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Clinical Parasitology, Mycology, Virology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Container for Stool specimens must be free of:

A

urine, water, other potential contaminants

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2
Q

Preservation Protocol for Stool Specimens

A

no preservation if processed within two hours PVA fixative or formalin if over 2 hours

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3
Q

Temperature for Stool Specimens

A

ALWAYS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

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4
Q

Number of specimens for Stool sample

A

one initially, 2 if symptoms persist & more than three after a ‘purge’

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5
Q

Times of collection for Stool specimens

A

collected within 10 days; one sample every other day

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6
Q

Stages of protozoan found in Formed stool

A

most likely cysts, larvae, and eggs NO TROPHOZOITES

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7
Q

Formalin Advantages

A

good for preservation of CYSTS

preserves organisms w/o compromising organism morphology

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8
Q

Formalin Disadvantages

A

DESTROYS TROPHOZOITES

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9
Q

PVA Advantages

A

can be used for transporting specimens!

excellent at preserving CYSTS, TROHPOZOITES, FLAGELLATES etc

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10
Q

PVA Disadvantages

A

Giardia and Trichomonas don’t concentrate well in PVA Isopora, if present, not usually seen

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11
Q

Sedimentation

A

uses gravity or centrifugation contains more fecal debris contain a ^^ # of diagnostic forms of parasite Giardia lamblia may be missed

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12
Q

Flotation

A

yields much cleaner prep than Sedimentation

must be examined immediately

not an acceptable method for recovery of operculated eggs

cysts may become distorted if in prep for prolonged period

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13
Q

Saline Procedure

A

O.85% NaCl

protozoan cysts are more refractile & can see troph motility!

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14
Q

Iodine Prep

A

D’Antoni’s Iodine or Lugol’s iodine 1:5 dilution

acts as a stain to improve detection & ID of protozoan **cysts; Trophs will be destroyed **& immobilized

best for ID of cysts

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15
Q

Purpose of the trichrome stain

A

definitive diagnosis of protozoan; easiest staining procedureto detect & ID protozoan

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16
Q

What observations should be noted in a stool when examining for the presence of parasites?

A

Blood, Mucous, & Consistency!

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17
Q

Entamoeba histolyica cyst

A

Pathogen!!

12-15um; never more than >4 nuclei!!!!

small central karyosome; even bead-like distribution of chromatin along inner nuclear membrane

chromatidal bars are rounded!!!!

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18
Q

Entamoeba histolytica trophozoite

A

15-20 um

unidirectional motility!

INGESTION OF RBCs!!

single pseudopod; fine granular cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is the most important differentiating characteristic for intestinal protozoan

A

structure of the nucleus!

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20
Q

Entamoeba coli cyst

A

non pathogen

spherical, UP TO 8 NUCLEI!! - each large w/ central karyosome

chromatoidal bars are splintered w/ pointed ends

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21
Q

Entamoeba coli trophozoite

A

non pathogen

relatively large; cytoplasm is usually junky - filled w/ food vacuoles

pseudopods are exteded in many directions- slow, non-directional motility

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22
Q

Endolimax nana

A

non pathogen

very small- both cyst & troph

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23
Q

2 unique features of Iodamoeba butschlii

A

LARGE, GLYCOGEN VACUOLE

stains brown in iodine prep

24
Q

Entamoeba histolytica geographic distribution

A

EVERYWHERE

fecal-oral route of infection

25
Q

Acanthamoeba causes:

A

associated w/ granulomatous amoebic encephalitis

more commonly associated w/ KERATITIS!- contaminated contact lense solution & swimmin pools

26
Q

naegleria causes:

A

Primarily amoebic meningoencephalitis!!! (PAM)

mostly in children & young adults swimming in polluted fresh water

see motile trophs in spinal fluid

27
Q

cyst definition

A

inactive stage! dormant & able to survive adverse environmental conditions

reproductive division

1-8 nuclei

28
Q

trophozoite definition

A

actively motile

feeding stage

single nucleus; except! Giardia & Dientamoeba fragilis

29
Q

Cryptosproidium parvum

A

very small! 5um

acid-fast stain

located on superficial brush border of intestines

30
Q

Isospora belli

A

usually nonpathogenic except in HIV patients

sexual & asexual forms in intestine

can complete life cycle w/o separate host

31
Q

Cyclospora

A

non pathogenic except in HIV patients

similar to cryptosporidium parvum but larger

also acid-fast stain

32
Q

Blastocystis hominis

A

nonpathogenic except in HIV patients

>5 organisms per low power field are reported

recurrent diarrhea is most common symptoms

33
Q

Why should the presence of the non-pathogens always be reported?

