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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the NS?

A

To coordinate and integrate body systems and maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

What comprises the CNS?

A

Brain and Spinal cord?

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3
Q

What comprises the PNS?

A

Nerves, part of the Somatic and Autonomic NS

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4
Q

Autonomic NS fx?

A

Innervates cardiac, smooth muscle and glands.

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5
Q

Somatic NS fx?

A

Innervates skeletal muscles (voluntary)

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6
Q

ANS is what kind of system?

A

2 neuron system: goes from spinal cord to synapse to another neuron that then goes to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or glands

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7
Q

Where is the site of synapse?

A

Ganglion

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8
Q

What is a Ganglion?

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral NS that are located pre-ganglion or post-ganglion

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9
Q

Parts of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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10
Q

Sympathetic is also known as what and why?

A

Thoracolumbar division because pre-ganglionic neurons come out of the spinal cord T1-L2

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11
Q

Site where pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse in sympathetic response?

A

Ganglionic chain

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12
Q

Where is the ganglionic chain located?

A

Close to the spinal cord: pre-ganglionic = short, post-ganglionic = long (innvervate cardiac, smooth muscle and glands

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13
Q

What is the ratio of pre to post ganglionic in Sympathetic response?

A

1:20 —> widespread response from sympathetic division

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14
Q

Parasympathetic response is also known as what and why?

A

Craniosacral division because pre-ganglionic neurons are bundled with cranial nerves 3,7,9,10 and the other pre-ganglionic neurons comes off spinal cord segments S2,S3,S4.

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15
Q

Where do pre and post ganglionic neurons synapse in parasympathetic response?

A

Close to or on an Effector: pre-ganglions are long and post-ganglions are short

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16
Q

Ratio of pre to post ganglionic neurons in Parasympathetic response?

A

1:4 –> focused response

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17
Q

Dual innervation?

A

When an organ is innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers, they antagonize each other. Most organs have dual innevervation.

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18
Q

Example of dual innervation?

A

Sympathetic increases HR, Parasympathetic decreases HR.

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19
Q

When does the sympathetic and parasympathetic response work together?

A

Male reproductive system: Para = Erection, Symp=Ejaculation

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20
Q

What is the net effect of both divisions?

A

To get the level of activity

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21
Q

Example of single innervations?

A

Adrenal medulla and blood vessels = sympathetic innervation

Lacrimal glands = parasympathetic innervation

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22
Q

Total activity of particular division Sympathetic?

A

Increase Symp = Constriction of BV’s

Decrease Symp = Dilation of BV’s

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23
Q

What are the kinds of neurotransmitters released by neurons?

A
  1. Acetylcholine (Ach)
  2. Biogenic Amines
  3. Amino Acids
  4. Peptides
  5. Misc. (NO - Nitric oxide, ATP)
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24
Q

Biogenic Amines examples?

A

Catecholamines and Indolamines

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25
Q

What do Catecholamines release?

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine

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26
Q

What do the Indolamines releases?

A

Histamine

Serotonin

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27
Q

Amino Acid examples?

A

Glycine
GABA
Glutamate

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28
Q

Kinds of Peptides?

A

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins

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29
Q

Which neurotransmitters act in the PNS?

A

Ach, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine

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30
Q

Neurons that synthesize and release Ach are called?

A

Cholinergic neurons

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31
Q

Neurons that synthesize and release NE?

A

Adrenergic Neurons

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32
Q

What organ synthesizes and releases Epinephrine and NE?

A

Adrenal Medulla

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33
Q

Dopaminergic neurons synthesize and release?

A

Dopamine

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34
Q

Receptors that bing Ach are called?

A

Cholinergic receptors

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35
Q

Two kinds of Cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic

Nicotinic

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36
Q

Subtype of Nicotinic receptors?

A

N1

N2

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37
Q

What kind of receptors are N1 & N2 and where are they found in relation to the synapse?

A

Excitatory, found Postsynaptic

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38
Q

Subtype of Muscarinic receptors?

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

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39
Q

Excitatory/Postsynaptic Muscarinic Receptors?

A

M1,M3,M5

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40
Q

Inhibitory/Postsynaptic Muscarinic receptor?

