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Biology 189 > 1st exam > Flashcards

1st exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a negatively charged ion called?

A

Anion

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2
Q

When looking for life on other planets, what two things are they looking for?

A

Water (H2O) & Carbon

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3
Q

Can somethings mass change depending on where they are?

A

No. Mass stays the same no matter where you are.

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4
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The outermost shell of an atom.

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5
Q

What is the difference between mass and weight?

A

Mass: Number of atoms in an object.
Weight: effect of gravity on mass

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6
Q

What are the two elements/atoms that hydrogen atom is usually partnered with in living cells?

A

Oxygen and Nitrogen

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7
Q

Ions have charges on them and can be used to generate electricity, which is how your _______ _______ works.

A

Nervous System

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8
Q

Describe the difference between an Ionic bond and a Covalent bond.

A

Covalent bond: the orbitals are overlapping and share at least one pair of electrons. Ionic Bonds do not overlap

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9
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

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10
Q

Explain why oil can’t dissolve in water.

A

Water can only dissolve something that has an electrical charge (polar) Oil is non polar.

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11
Q

What does dissociate mean?

A

To split apart.

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12
Q

What is an Element?

A

A specific type of atom

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13
Q

What is a non polar covalent bond?

A

In a covalent bond between 2 atoms of the same element, the electrons are shared equally because the 2 atoms have the same electronegativity.

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14
Q

Describe the difference between a single, double, and triple bond

A

Single: sharing 1 pair of electrons (2 total)
Double: sharing 2 pairs of electrons (4 total)
Triple: sharing 3 pairs of electrons (6 total)

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15
Q

What is a subatomic particle?

A

Particles in an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons)

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16
Q

What gives water it’s structure?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

CO2 is a greenhouse sad that makes the earth _____

A

Hotter

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18
Q

Ions are very important in living cells - T or F?

A

True

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19
Q

Which bond is the weakest overall?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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20
Q

Sometimes when a covalent bond breaks, the 2 separate atoms have the ability to ionize - T or F?

A

True

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21
Q

How does water dissolve a substance?

A

It wiggles between, breaks the bond, surrounds each of the ions.

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22
Q

Ionic bonds are strong, as long as they are not exposed to a _____ solvent.

A

Polar

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23
Q

What is an Ion and how is it formed?

A

A charged element. An atom that has either lost electrons or gained electrons becomes an ion.

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24
Q

If an atom loses a proton, what happens to the atom/element?

A

It changes the atom / element into a different element entirely.

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25
Q

What is a positively charged ion called?

A

Cation

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26
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

Electrons located in the valence shell. Valence electrons can be shared to create a covalent bond.

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27
Q

What does it mean when we say some chemical reactions go to COMPLETION?

A

All reactants are converted to products.

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28
Q

Why is water a polar compound?

A

Because there is an unequal sharing of electrons. One of the atoms has more electronegativity. One side of the molecule is positively charged and one side is negatively charged.

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29
Q

In photosynthesis all energy comes from where?

A

The sun

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30
Q

What is a hydration sphere?

A

A circle of water around an individual ion.

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31
Q

What are the 4 major groups in organic chemistry? (all composed of carbon compounds)

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids / Fats
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic Acid (DNA / RNA)
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32
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of compounds that contain carbon.

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33
Q

Most organic compounds contain _____ atoms in addition to _____ atoms

A
  • Hydrogen

- Carbon

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34
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen.

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35
Q

Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of what?

A

Energy

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36
Q

What was the first completely synthesized organic molecule in a lab?

A

Nylon

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37
Q

What are the 4 different ways a hydrocarbon can be changed from one type to another?

A
  1. Length
  2. Branching
  3. Double Bonds
  4. Presence of Rings
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38
Q

Ethane, Propane, Butane are all examples of what type of molecules?

A

Hydrocarbons (Fuels)

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39
Q

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form and why?

A

4 covalent bonds because carbon has 4 valence electrons.

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40
Q

What is the simplest organic compound?

A

Methane gas

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41
Q

Most organic compounds contain a ____ ____ of 2 or more (100’s) carbons bonded together.

