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Clinical Parasitology, Mycology, Virology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

3 major approaches to the diagnosis of mycotic diseases

A

clinical settings - patient symptoms

tissue laboratory - pathology; biopsy

microbiologist & hematology

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2
Q

specimen types

A

blood, bronchoscopy, CSF, exudates, hair, skin, nails, prostatic secretions, sputum, tissue biopsies, urine SWABS ARE NOT ACCEPTABLE

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3
Q

KOH prep

A

w/ or w/o calcofluor white added will clear the background of cellular and protein material used for skin & sputum specimens

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4
Q

Lactophenol Aniline Blue

A

most common stain for scotch tape & tease mount preparations from fungal cultures may also be used to visualize yeast and FUNGAL STRUCTURES in clinical specimens

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5
Q

Sabouraud’s dextrose agar advantages

A

non-selective medium most commonly used, all molds will grow

lower dextrose & high pH = enhances fungal sporation!

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6
Q

Sabouraud’s dextrose agar disadvantages

A

contaminants will also grow; not recommended for dimorphic fungi

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7
Q

Cornmeal agar advantages

A

supports the growth of yeats and some fungal pathogens used for yeast

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8
Q

Cornmeal agar disadvantages

A

supports fungal & bacterial contaminants

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9
Q

Brain Heart Infusion with antibiotics advantages

A

prevent overgrowth of bacterial & fungal contaminants used for dimorphic fungi

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10
Q

Brain Heart Infusion with antibiotics disadvantages

A

inhibits Nocardia asteriodes, inhibits some strains of cryptococcus neoformans, inhibits yeast phase of dimorphic fungi

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11
Q

Storage of fungal specimens

A

NEVER FROZEN

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12
Q

Temperature for incubation of cultures

A

25-30*C

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13
Q

minimum time for discarding cultures

A

30 day minimum

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14
Q

Aerial

A

the portion of the mycelium growing above the surface medium from which fruiting bodies and sporulation commonly occurs

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15
Q

Aleuriospore

A

a spore or conidium that is attached laterally or terminally to the hyphae or conidiophore via a specialized cell that fragments or fractures upon detachment

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16
Q

Aseptate

A

a mycelium & hyphae that are not separated by a transverse septations & through which the endoplasm flows freely

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17
Q

Blastoconidia

A

a spore or conidium that detaches at a predetermined point of budding

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18
Q

Chlamydospore

A

a reproductive unit derived from a pre-existent hyphal cell, most commonly seen in cornmeal mounts of Candida Albucans. they may form at the apex (terminal), the side (sessile) or within (intercalary) the hypha

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19
Q

Columella

A

A terminal extension of the sporangiophore of Zygomyces species, projecting into the fertile area of a sporangium

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20
Q

Conidium

A

A term derived from the latin word ‘dust’, referring to the reproductive spores produced from the tips or sides of specialized fruiting bodies known as phialides

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21
Q

conidiophore

A

a specialized hyphal extension that supports the fruiting head from which conidia are produced

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22
Q

Dematiaceous

A

a term derived from the lain ‘ dark’, in reference to the black melanin-like pigment that is produced by many fungal species, imparting a black pigment to the colony

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23
Q

Dimorphic

A

a term that describes those fungal species, often pathogens, that grow in the mold form at environmental temperatures (25C), but as a yeast when incubated at 35C

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24
Q

Endospore

A

a spore that is produced from specialized conidiogenous cells that line a secondary structure, such as the spherules seen in coccidioides immitis, photo

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25
Q

Hyaline

A

mycelium or hyphae that are non-pigmented and appear clear when viewed by transmitted light

26
Q

Hypha

A

fundamental unit of a fungus; the tubular strand or filament that comprises the vegetative mycelium

27
Q

Myceliume

A

the composite mat or thallus of fungal growth, made up of individual intertwining hyphae

28
Q

Nodal

A

the derivation of the sporangiophores immediately adjacent to the root-like rhizoids

29
Q

Rhizoid

A

root-like structures produced from the hyphae of certain species of Zygomyces that serve no particular function

30
Q

Rugae

A

the folds & creases that often form on the surface of many filamentous molds

31
Q

Septum

A

the transverse structure of a hypha that serves to separate individual cells

32
Q

Philalide

A

the immediate cells from which conidia are produced, they do not increase in length during conidiation, in contrast to annellides

33
Q

Vegetative

A

portion of a thallus or mycelium that grows beneath the surface of the substrate, in contrast to the aerial hyphae that extend airborne over the top of the medium

34
Q

3 medically important genera of the Zygomycetes & the structural characteristics that separate them

