1st exam Flashcards
1
Q
What is a negatively charged ion called?
A
Anion
2
Q
When looking for life on other planets, what two things are they looking for?
A
Water (H2O) & Carbon
3
Q
Can somethings mass change depending on where they are?
A
No. Mass stays the same no matter where you are.
4
Q
What is a valence shell?
A
The outermost shell of an atom.
5
Q
What is the difference between mass and weight?
A
Mass: Number of atoms in an object.
Weight: effect of gravity on mass
6
Q
What are the two elements/atoms that hydrogen atom is usually partnered with in living cells?
A
Oxygen and Nitrogen
7
Q
Ions have charges on them and can be used to generate electricity, which is how your _______ _______ works.
A
Nervous System
8
Q
Describe the difference between an Ionic bond and a Covalent bond.
A
Covalent bond: the orbitals are overlapping and share at least one pair of electrons. Ionic Bonds do not overlap
9
Q
What is matter?
A
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
10
Q
Explain why oil can’t dissolve in water.
A
Water can only dissolve something that has an electrical charge (polar) Oil is non polar.
11
Q
What does dissociate mean?
A
To split apart.
12
Q
What is an Element?
A
A specific type of atom
13
Q
What is a non polar covalent bond?
A
In a covalent bond between 2 atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the 2 atoms have the same electronegativity.
14
Q
Describe the difference between a single, double, and triple bond
A
Single: sharing 1 pair of electrons (2 total)
Double: sharing 2 pairs of electrons (4 total)
Triple: sharing 3 pairs of electrons (6 total)
15
Q
What is a subatomic particle?
A
Particles in an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons)
16
Q
What gives water it’s structure?
A
Hydrogen bonds
17
Q
CO2 is a greenhouse sad that makes the earth _____
A
Hotter
18
Q
Ions are very important in living cells - T or F?
A
True
19
Q
Which bond is the weakest overall?
A
Hydrogen Bonds
20
Q
Sometimes when a covalent bond breaks, the 2 separate atoms have the ability to ionize - T or F?
A
True
21
Q
How does water dissolve a substance?
A
It wiggles between, breaks the bond, surrounds each of the ions.
22
Q
Ionic bonds are strong, as long as they are not exposed to a _____ solvent.
A
Polar
23
Q
What is an Ion and how is it formed?
A
A charged element. An atom that has either lost electrons or gained electrons becomes an ion.
24
Q
If an atom loses a proton, what happens to the atom/element?
A
It changes the atom / element into a different element entirely.
25
What is a positively charged ion called?
Cation
26
What are valence electrons?
Electrons located in the valence shell. Valence electrons can be shared to create a covalent bond.
27
What does it mean when we say some chemical reactions go to COMPLETION?
All reactants are converted to products.
28
Why is water a polar compound?
Because there is an unequal sharing of electrons. One of the atoms has more electronegativity. One side of the molecule is positively charged and one side is negatively charged.
29
In photosynthesis all energy comes from where?
The sun
30
What is a hydration sphere?
A circle of water around an individual ion.
31
What are the 4 major groups in organic chemistry? (all composed of carbon compounds)
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids / Fats
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acid (DNA / RNA)
32
What is organic chemistry?
The study of compounds that contain carbon.
33
Most organic compounds contain _____ atoms in addition to _____ atoms
- Hydrogen
| - Carbon
34
What is a hydrocarbon?
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.
35
Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of what?
Energy
36
What was the first completely synthesized organic molecule in a lab?
Nylon
37
What are the 4 different ways a hydrocarbon can be changed from one type to another?
1. Length
2. Branching
3. Double Bonds
4. Presence of Rings
38
Ethane, Propane, Butane are all examples of what type of molecules?
Hydrocarbons (Fuels)
39
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form and why?
4 covalent bonds because carbon has 4 valence electrons.
40
What is the simplest organic compound?
Methane gas
41
Most organic compounds contain a ____ ____ of 2 or more (100's) carbons bonded together.
Carbon Chain
42
_______ ________ form the skeletons of most organic molecules.
Carbon Chains
43
What is the weakest of the interactions?
Van der waals
44
Molecular formula tells you a lot about the molecule - T or F?
False
45
ISO Means _________
The same
46
MER Means __________
Unit
47
What are isomers?
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.
48
What is saturation?
When you're dissolving a substance in water, too much of the substance is added all the water molecules get used up.
49
Which is the strongest chemical bond?
Covalent bond
50
List the biological organization from least complex to most complex.
1. atom
2. molecules
3. macromolecules
4. organelles
5. cells
6. tissues
7. organs
8. organ systems
9. organisms
51
What charge is associated with protons, neutrons and electrons?
```
Protons = positive charge
neutrons = neutral charge
Electrons = negative charge
```
52
Hydrogen bonds are important in the structure of DNA and proteins - T or F ?
True
53
What do all the C.H.O.N.P.S. elements have in common?