A

Carbon Chain

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42
Q

_______ ________ form the skeletons of most organic molecules.

A

Carbon Chains

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43
Q

What is the weakest of the interactions?

A

Van der waals

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44
Q

Molecular formula tells you a lot about the molecule - T or F?

A

False

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45
Q

ISO Means _________

A

The same

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46
Q

MER Means __________

A

Unit

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47
Q

What are isomers?

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties.

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48
Q

What is saturation?

A

When you’re dissolving a substance in water, too much of the substance is added all the water molecules get used up.

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49
Q

Which is the strongest chemical bond?

A

Covalent bond

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50
Q

List the biological organization from least complex to most complex.

A
  1. atom
  2. molecules
  3. macromolecules
  4. organelles
  5. cells
  6. tissues
  7. organs
  8. organ systems
  9. organisms
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51
Q

What charge is associated with protons, neutrons and electrons?

A 
Protons = positive charge
neutrons = neutral charge
Electrons = negative charge
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52
Q

Hydrogen bonds are important in the structure of DNA and proteins - T or F ?

A

True

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53
Q

What do all the C.H.O.N.P.S. elements have in common?

A

Non of their valence shells are full

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54
Q

What is the octet rule?

A

Atoms with at least 2 electrons shells form stable molecules, they need 8 electrons in their outermost shells.

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55
Q

What do the noble gases on the far right side of the periodic table have in common?

A

All of their valence shells are full.

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56
Q

What is the charge of a complete atom?

A

Neutral (same # of protons & electrons)

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57
Q

How many elements occur naturally?

A

92

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58
Q

What are the 2 basic component structures of an atom?

A
  • nucleus

- orbital

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59
Q

Are there any types of matter that can exist in more than one form?

A

yes. H2O can exist in all 3 forms of matter (liquid, gas, solid)

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60
Q

Name the 3 primary forms of matter

A
  1. solid
  2. gas
  3. liquid
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61
Q

Hydrogen bonds create a new molecule - T or F ?

A

False

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62
Q

What are reactants?

A

The starting molecules of a chemical reaction

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63
Q

What are products?

A

The final molecules of a chemical reaction

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64
Q

Describe the Hydrogen Bond

A

The attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom

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65
Q

In living systems, we refer to ions as ______.

A

electrolytes

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66
Q

In photosynthesis, sunlight powers the conversion of CO2 and H2O to make _______and _____

A
  • glucose

- O2 (oxygen)

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67
Q

If an atom loses 2 electrons to become as ion, what charge will it have?

A

A positive charge

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68
Q

What is the smallest form of life?

A

cells

69
Q

Why is hydrogen NOT very electronegative?

A

It only has 1 proton

70
Q

What are the 3 types of bonding discussed in class?

A
  1. Covalent Bonds
  2. Ionic Bonds
  3. Hydrogen Bonds
71
Q

List the order of LIFE starting with the most complex & ending with the least complex

A
  1. Organism
  2. Organ systems
  3. Organs
  4. Tissues
  5. Cells
72
Q

Why is it bad to be dehydrated?

A

The salts aren’t able to dissolve to give us our positive and negative charges to create electricity for our nervous system.

73
Q

Cis-Trans isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in _______ ___________.

A

spacial arrangement

74
Q

What are Enantiomers?

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other

75
Q

What is the name of the compound in the Carboxyl group?

A

Carboxylic Acids (organic acids)

76
Q

Which functional group has cross-linking that helps stabilize protein structure, perms, smells like Sulfur?

A

Sulfhydryl

77
Q

What are the two types of Enantiomers called?

A

L isomer and D isomer

78
Q

Enantiomers are important in the ____________ industry, dealing with medications.

A

pharmaceutical

79
Q

Medications are synthesized in a lab and created to fit into our cells based on their shapes.
True or False

A

True

80
Q

Which functional group is polar (electrons gravitate toward oxygen atom) and can form Hydrogen Bonds with water molecules, also dissolves organic compounds like sugar?

A

Hydroxyl

81
Q

The core part of Estrogen and Testosterone are the same, which functional group changes the shape and functions of these hormones?