A

M2

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41
Q

Inhibitory/Presynaptic Muscarinic receptor?

A

M4

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42
Q

Excitatory/Postsynaptic Nicotinic receptors?

A

N1,N2

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43
Q

Adrenergic receptors respond to?

A

Epinephrine, NE, Dopamine

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44
Q

Two kinds of Adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha

Beta

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45
Q

Subtypes of Alpha/Beta?

A

A1,A2

B1,B2

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46
Q

Excitatory/Postsynaptic Alpha receptors?

A

A1

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47
Q

Inhibitory/Presynaptic Alpha receptor?

A

A2

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48
Q

Excitatory/Postsynaptic Beta receptor?

A

B1

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49
Q

Inhibitory/Postsynaptic Beta receptor?

A

B2

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50
Q

Dopaminergic receptor subtypes?

A

D1,D2

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51
Q

Inhibitory/Postsynaptic Dopamine receptor?

A

D1

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52
Q

Inhibitory/Presynaptic Dopamine receptor?

A

D2

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53
Q

Why are Inhibitory/Presynaptic receptors called auto receptors?

A

Regulate the release of neurotransmitters from M4,A2,D2

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54
Q

Where can you find an N2 receptor?

A

Skeletal muscle

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55
Q

Where can you find an M2 receptor?

A

SA node of heart (hyper polarizes = deceased HR)

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56
Q

List Excitatory/Postsynaptic receptors.

A 
N1
N2
M1
M3
M5
A1
B1
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57
Q

List Inhibitory/Presynaptic receptors.

A

M4,A2,D2

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58
Q

List Inhibitory/Postsynaptic receptors.

A

M2
B1
B2
D1

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59
Q

Fate of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Some diffuse away from synapse
  2. Some are broken down by catabolic enzymes
  3. some get taken back up by neuron that released them
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60
Q

Define Direct Mimicry

A

When the drug closely resembles in structure the endogenous molecule and it binds to the same receptor (having affinity and intrinsic activity).

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61
Q

Example of Direct mimicry drug?

A

Bethanechol (mimics Ach)

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62
Q

Define indirect mimicry?

A

When the drug increases the amount of neurotransmitters in the synapse, it can be done in 3 ways.

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63
Q

What are the three ways indirect mimicry occurs?

A
  1. Drug enhances the release of neurotransmitters from neuron. Ex. Amphetamines ^ release of NE
  2. Drug inhibits the catabolic enzymes that break down the neurotransmitter. Ex. Physostigmine (Myasthenia Gravis)
  3. Drug blocks the re-uptake of the neurotransmitter. Ex. Cocaine - more NE in synapse
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64
Q

Define direct blockade and give example

A

Antagonist- Inhibits the synthesis of the neurotransmitter. Ex. Hemicholinium inhibits the synthesis of Ach, Atropine blocks cholinergic drug

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65
Q

Define indirect blockade and give an example

A

When a drug inhibits the release of the neurotransmitter. Ex. Botox- inhibits the release of Ach, no muscle contraction

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66
Q

Direct Acting Cholinergic Drugs Bind to?

A

Cholinergic receptors and cause receptor activity

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67
Q

What is the response you get from Direct Acting Cholinergic Drugs?

A

Response mimics those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibers, therefore they’re called parasympathetic drugs

68
Q

Characteristics of Ach?

A
  • Lacks selectivity
  • Rapidly broken down and makes dosage control difficult
  • Used in opthalmology (cataract surgery, rapid miosis)
69
Q

Adverse effects of Acetylcholine?

A

DUMBBELLS

Diarrhea
Urination
Miosis
Bronchoconstriction
Bradycardia
Excitation of Skeletal muscles
Lacrimation
Lots of sweat
Salivation
70
Q

What are the therapeutic uses of Bethanechol (urecholine)?

A
  • Urinary retention in post-op and postpartum patients
  • Paralytic Ileus
  • Abdominal Distention
71
Q

Adverse effects of Bethanechol (urecholine)?

72
Q

Contraindications of Bethanechol?

