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Bio Final > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

A change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
Change in the allele frequency of a population

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2
Q

What are homologous characteristics and how do they provide evidence for evolution?

A

Characteristics that have the same structure and similar origin. Indicates lineages

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3
Q

What are vestigial structures and how do they provide evidence for evolution?

A

A charactereistic that no longer has a function Indicate lineage

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4
Q

What are some pieces of evidence that support that all life shares a common ancestor?

A

The genetic code is the same for all life

All organisms go from DNA to RNA to protein

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5
Q

What’s the difference between homologous and analogous structures?

A

Homologous structures are similar due to a similar origin while analogous structures are similar due to similar function

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6
Q

What are some sources of genetic variation?

A

Mutation and sexual reproduction

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7
Q

What are the conditions that must be met for a population to be in HWE

A 
Large population size
No mutation
Random mating
No emigration or immigration 
 No natural selection
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8
Q

What are the random and non random components of evolution?

A

Random: mutation

Non random: selection

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9
Q

What unit does the selection act upon?

A

The individual

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10
Q

What unit does evolution at upon?

A

The population.

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11
Q

What does fitness mean in evolutionary biology?

A

Reproductive success

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12
Q

What are the three patterns of natural selection?

A

Direction selection: pushes a pop in 1 direction
Disruptive selection: moves the population away from the mean.
Stabilizing selection: moves a pop towards the mean

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13
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Change in Allen frequency in a population from generation to generation due to chance alone

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14
Q

What are the differences between founders effect and bottleneck effect?

A

The bottleneck effect is a large population that reduces to a small size. Has a smaller effect.
Founders effect is a small population branches off from a smaller one. Larger impact.

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15
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

Increased saltine fitness due to characteristics chosen by the mate. Decease in overall adaption

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16
Q

What are three ways a species can be defined and what are their limitations?

A

Biological species concept: organisms that can mate and produce fertile and viable offspring and cannot due so with others. Dosent work for asexual or extinct organisms.
Morphological species concept: structurally similar. Different organisms can look similar.
Ecological species concept: occupy the same niche. A lot of info is needed about the organism

17
Q

What are some prezygotic isolating mechanisms?

A

Ecological, temporal, mechanical, behavioral, zygot doesn’t develop

18
Q

What are the three key steps in speciation

A

Gene flow must stop
Genetic divergence
Reproductive isolating factors evolve

19
Q

What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation

A

Allopatric is due to a physical barrier and sympatric is not

20
Q

What is peripatric speciation?

A

Similar to allopatric speciation except it occurs when a very small number of organisms is isolated

21
Q

Hoe does sympatric speciation occur in animals?

A

Change in food or mate preferences. Results in isolation and eventually reproductive isolating mechanisms

22
Q

What is the difference between auto polyploidy and allopolyploidy

A

Auto polyploidy is when all the gametes come from the same species
Allopolyploidy is when they come from different species

23
Q

What is macro evolution?

A

Large scale evolution. Families and genuses

24
Q

What is heterochrony?

A

Changes that affect the rate and timing that body regions develop

25
Q

What is an example of heterochrony

A

Humans are more morphologically similar to baby apes

26
Q

What is peadamorphosis?

A

Adult organisms tat retain the physical characteristics of juveniles

27
Q

What are homeotic genes and what do they code for?

A

Regulatory genes and spatial timing. They code for transcription factors which bind to DNA and regulate transcription.

28
Q

Does genetic drift lead to increased adaptation of fitness?

A

No

29
Q

What happens during polypoidyiztion?

A

Spontaneous duplication of the entire set of chromosomes

30
Q

What is the initial driving force for sympatric speciation in animals?

A

A shift in preference by a subset of the population for a type of mate or resource.

31
Q

What is the changing nature of science a good thing?

A

Because it subject to change and revision when new evidence is found. With each revision and adjustment scientists come closer to the “truth”

32
Q

What are the major hallmarks of science?

A

Based on the natural world and law
Based on tangible evidence
Must be testable and falsifiable
Is subject to change

Bio Final (4 decks)

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