A

Methyl

82
Q

Name the 7 functional groups most important in the chemistry of life (the accessories)

A
  1. Hydroxyl group
  2. Carbonyl group
  3. Carboxyl group
  4. Amino group
  5. Sulfhydryl group
  6. Phosphate group
  7. Methyl group
83
Q

What are the names of the compounds in the Carbonyl group?

A
  • Ketones

* Aldehydes

84
Q

What does Anabolic mean?

A

to build

85
Q

What does adding “ol” to the end of a word usually mean?

A

It became an alcohol

86
Q

Adding an -OH (HO-) to a carbon chain is adding which functional group?

A

Hydroxyl

87
Q

If the Carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, the compound is called an _________

A

Aldehyde

88
Q

What is di hydrogen oxide?

A

water

89
Q

Which functional group acts as a base and can pick up H+ from surrounding solutions (including water in living organisms)?

A

Amino

90
Q

Any substance that loves water is what?

A

hydrophilic

91
Q

Substances that are non-ionic, non polar, and repel water are what?

A

hydrophobic

92
Q

What is an aqueous solution?

A

A solution in which the solute is dissolved in water.

93
Q

What is the energy of motion?

A

kinetic energy

94
Q

Which two functional groups are associated with sugars?

A

hydroxyl and carbonyl

95
Q

What is the name of the compound in the hydroxyl group?

A

alcohols

96
Q

What is the name of the amino groups compound?

A

Amines

97
Q

Which functional group has Nitrogen in it?

A

Amino

98
Q

If the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton, what kind of compound is it?

A

ketone

99
Q

Which functional group has ketones and aldehydes, can have structural isomers, and is found in sugars?

A

Carbonyl

100
Q

Which functional group acts as an acid, dissolves in water, is found in cells in ionized form, and can donate its (H+) Hydrogen Ion?

A

carboxyl

101
Q

What is the name of the major group of sugars that contains Ketone compounds?

A

Ketoses

102
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

103
Q

The amino group plus the carboxyl group together forms what?

A

Amino Acids

104
Q

Adding a -SH (HS-) to a carbon chain means adding which functional group?

A

Sulfhydryl

105
Q

Have the potential to react with water, releasing energy, also contributes a negative charge. Which functional group is this?

A

Phosphate

106
Q

Thiols is the name of the compound for which functional group?

A

Sulfhydryl

107
Q

What is a base?

A

Anything that releases hydroxide ions (-OH)

or receives H+

108
Q

What is an Acid?

A

Anything that releases hydrogen ions (H+)

109
Q

A pH of 7 means that the H+ and -OH are what?

A

Equal

110
Q

What acid is found in the stomach?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

111
Q

What does a bicarbonate do?

A

it’s a buffer

112
Q

3 of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers/monomers. name all 3.

A
  • carbohydrates
  • proteins
  • nucleic acids
113
Q

Which one of the four of life’s organic molecules is not a polymer/monomer?

A

Lipids/fats

114
Q

Most macromolecules are __________ built from _________

A

polymers, monomers

115
Q

What does “lysis” mean?

A

to split

116
Q

What is the name of the major group of sugars that contains aldehyde compounds?

A

Aldoses

117
Q

What does “ose” at the end of a word usually mean?

A

It’s a sugar

118
Q

What type of isomers have the same molecular formula but have different covalent arrangements of their atoms?

A

structural isomers

119
Q

The cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins is a property of which functional group?

A

Sulfhydryl

120
Q

What is the ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a monosaccharide?

A

1:2:1

121
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

An animal storage polysaccharide

122
Q

What does saccharide mean?

A

sugar

123
Q

What are the 3 monomer/polymer groups of carbohydrates?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
124
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

125
Q

What are the 2 most common kinds of monosaccharides?

A
  1. Pentose (5 carbons)

2. Hexose (6 carbons)

126
Q

What 2 functional groups does a carbohydrate such as glucose contain?

A

hydroxyl and aldehyde

127
Q

When a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides a disaccharide is formed. This covalent bond is called what?

A

glycosidic linkage

128
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

a covalent bond between sugars

129
Q

Which of the three “saccharides” has storage and structural roles?

