosaic, what does the word fluid and the word mosaic represent?

A

fluid- phospholipid bilayer (oils)

mosaic- (proteins) things moving in it

198
Q

What will the phospholipid bilayer alone not let through?

A

Anything Ionic, Polar, or too large

199
Q

The R groups can be hydrophilic or hyrdophobic.

true or false

A

true

200
Q

Is an unsaturated fatty acid less fluid or more fluid than a saturated fatty acid?

A

more fluid

201
Q

The temperature at which a membrane solidifies depends on the types of ______ it has.

A

lipids, (unsaturated or saturated)

202
Q

Will an animal cell from the tropics have mostly saturated fats or unsaturated fats when discussing fluidity and viscosity?

A

saturated, because the heat causes them to be more fluid

203
Q

How does the protein Cholesterol have different effects on membrane fluidity at different temperatures?

A

At warmer temperatures= Cholesterol restrains movement

At cooler temperatures= Cholesterol maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

204
Q

What determines most of the membranes specific functions?

A

proteins

205
Q

Peripheral proteins are for cell signaling. They cannot do what?

A

they cannot pass through the membrane

206
Q

What are the two major membrane proteins?

A

Peripheral and Integral

207
Q

Integral proteins that span (go across) the membrane are called what?

A

transmembrane proteins

208
Q

Where is actin mostly found?

A

in the cortex

209
Q

How often does a molecule flip-flop transversely across the membrane?

A

once a month

210
Q

Are proteins larger or smaller than lipids and do they move faster or slower than lipids?

A
  • larger

* move slower

211
Q

When a hormone bonds to a receptor protein and tells the cell to do a process, what is this called?

A

Signal transduction

212
Q

Which is more dependent on the ambient temperature, plants or animals? Why?

A

Plants, because they cannot generate their own heat or cool themselves down.

213
Q

List the 6 major functions of proteins in the membrane?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Enzymatic activity
  3. Signal transduction
  4. Cell-Cell recognition
  5. Intercellular joining
  6. Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
214
Q

What is the hydrophobic region of an integral protein (the transmembrane proteins) made up of?

A

stretches of nonpolar amino acids coiled into the shape of an alpha helix (like a tube to let molecules through)

215
Q

The Integral proteins are specific about what they let through.
true or false?

A

true

216
Q

An Integral membrane protein is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
True or false

A

true

217
Q

All Transmembrane proteins are IMP (Integral Membrane proteins), but not all IMP are Transmembrane proteins.
True or False?

A

True

218
Q

Where does synthesis of Ribosomes occur?

A

In the Nucleolus

219
Q

What does rRNA mean?

A

ribosomal RNA (RNA found in ribosomes)

220
Q

Why is Insulin and blood sugar used as an example or signal transduction?

A

Insulin bonds to the receptor protein and tells it to open up or close to let sugar in or stop it

221
Q

Does Active Transport require energy or does it not require energy?

A 
requires energy 
(hint Active, needs ATP, both A's)
222
Q

Does Passive Transport require energy?

A

no, no energy needed

223
Q

In Passive Transport, do substances move up the concentration gradient or down the concentration gradient?

A

down the gradient (no energy exerted)

224
Q

In Osmosis, the water moves across a semipermeable membrane toward what?

A

higher concentration of solute

toward the most “stuff”

225
Q

Aquaporin are Integral Membrane Proteins that form pores in the membrane that are always open.
True or false?

A

true

226
Q

Are Glycoproteins used in cell-cell recognition?

A

yes

227
Q

If you have type-A bloodtype, what do you have on the surface of your blood cell?

A

carbohydrate A

228
Q

How is a glycoprotein formed?

A

A membrane carbohydrate covalently bonds to a protein

229
Q

How is a glycolipid formed?

A

A membrane carbohydrate covalently bonds to a lipid

230
Q

Antibodies cannot recognize surface glycoproteins.

True or false?

A

false

231
Q

Are proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates distributed evenly throughout the plasma membrane?

A

no, there is assymmetrical distribution

232
Q

The Golgi apparatus and the Endoplasmic reticulum actually add surface area to the membrane when they send over transport vesicles.
true or false

A

true

233
Q

Anything with a charge must pass through _______ ________.

A

Channel Proteins

234
Q

Transport Vesicles fuse with the cell membrane and make it bigger.
True or false

A

true

235
Q

Diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy is called _______ _________.

A

Passive Transport

236
Q

If a molecule is moving without any energy being invested in passive transport, what is making it move?

A

using it’s own kinetic energy to move

237
Q

When something is diffusing, it’s going from ______ concentration to _____ concentration.

A

Higher to lower

238
Q

Can you speed up diffusion, if so how?

A

yes, by adding heat (heat=energy, energy= move faster)

239
Q

Diffusion is always _______.

A

passive

240
Q

What do you need to move against the gradient

A

ATP (energy)

241
Q

Are Hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Are they polar or nonpolar?

A

hydrophobic and nonpolar

242
Q

Do polar molecules such as sugars, pass the membrane easily?

A

no

243
Q

What do aquaporins facilitate the passage of?