A

implies contact w/ feces & should look for other indicators of contamination & can flag E. histolyica being present

34
Q

Giardia lamblia cyst

A

10-15 um oval/elliptical

thin smooth wall

4 nuclei in mature form!

35
Q

Giardia lamblia trophozoites

A

10-20 um

PEAR SHAPED

motile via 4 pairs of flagella - ‘falling leaf motility’

2 NUCLEI!

36
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis cyst

A

AH HA! NO CYST FORM!

37
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoite

A

significant if seen in children

2 nuclei!!! karyosome consists of cluster of small granules

motile via pseudopod

cytoplasm-finely granular

38
Q

Chilomastix mesnili

A

not really important but is lemon-shaped!

39
Q

Trichomonas hominis

A

not really that important; nonpathogen

NO CYST form

pear-shaped w/ single anterior nucleus

40
Q

Clinical significance of Dientamoeba fragilis?

A

children - significant pathogen: fatigue, failure to thrive, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, nausea

adults- usually asymptomatic

41
Q

Infective stage of Giardia lamblia?

A

mature cyst!

42
Q

4 Structural characteristics of Balantidium coli that separate ciliate from flagellates

A
  1. large trophozoites - up to 100 um
  2. cilia cover the surface
  3. bean-shaped macronucleus & micronucleus
  4. boring motility

only cilia thats pathogenic to humans

reservoir - hogs

43
Q

Diagnosis for Giardia

A

Entero-Test for giardia antigen!

44
Q

Macronucleus & mirconucleus

A

macro- large, kidney-bean shaped nucleus

micro- small, dot like cluster of nuclear material; difficult to see

both present in Balantidium coli

45
Q

Clinically significant flagellates & ciliates

A

Giardia lamblia

Dientamoeba fragilis-children

Trich. vaginalis

46
Q

Giardia lamblia pathology of infection important notes

A

diarrhea, abdominal cramps, bloating, malabsorption

NOT INVASIVE

47
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis picture ID & diagnosis

A

seen in vaginal preps; always observe in fresh specimens

48
Q

Taenia saginata

A

BEEF TAPE WORM!

ovum: 35-50um; spherical w/ a thick, striate, smooth shell & contain a hexacanth embryo
adult: Unarmed!! 4 suckers; proglottids have 13+ lateral uterine segments

49
Q

Taenia solium

A

PORK TAPE WORM

same eggs as taenia saginata

adults: ARMED scolex; proglottids have 7-13 lateral uterine segments

50
Q

Hymenolepis nana

A

DWARF TAPE WORM

adult worm has proglottids that are wider than they are long

ellipical ovum w/ thin outer shell w/ 4-8 filaments extending into open space

51
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum

A

FISH TAPE WORM

large, oval ovum

adult worm: almond shaped, creates a vitamin B12 deficiency (via competitive consumption) & can lead to megaloblastic anemia

52
Q

Intermediate host infection w/ Taenia solium?

A

cysticerosis - an infection of both pig & human from the worm’s larval stage

can invade the tissuess –> VERY DANGEROUS

53
Q

Echinococcus granulosus

A

DOG TAPE WORM

transmitted by food & water containing eggs

54
Q

Proglottid

A

egg producing segments which has both male & female sexual organs

55
Q

hydatid cyst

A

larval stage in the life of Echinococcus granulosus; consisting of a germinal membrane from which daughter cysts develop, contained within a fluid filled bladder

56
Q

2 organisms whos egg stage may be mistaken for Taenia saginata

A
  1. Ascaris lumbricoides
  2. hookworm

Clinical Parasitology, Mycology, Virology (3 decks)

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