A

polysaccharides

130
Q

What is starch?

A

a storage polysaccharide of plants

131
Q

What is glycogen?

A

a storage polysaccharide in animals

132
Q

Where do humans mainly store glycogen?

A
  • liver

* muscle cells

133
Q

Name the Structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells, adds fiber to our diets, main component of wood, and is found in celery?

A

Cellulose

134
Q

Like Starch, Cellulose is a polymer of _______

A

Glucose

135
Q

Name the 2 ring forms for Glucose that are structurally different

A

Alpha glucose

Beta glucose

136
Q

Which type of glucose forms a helix in a polymer?

A

Alpha glucose

137
Q

Which type of glucose forms a linear structure in a polymer?

A

Beta glucose

138
Q

What is considered the skeletal system of a plant?

A

Cellulose

139
Q

How does the ration of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen differ in a disaccharide from the ratio we have for a monosaccharide?

A

You’re using dehydration to build up, since you are taking the H2O out the disaccharide will have 2 less hydrogen and 1 less oxygen

140
Q

When two monomers of monosaccharide bond together the covalent bond is known as what?

A

glycosidic linkage

141
Q

What is Chitin? What organisms have Chitin?

A

A structural polysaccharide. Found in the Exoskeleton

  • cockroaches
  • lobster
  • crawdads
142
Q

Why can’t we break down and digest Cellulose?

A

because we don’t have the enzyme that breaks it down (cellulase)

143
Q

When a double bond kinks the unsaturated fat molecule and it can’t lay flat and pack in that means it’s what?

A

a liquid

144
Q

What type of reaction breaks down polymers into monomers?

A

hydrolysis

145
Q

What is the difference between a ketone and an aldehyde?

A

a ketone is a carbonyl located within a carbon chain

an aldehyde is a carbonyl found on the end of a carbon chain

146
Q

Name properties of water

A
  • polarity *adhesion *surface tension *ability to moderate temperature
  • cohesion *expansion upon freezing *a solvent *biological medium. *major component outside and inside the cell
147
Q

Water has a very high specific heat. true or false

A

true

148
Q

Surface tension is in relation with adhesion. true or false

A

false. surface tension relates with cohesion

149
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

150
Q

What is our water temperature in the human body when stated in Celsius?

A

35 degrees Celsius

151
Q

Why is waters ability to expand upon freezing important in aquatic organisms?

A

It expands because of the order of Hydrogen bonds. Water expanding when frozen creates air pockets that cause ice to float. This builds a barrier between the freezing air and the aquatic life, allowing the water underneath to stay in liquid form, allowing living things to continue living.

152
Q

What does catabolic mean?

A

break down/destroy

153
Q

What are Carbons 3 most frequent partners?

A

Hydrogen (Other than C for carbon, the
Oxygen. First three letters in CHONPS)
Nitrogen

154
Q

Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules. What are they?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

155
Q

Humans are mostly made up of what organic compound/molecule?

A

Proteins

156
Q

Chemical reactions make and break

________ ______

A

Chemical bonds

157
Q

What does a buffer system do?

A

Absorbs excess ions. (To balance pH)

Releases ions. (To balance pH)

158
Q

What does dissociate to completion mean?

A

It gave up every Hydrogen Ion (H+) it could

159
Q

Your brain works/runs on which monosaccharide monomer?

A

Glucose

160
Q

What is the bond between two sugars called?

A

Glycosidic linkage

161
Q

What is the bond between a fat and a sugar called?

A

Ester Linkage

162
Q

What are the two subunits in a triglyceride?

Hint: a fat

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

163
Q

Where are adipose cells found?

A

Right under the surface of the skin

164
Q

What is the major function of fats?

A

Energy storage

165
Q

A disaccharide is made from 2 monomers of monosaccharides. Which monomer is always one of the two?

A

Glucose

166
Q

Humans/animals store their fat in what kind of cells?

A

Adipose cells

167
Q

Name 3 monosaccharide monomers

A

Glucose
Fructose
Galactose

168
Q

What does substrate mean?

A

Reactant

Biology 189 (4 decks)

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