A

water

244
Q

Transport proteins allow passage of what types of substances across the membrane?

A

hydrophilic

245
Q

A transport protein is specific for the substance it moves.

true or false?

A

true

246
Q

Why can’t Mitochondria diffuse to the outside of the cell?

A

It’s too big

247
Q

Define Tonicity

A

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

248
Q

If someone is very dehydrated and needs an IV, what type of solution would add some water to the inside of their cells?

A

Hypotonic solution

249
Q

When the solute concentration is greater than that in the cell and the cell loses water, what kind of solution is this?

A

Hypertonic Solution

250
Q

When the solute concentration is the same as that inside of the cell and there is no net water movement across the plasma membrane, what kind of solution is this?

A

Isotonic solution

251
Q

When the solute concentration is less than that inside the cell and the cell gains water, what kind of solution is this?

A

Hypotonic solution

hypo, low on solutes

252
Q

Cell walls in plants help maintain water balance.

true or false?

A

true

253
Q

Define plasmolysis

A

when a plant cell is in a hypertonic environment, loses water, and its membrane pulls away from the cell wall

254
Q

What type of solution is the animal cell happiest (normal) in?

A

Isotonic Solution

255
Q

What type of solution is the plant cell happiest (normal) in?

A

Hypotonic Solution

256
Q

What is Facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport is aided by proteins

257
Q

Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient.
True or False?

A

True

258
Q

Active transport requires energy, usually in the form of ___.

A

ATP

259
Q

What is considered the most important type of Active Transport system?

A

The sodium-potassium pump

260
Q

Name the 2 different types of gradients

A

Electrical gradient

Chemical gradient

261
Q

What is the electrical gradient based on?

A

the separation of charge

262
Q

What is the chemical gradient based on?

A

concentration of chemicals/molecules

263
Q

What does the proton pump do?

A

actively transports protons against the concentration gradient

264
Q

The proton pump and the sodium potassium pump are both active transporters.
true or fasle?

A

true

265
Q

A Hydrogen Ion (H+) is considered the same as a ______.

A

Proton

266
Q

Do most proteins have a positive or negative charge?

A

negative

267
Q

When does Co-transport occur?

A

when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute

268
Q

The cell moves H+ out (protons) so that sugar can move in using how many transport proteins?

A

2

269
Q

How do small molecules and/or water enter and leave the cell?

A

through the lipid bilayer or by transport proteins

270
Q

How do larger molecules like polysaccharides and proteins cross the membrane?

A

through vesicles

271
Q

Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by __________ and ___________.

A
  • exocytosis

* endocytosis

272
Q

What is a secretory cell?

A

a Gland

273
Q

When transport vesicles migrate to the membrane, fuse with it, and release their contents ( exit large things from the cell), this is called what?

A

exocytosis

exit

274
Q

Define endocytosis

A

reversal of exocytosis.

The cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

275
Q

What does -osis mean

A

a process

276
Q

How many different types of endocytosis are there?

A

3 types

277
Q

Name all three types of endocytosis and what they mean

A

Phagocytosis: cell eating
Pinocytosis: cell drinking
Receptor-mediated: chemicals bond to receptors

278
Q

what does ligand mean?

A

chemical

279
Q

Many animal cells are surrounded by an intercellular matrix.

true or false?

A

false.

extracellular matrix

280
Q

The extracellular structure (sticky structure) that surrounds animal cells has two components, name them

A

*fibrous: collagen
*gel-like: proteoglycans
(sugar proteins)

281
Q

Cell Membrane proteins interact with the Extracellular Matrix.
True or false?

A

true

282
Q

Proteins like Integrin connect the Extracellular Matrix to the ______ ________.

A

Plasma Membrane

283
Q

The main role of the extracellular matrix is what?

A

Hold cells together

284
Q

What is the group of specialized structures that protrude from adjacent cells and “glue” them together?

A

Cell (Intercellular) junctions

285
Q

Which cell junction holds cells together but allows materials to move in the matrix?

A

Desmosomes

286
Q

Which cell junction prevents substances from moving through spaces between cells?

A

tight junctions

287
Q

Which cell junction is a channel that runs between membrane pores in adjacent cells, allowing substances to pass between the cells?

A

Gap junctions

288
Q

What part of the cell adds carbohydrates to proteins to make glycoproteins?

A

Rough ER

289
Q

What part of the cell is responsible for the division of labor?

A

Organelles

290
Q

What do saprophytes do?

A

feed on dead organic matter

291
Q

What are two major differences in cells?

A

cell shape and different proteins in the membrane

292
Q

Is an Embryonic cell descript or nondescript?

A

nondescript

293
Q

What is the longest cell in the body?

A

a nerve cell (can be a meter long)

294
Q

When does cell differentiation take place?

A

as we develop

295
Q

Name the 4 basic features of all cells

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytosol (semi fluid substance)
  3. Chromosomes (carry genes, made of DNA)
  4. Ribosomes (make proteins)
296
Q

What is responsible for driving the diffusion of Ions across a membrane?

A

the electrochemical gradient

Biology 189 (4 decks)

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