Exam 2 Flashcards
Net Neutrality
When the government allows an equal playing field for internet providers or a small business. All data has to be treated equally.
Net Neutrality important for small businesses
Small businesses wouldn’t be able to start up again because they wouldn’t be able to pay the premium which would result in loosing business.
Three basic ways media audiences are active?
- Interpretation
- Social Media Context
- When audiences organize collectively to make formal demands on media producers or regulators
Examples of three basic ways media audiences are active?
- Interpretation: When we turn on the T.V., read a blog, listen to a song, or go to to the movies.
- Social Media Context: Retweeting/posting a media object on social media to show friends and family. To discuss that media object with others online.
- Audience organizing protests on media producers: Public protests, boycotts of specific media products, publicity campaigns like Presidential Elections.
Andrea Press
Did a study about how women perceive themselves on TV by showing examples of working class women and middle class women to a working class woman and a middle class woman. Study helped us understand interpretations based on class and gender.
Janice Radway
Did a study on white, middle class women who read romance novels. She found that women don’t read romance novels to satisfy their woman sexual pleasures, but mainly just to read so they can feel stress free from their normal lives. It makes us see that romance novels aren’t just for one thing.
Regulations FOR Pirate Radio
Alternative Voice
Liberates the airwaves and break the corporate broadcast media’s stranglehold on the free flow of news, information and ideas
Regulations AGAINST Pirate Radio
Radios use public airwaves to reach audiences
Airwaves are public spaces=need to be regulated.
Pirate Radio signals may interfere with the signal of another station/airplane tower.
What is the neoliberal ideology of the autonomous family?
The assertion that strong families, rather than good government or caring communities, are the key to social stability is a highly political move, one that has overburdened the family with tremendous responsibility (both ideological and material).
Regulating for Morality
Bob Dole, presidential candidate made a speech about the “evil” of the U.S. entertainment industry.
Ratings and Warnings
One way content is regulated is by industry self-regulation rather than formal government involvement.
Three Prong Obscenity test
A Supreme Court decision that set the standard for determining what is and is not obscene. If it fails it is considered Obscene.
- Offensive to community
- State Law
- Artsy or not
Fin-Syn Rules
(Financial Interest and Syndication): Limited the ability of the three major networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) to acquire financial interests or syndication rights in television programming.
Syndication
A producer sells the rights to rebroadcast a program.
Effect of the Fin-Syn Rule
Many new independent television stations, cable stations, and even new television networks emerged.
Comparing Media Content and the “real” world
- Literature in media and cultural studies reminds us that representations are not reality, even if media readers or audiences may sometimes be tempted to judge them as such.
- Media usually do not try to reflect the “real” world.
Five different ways researchers assess media content
- Content as Reflection of Producers
- Content as Reflection of Audience Preference
- Content as Reflection of Society in General
- Content as Influence on Audiences
- Content as Self-Enclosed Text
Polysemy
the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.
John Fiske
Argued that media texts contain an “excess” of meaning within them.
Ex: Many of the components of a television program will fit together into one relatively consistent interpretation that is likely to be the dominant interpretation.
Telecommunications Act of 1996 Rules Before and After
P.R.: National TV: Can own up to 12 stations nationwide
NR: National TV: No limit on number of stations
P.R: Local TV: Can own only one station in a market
NR: Local TV: Can own up to two tv stations in the same local market, as long as one of the stations is not among the top four in the area, and there are at least 8 independent TV stations.
P.R.: National Radio: Can own up to 20 FM and 20 AM stations
NR: No limit to station ownership
David Morley
Approach to encoding, “people can read the preferred meaning, they can develop a “negotiated” reading, or they can draw on extra textual resources to construct an “oppositional” reading. Example: Nationwide study
Darnell Hunt
Race
Stuart Hall
Came up with the Media encoding and decoding model. l
