Exam 2

Question 1

Net Neutrality

Answer 1

When the government allows an equal playing field for internet providers or a small business. All data has to be treated equally.

Question 2

Net Neutrality important for small businesses

Answer 2

Small businesses wouldn’t be able to start up again because they wouldn’t be able to pay the premium which would result in loosing business.

Question 3

Three basic ways media audiences are active?

Answer 3

1. Interpretation
2. Social Media Context
3. When audiences organize collectively to make formal demands on media producers or regulators

Question 4

Examples of three basic ways media audiences are active?

Answer 4

1. Interpretation: When we turn on the T.V., read a blog, listen to a song, or go to to the movies.
2. Social Media Context: Retweeting/posting a media object on social media to show friends and family. To discuss that media object with others online.
3. Audience organizing protests on media producers: Public protests, boycotts of specific media products, publicity campaigns like Presidential Elections.

Question 5

Andrea Press

Answer 5

Did a study about how women perceive themselves on TV by showing examples of working class women and middle class women to a working class woman and a middle class woman. 
Study helped us understand interpretations based on class and gender.

Question 6

Janice Radway

Answer 6

Did a study on white, middle class women who read romance novels. She found that women don’t read romance novels to satisfy their woman sexual pleasures, but mainly just to read so they can feel stress free from their normal lives. It makes us see that romance novels aren’t just for one thing.

Question 7

Regulations FOR Pirate Radio

Answer 7

Alternative Voice
Liberates the airwaves and break the corporate broadcast media’s stranglehold on the free flow of news, information and ideas

Question 8

Regulations AGAINST Pirate Radio

Answer 8

Radios use public airwaves to reach audiences
Airwaves are public spaces=need to be regulated.
Pirate Radio signals may interfere with the signal of another station/airplane tower.

Question 9

What is the neoliberal ideology of the autonomous family?

Answer 9

The assertion that strong families, rather than good government or caring communities, are the key to social stability is a highly political move, one that has overburdened the family with tremendous responsibility (both ideological and material).

Question 10

Regulating for Morality

Answer 10

Bob Dole, presidential candidate made a speech about the “evil” of the U.S. entertainment industry.

Question 11

Ratings and Warnings

Answer 11

One way content is regulated is by industry self-regulation rather than formal government involvement.

Question 12

Three Prong Obscenity test

Answer 12

A Supreme Court decision that set the standard for determining what is and is not obscene. If it fails it is considered Obscene.

1. Offensive to community
2. State Law
3. Artsy or not

Question 13

Fin-Syn Rules

Answer 13

(Financial Interest and Syndication): Limited the ability of the three major networks (ABC, CBS, NBC) to acquire financial interests or syndication rights in television programming.

Question 14

Syndication

Answer 14

A producer sells the rights to rebroadcast a program.

Question 15

Effect of the Fin-Syn Rule

Answer 15

Many new independent television stations, cable stations, and even new television networks emerged.

Question 16

Comparing Media Content and the “real” world

Answer 16

1. Literature in media and cultural studies reminds us that representations are not reality, even if media readers or audiences may sometimes be tempted to judge them as such.
2. Media usually do not try to reflect the “real” world.

Question 17

Five different ways researchers assess media content

Answer 17

1. Content as Reflection of Producers
2. Content as Reflection of Audience Preference
3. Content as Reflection of Society in General
4. Content as Influence on Audiences
5. Content as Self-Enclosed Text

Question 18

Polysemy

Answer 18

the coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase.

Question 19

John Fiske

Answer 19

Argued that media texts contain an “excess” of meaning within them.
Ex: Many of the components of a television program will fit together into one relatively consistent interpretation that is likely to be the dominant interpretation.

Question 20

Telecommunications Act of 1996 Rules Before and After

Answer 20

P.R.: National TV: Can own up to 12 stations nationwide
NR: National TV: No limit on number of stations

P.R: Local TV: Can own only one station in a market
NR: Local TV: Can own up to two tv stations in the same local market, as long as one of the stations is not among the top four in the area, and there are at least 8 independent TV stations.

P.R.: National Radio: Can own up to 20 FM and 20 AM stations
NR: No limit to station ownership

Question 21

David Morley

Answer 21

Approach to encoding, “people can read the preferred meaning, they can develop a “negotiated” reading, or they can draw on extra textual resources to construct an “oppositional” reading. Example: Nationwide study

Question 22

Darnell Hunt

Answer 22

Race

Question 23

Stuart Hall

Answer 23

Came up with the Media encoding and decoding model. l