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Bio Final > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s the difference between ancestral and derived characters?

A

Ancestral have a common origin and derived come from a similar environment

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2
Q

What is the out groups and why are they important ?

A

They are used to determine what characteristics are ancestral. They are a group related with a characteristic that the I. Group does not posses

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3
Q

What are the names of the eras in the Phanerozoic eon and what are the dates that define them?

A

Paleozoic- 542 to 251 Mya
Mesozoic- 251 to 65.6 Mya
Cenozoic- 65.5 Mya to present day

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4
Q

Based on fossil evidence when did life first evolve?

A

3.5 bya

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5
Q

What’s the difference between mass Extinction and background extinction?

A

Background: continuous low grade. Caused by biological factors such as predation and competition
Mass: fast 5 to 10 My. Catastrophic events. Leaves ecological voids

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6
Q

How many mass extinction have there been so far?

A

5

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7
Q

What was the largest mass extiction?

A

End Permian

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8
Q

What is the date of the Permian extinction?

A

251 Mya. Separates the Permian and Triassic and Paleozoic and Mesozoic

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9
Q

What are the dates of the end Cretaceous mass Extiction?

A

65.5 separates the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and Cretaceous and Paleogene

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10
Q

What are the main causes of the end Cretaceous mass extinction?

A

A mixture if things. Extreme volcanism, anoxia of the oceans and an asteroid impact

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11
Q

What are the causes of the KT Extiction?

A

A large asteroid impact. Sulfuric acid aresols blocking sunlight for years and causing global collapse of the food chain. Fire storms. Global warming. Ocean levels decrease

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12
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

A period of intense adaption and evolution following a mass extinction. Leads to shifts in dominance

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13
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea

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14
Q

Which domains are sister groups?

A

Eukarya and archaea

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15
Q

What kind of phyletic group are the prokaryotes?

A

They are all monophyletic groups

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16
Q

What is the rule of parsimony?

A

The best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes

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17
Q

How do prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

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18
Q

What are the three types of horizontal gene transfer?

A

Transformation: incorporation of foreign DNA taken up from the environment
Transduction: incorporation of foreign DNA delivered my a virus
Conjugation: transfer of DNA between cells that are connected

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19
Q

How do the metabolic strategies of prokaryotes differ from those of eukaryotic on both number and specifics?

A 
Euk: 2 variations:
Chemoheterotroph 
PhotoUtotroph 
Prok: 4 variations:
Chemoautotroph 
Photoautotroph 
Chemoheterotroph 
Chemoautotroph
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20
Q

Prokaryotes that live in extreme environments tend to be from which domain?

A

Archaea

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21
Q

What type of grouping is the domain eukarya?

A

They’re all Monophyletic

22
Q

The prokaryotes that gave rise to chloroplasts and mitochondria are from which prokaryote domain?

A

Bacteria

23
Q

When did mitochondria evolve in evolutionary history?

A

2.5 bya

24
Q

What are some pieces of evidence that support the theory that chloroplasts evolved from Cyanobacteria?

A

2 membranes
Circular DNA
divide separately

25
Q

How did photosynthetic capacity evolve I the domain eukarya?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

26
Q

When did simple multicellularity evolve?

A

1.2 to 1.5 bya

Complex multicellularity: 555-575 Mya

27
Q

Is simple multicellularity an analogous or homologous characteristic?

A

Analogous

28
Q

What are some reasons that complex multicellular animals diversified in the Cambrian period?

A

Increase in oxygen in the atomsphere- up to sixty percent of what is it today, lead to an evolutionary arms race

29
Q

What type of unicellular animal gave rise to the kingdom Anamalia?

A

Choanoflagellates

They’re very similar to sponges. Sister group of Anamalia

30
Q

What are the four body plans we discussed?

A

Symmetry
Tissues
FFC
Protostome or duederostomes

31
Q

What are some advantages to bilateral symmet

A

Movement

Concentration of nervous tissue in one place

32
Q

What are some advantages of the mesoderm?

A

More elaborate

Increased aerobic capacity and support

33
Q

What are some advantages to having a cloem or pseudocloem?

A

Provides cushion for the organs and allows flexibility

34
Q

What features distinguish protostome from Deuterostomes

A

Protostomes the mouth is the first hole and deuderostomes the mouth is he second hole

35
Q

What are the general types of skeletal systems exhibited by organisms?

A

Exoskeleton and endoskeleton

36
Q

Why do contractile tissues need antagonists? What are some examples?

A

Contractile tissues can only contract. Need an antagonist for 2 way movement.
Tendons
Ligaments
Other muscles

37
Q

What are the advantages and limitations of a exoskeleton?

A

Completely surrounds soft parts
Hollow tube is very good for support
Very susceptible to buckling
Weight is very limiting with increasing size

38
Q

What are advantages and limitations of an exoskeleton

A 
Is oft parts are exposed
Thin rod is not so good for support
Living can grow and repair 
Not susceptible even when large
Relatively light weight
39
Q

Do prokaryotes make up a monophyletic group?

A

No

40
Q

Do complex multicellular animals make up a monophyletic group?

A

No

41
Q

Did the cloem evolve from a more ancient pseudocloem

A

No

42
Q

Ars all animals that posses a fluid filled body cavity triploblastic?

A

Yes

43
Q

Are all animals that posses a fluid filled body cavity bilaterally symmetrical?

A

Yea

44
Q

Are most animal phyla duederostomes?

A

No most are protostomes

45
Q

Name one animal group whose members posses exoskeletons?

A

Arthropoda

46
Q

Name one animal group members posses endoskeltons?

A

Chordata

47
Q

Name one non animal that posses a rigid skeletal system

A

Plants that have woo

48
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Digestive tract and digestive organs

49
Q

What doves the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Body covering and nervous system

50
Q

What does the. Endoderm give rise to?

A

Muscle, skeletal system and cardiovascular system

51
Q

What types of characters do you use when building phylogenetic trees?

A

Homologous characters

Bio Final (4 decks)

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