Non of their valence shells are full
54
What is the octet rule?
Atoms with at least 2 electrons shells form stable molecules, they need 8 electrons in their outermost shells.
55
What do the noble gases on the far right side of the periodic table have in common?
All of their valence shells are full.
56
What is the charge of a complete atom?
Neutral (same # of protons & electrons)
57
How many elements occur naturally?
92
58
What are the 2 basic component structures of an atom?
- nucleus
| - orbital
59
Are there any types of matter that can exist in more than one form?
yes. H2O can exist in all 3 forms of matter (liquid, gas, solid)
60
Name the 3 primary forms of matter
1. solid
2. gas
3. liquid
61
Hydrogen bonds create a new molecule - T or F ?
False
62
What are reactants?
The starting molecules of a chemical reaction
63
What are products?
The final molecules of a chemical reaction
64
Describe the Hydrogen Bond
The attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom
65
In living systems, we refer to ions as ______.
electrolytes
66
In photosynthesis, sunlight powers the conversion of CO2 and H2O to make _______and _____
- glucose
| - O2 (oxygen)
67
If an atom loses 2 electrons to become as ion, what charge will it have?
A positive charge
68
What is the smallest form of life?
cells
69
Why is hydrogen NOT very electronegative?
It only has 1 proton
70
What are the 3 types of bonding discussed in class?
1. Covalent Bonds
2. Ionic Bonds
3. Hydrogen Bonds
71
List the order of LIFE starting with the most complex & ending with the least complex
1. Organism
2. Organ systems
3. Organs
4. Tissues
5. Cells
72
Why is it bad to be dehydrated?
The salts aren't able to dissolve to give us our positive and negative charges to create electricity for our nervous system.
73
Cis-Trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in _______ ___________.
spacial arrangement
74
What are Enantiomers?
Isomers that are mirror images of each other
75
What is the name of the compound in the Carboxyl group?
Carboxylic Acids (organic acids)
76
Which functional group has cross-linking that helps stabilize protein structure, perms, smells like Sulfur?
Sulfhydryl
77
What are the two types of Enantiomers called?
L isomer and D isomer
78
Enantiomers are important in the ____________ industry, dealing with medications.
pharmaceutical
79
Medications are synthesized in a lab and created to fit into our cells based on their shapes.
True or False
True
80
Which functional group is polar (electrons gravitate toward oxygen atom) and can form Hydrogen Bonds with water molecules, also dissolves organic compounds like sugar?
Hydroxyl
81
The core part of Estrogen and Testosterone are the same, which functional group changes the shape and functions of these hormones?
Methyl
82
Name the 7 functional groups most important in the chemistry of life (the accessories)
1. Hydroxyl group
2. Carbonyl group
3. Carboxyl group
4. Amino group
5. Sulfhydryl group
6. Phosphate group
7. Methyl group
83
What are the names of the compounds in the Carbonyl group?
* Ketones
| * Aldehydes
84
What does Anabolic mean?
to build
85
What does adding "ol" to the end of a word usually mean?
It became an alcohol
86
Adding an -OH (HO-) to a carbon chain is adding which functional group?
Hydroxyl
87
If the Carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, the compound is called an _________
Aldehyde
88
What is di hydrogen oxide?
water
89
Which functional group acts as a base and can pick up H+ from surrounding solutions (including water in living organisms)?
Amino
90
Any substance that loves water is what?
hydrophilic
91
Substances that are non-ionic, non polar, and repel water are what?
hydrophobic
92
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution in which the solute is dissolved in water.
93
What is the energy of motion?
kinetic energy
94
Which two functional groups are associated with sugars?
hydroxyl and carbonyl
95
What is the name of the compound in the hydroxyl group?
alcohols
96
What is the name of the amino groups compound?
Amines
97
Which functional group has Nitrogen in it?
Amino
98
If the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton, what kind of compound is it?
ketone
99
Which functional group has ketones and aldehydes, can have structural isomers, and is found in sugars?
Carbonyl
100
Which functional group acts as an acid, dissolves in water, is found in cells in ionized form, and can donate its (H+) Hydrogen Ion?
carboxyl
101
What is the name of the major group of sugars that contains Ketone compounds?
Ketoses
102
How many different amino acids are there?
20
103
The amino group plus the carboxyl group together forms what?
Amino Acids
104
Adding a -SH (HS-) to a carbon chain means adding which functional group?
Sulfhydryl
105
Have the potential to react with water, releasing energy, also contributes a negative charge. Which functional group is this?
Phosphate
106
Thiols is the name of the compound for which functional group?
Sulfhydryl
107
What is a base?
Anything that releases hydroxide ions (-OH)
| or receives H+
108
What is an Acid?
Anything that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
109
A pH of 7 means that the H+ and -OH are what?
Equal
110
What acid is found in the stomach?