A
  1. Rhizopus- nodal rhizoids @ base, hyphae are not divided, white fluffly mold w/ black dots
  2. Mucor- doesn’t have any rhizoids/root-like structures
  3. Cunninghamella- no roots/rhizoids
  4. Absidia- similar to rhizopus & mucor, has rhizoids inbetween th eend of the stalks (INTERNODAL RHIZOIDS)
  5. circinella- circullar or curved sporangiophores
35
Q

3 general microscopic features that are unique to Zygomycetes

A

aseptate hyphae

sporangium w/ spores inside

most have rhizoids

36
Q

3 clinical forms of Zygomycosis

A

Cutaneous

pulmonary

systemic

37
Q

Aspergillus flavus

A

macro: yellowish/brown colony; ‘lid-lifters’
micro: spherical vesticle; double row of philalides

38
Q

A. fumigatus

A

thermophile: grows up to 45*C

Macro: greenish-gray with white edges

micro: clubbed shaped vesicle, phialides & conidia are only present on the top half of the ves icle

39
Q

A. niger

A

macro: pepper color colony
micro: doulbe row of phialides, short rows of black conidia ‘dark afro’

can also cause swimmer’s ear

40
Q

A. terreus

A

macro: cinnamon brown in color
micro: dome shaped vesicle with long row of conidia

‘fluffier’ than A. fumigatus

41
Q

Syndromes associated with pulmonary Aspergillus

A
  1. allergic pulmonary disease:
  • most likely correlated with A. fumigatus or A. flavus
  • branched hyphae in sputum specimen is diagnostic
  • eosinophilia in sputum & blood samples
  • shark-o-laden crystals
  1. fungus ball infeciton:
  • A. niger or A. fumigatus
  • grows a colony in the cavity of the lungs or sinuses
  • usually in ICP
42
Q

how to determine a clinically significant fungus from a contaminant?

A

culture organism from multiple sites/ multiple specimens

43
Q

Hyaline molds in general

A

pastel colored (except for penicillin)

can cause keramytosis, mycetomas, & systemic infections

usually in ICP

44
Q

Fusarium

A

rapid growth : 3-5 days

lavender colonies, very pretty

sickle, crescent shaped multi-celled conidia

causes corneal ulcers & mycetomas

45
Q

Penicillium

A

rapid growth: 3-5 days

yellowish, green, bluish green colonies

long septate hyphae

causes endocarditis, opthalmia

46
Q

Scopulariopsis

A

rapid growth: 2-6 days

powdery buff to brown color with radial grooves

septate hyphae

47
Q

Scedosporium

A

looks like little sperm

48
Q

Gliocladium

A

white-greenish color ‘green lawn’

flask shaped phialide with a ‘flower’ at the end

49
Q

3 features that separate hyaline molds from aspergilli

A
  1. hyaline molds do not have a vesicle
  2. hyaline molds have conidia in clusters or single; aspergillus conidia are in chains from the phialides
  3. hyaline molds can have multi-celled conidia
50
Q

T-agar

A

differentiat Trichopyton tonserans (will grow) from veracusum

various agars with various growth requirements ( thiamine & inositol)

51
Q

Urease test

A

differentiates between T. mentagrophytes (+) & T. rubrum (-)

52
Q

Trichophyton general microscopic characteristics

A

macro conidia - sparse or absent; when present they can be long & pencil shaped

micro conidia are abundant

53
Q

Microsporum general microscopic characteristics

A

many macro conidia

can have a variety of appearances

usually have few micro conidia

54
Q

Epidermophyton general microscopic characteristics

A

macro conidia are large & club shaped

2-5 cells per macro conidia

usually do not have micro conidia

55
Q

Microsporum Gypseum

A

4-7 days to grow

off-white/buff color - can become more brownish after a few days

macro conidia, multi-celled, bumpy wall

attached directly to hyphae

infects animals > humans (skin & scalp)

56
Q

Microsporum canis

A

5-10 day growth

white w/ lemony/yellow colored apron

large multicelled macro conidia with pointed ends & terminal knobs; breakaway cell attached to hyphae

infected hair will fluoresce under a lamp - yellowish green

no microconidia

57
Q

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

A

6-10 day growth

produced spiral hyphae w/ micro conidia - ‘clusters of grapes’ & macro conidia that are smooth walled & skinny

can infect hair, skin & nails

positive hair bating test & positive urease test & grows on all T agars

58
Q

Trichophyton rubrum

A

7-10 days growth

white/cream on top, reverse side is RED

negative for hair bating test & negative/weak urease

sparse microconidia - ‘birds on a fence’

skin & nail infections

59
Q

Trichophyton tonsurans

A

10-12 days

suede like colony with folds

‘birds on fence’ micro conidia

hair infection - tinea capitis

60
Q

Epidermophyton floccosum

A

7-10 days

khaki colored colony

no micro conidia

skin & nail infections & atheletes foot

61
Q
A

Clinical Parasitology, Mycology, Virology (3 decks)

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