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
111
What does a bicarbonate do?
it's a buffer
112
3 of the four classes of life's organic molecules are polymers/monomers. name all 3.
* carbohydrates
* proteins
* nucleic acids
113
Which one of the four of life's organic molecules is not a polymer/monomer?
Lipids/fats
114
Most macromolecules are __________ built from _________
polymers, monomers
115
What does "lysis" mean?
to split
116
What is the name of the major group of sugars that contains aldehyde compounds?
Aldoses
117
What does "ose" at the end of a word usually mean?
It's a sugar
118
What type of isomers have the same molecular formula but have different covalent arrangements of their atoms?
structural isomers
119
The cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins is a property of which functional group?
Sulfhydryl
120
What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a monosaccharide?
1:2:1
121
What is Glycogen?
An animal storage polysaccharide
122
What does saccharide mean?
sugar
123
What are the 3 monomer/polymer groups of carbohydrates?
1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides
124
What is the most common monosaccharide?
Glucose
125
What are the 2 most common kinds of monosaccharides?
1. Pentose (5 carbons)
| 2. Hexose (6 carbons)
126
What 2 functional groups does a carbohydrate such as glucose contain?
hydroxyl and aldehyde
127
When a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides a disaccharide is formed. This covalent bond is called what?
glycosidic linkage
128
What is a glycosidic linkage?
a covalent bond between sugars
129
Which of the three "saccharides" has storage and structural roles?
polysaccharides
130
What is starch?
a storage polysaccharide of plants
131
What is glycogen?
a storage polysaccharide in animals
132
Where do humans mainly store glycogen?
* liver
| * muscle cells
133
Name the Structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells, adds fiber to our diets, main component of wood, and is found in celery?
Cellulose
134
Like Starch, Cellulose is a polymer of _______
Glucose
135
Name the 2 ring forms for Glucose that are structurally different
Alpha glucose
| Beta glucose
136
Which type of glucose forms a helix in a polymer?
Alpha glucose
137
Which type of glucose forms a linear structure in a polymer?
Beta glucose
138
What is considered the skeletal system of a plant?
Cellulose
139
How does the ration of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen differ in a disaccharide from the ratio we have for a monosaccharide?
You're using dehydration to build up, since you are taking the H2O out the disaccharide will have 2 less hydrogen and 1 less oxygen
140
When two monomers of monosaccharide bond together the covalent bond is known as what?
glycosidic linkage
141
What is Chitin? What organisms have Chitin?
A structural polysaccharide. Found in the Exoskeleton
* cockroaches
* lobster
* crawdads
142
Why can't we break down and digest Cellulose?
because we don't have the enzyme that breaks it down (cellulase)
143
When a double bond kinks the unsaturated fat molecule and it can't lay flat and pack in that means it's what?
a liquid
144
What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?
hydrolysis
145
What is the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde?
a ketone is a carbonyl located within a carbon chain
| an aldehyde is a carbonyl found on the end of a carbon chain
146
Name properties of water
* polarity *adhesion *surface tension *ability to moderate temperature
* cohesion *expansion upon freezing *a solvent *biological medium. *major component outside and inside the cell
147
Water has a very high specific heat. true or false
true
148
Surface tension is in relation with adhesion. true or false
false. surface tension relates with cohesion
149
What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
150
What is our water temperature in the human body when stated in Celsius?
35 degrees Celsius
151
Why is waters ability to expand upon freezing important in aquatic organisms?
It expands because of the order of Hydrogen bonds. Water expanding when frozen creates air pockets that cause ice to float. This builds a barrier between the freezing air and the aquatic life, allowing the water underneath to stay in liquid form, allowing living things to continue living.
152
What does catabolic mean?
break down/destroy
153
What are Carbons 3 most frequent partners?
Hydrogen (Other than C for carbon, the
Oxygen. First three letters in CHONPS)
Nitrogen
154
Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules. What are they?
Glycerol and fatty acids
155
Humans are mostly made up of what organic compound/molecule?
Proteins
156
Chemical reactions make and break
| ________ ______
Chemical bonds
157
What does a buffer system do?
Absorbs excess ions. (To balance pH)
| Releases ions. (To balance pH)
158
What does dissociate to completion mean?
It gave up every Hydrogen Ion (H+) it could
159
Your brain works/runs on which monosaccharide monomer?
Glucose
160
What is the bond between two sugars called?
Glycosidic linkage
161
What is the bond between a fat and a sugar called?
Ester Linkage
162
What are the two subunits in a triglyceride?
| Hint: a fat
Glycerol and fatty acids
163
Where are adipose cells found?
Right under the surface of the skin
164
What is the major function of fats?
Energy storage
165
A disaccharide is made from 2 monomers of monosaccharides. Which monomer is always one of the two?
Glucose
166
Humans/animals store their fat in what kind of cells?
Adipose cells
167
Name 3 monosaccharide monomers
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
168
What does substrate mean?
Reactant