A
  • Physical obstruction of GI/Urinary tract
  • Patients with low BP, low CO
  • Patients with asthma
  • Patients with hyperthyroidism (can cause cardiac dysrhythmias)
73
Q

Therapeutic uses of Methacholine (Mecholyl)?

A
  • Used for Bronchial Constriction or bronchial challenge test - given to patines believed to have hyperactive airways
  • Antidote: Atropine (anti-muscarinic, anticholinergic drug)
74
Q

List the direct acting cholinergic drugs

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Bethanechol (urecholine)
  • Methacholine
75
Q

Types of indirect acting cholinergic drugs?

A
  • Reversible

- Irriversible

76
Q

List the indirect acting cholinergic reversible drugs?

A
  • Edrophonium (Tensilon)
  • Pyridostigmine (Mestinon)
  • Neostigmine (Prostigmin)
  • Physostigmine (Antilium)
77
Q

Action of Indirect acting drugs?

A
  • Inhibits the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase, which is responsible for the hydrolysis of Acetylcholine; therefore, the response to Ach is enhanced
78
Q

List the indirect acting cholinergic Irreversible drugs

A
  • Echothiophate (Phospholine iodide)
  • Malathion, Parathion, Diazinon
  • Sarin, Soman
79
Q

What is Edrophonium used for?

A
  • To diagnose Myasthenia Gravis

- Short duration of action of 5-15mins

80
Q

What can happen if Edrophonium is given to someone without Myasthenia Gravis?

A

It can cause Ach concentration toxicity and cause cholinergic crisis - have Atropine on hand

81
Q

What is Pyrodistigmine used for?

A
  • To treat myasthenia gravis

- Long lasting 3-6 Hours duration

82
Q

What is Neostigmine used for?

A
  • Tx of myasthenia gravis
  • Tx of OD of a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker
  • Short duration of action 2-4hrs
83
Q

What is Physostigmine used for?

A
  • Antidote for : - Atropine OD, Phenothiazine (antipsychotic OD), Tricyclic antidepressant OD
  • Its a tertiary amine (non-charged) that can get into the CNS
84
Q

Action of Indirect acting cholinergic irreversible drugs?

A
  • Inhibits action of Acetylcholinesterase

- Drug will work for a long time (1wk), long enough to re-synthesize enzyme

85
Q

What is Ecothiophate used for?

A

Used clinically for opthalmology, with glaucoma

86
Q

What are Malathion, Parathion, Diazinon used for?

A

Insecticides

87
Q

What are Sarin and Soman used for?

A
  • Chemical Warfare
  • In soldiers Pralidoxime (PAM) is given to soldiers exposed to these drugs, but it must be given before AGING occurs making it irreversible.
88
Q

Action of Cholinergic Antagonists?

A

Bind to cholinergic receptors, doesn’t activate the receptor it blocks action of Acetylcholine

89
Q

Types of Cholinergic Antagonist drugs?

A
  • Antimuscarinic Drugs
  • Ganglionic Blockers
  • Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
90
Q

Action of Antimuscarinic Drugs?

A

Selectively block muscarinic receptors of the parasympathetic division of the ANS and the muscarinic receptors of the sweat glands.

91
Q

List Antimuscarinic drugs

A
  • Atropine
  • Scopolamine
  • Overactive Bladder Drugs
  • Quartenary Amine derivatives
92
Q

Physiological Actions of Atropine?

A

[] Eye - Mydriasis
Prevents accommodation (Cycloplegia)
[] GI/Urinary Tract - Decreased motility
[] Heart - Increased HR
[] Secretions - decreased sweating, salivation, tearing, dry mouth (Xerostomia)
[] CNS - Mild excitation of CNS

93
Q

Therapeutic uses if Atropine?

A
  • Fundal observation of back of eye
  • GI/Urinary tract antispasmatic (enuresis, cystitis [inflammation of the bladder])
  • Pre-op antisecretory agent
  • Pre-op vagolytic agent (inhibits the action of the vagus nerve to prevent decrease of heart rate
  • Antidote for cholinergic poisoning
94
Q

Adverse effects of Atropine?

A
  • Dry mouth
  • Blurred vision
  • Photophobia
  • Elevation of intraocular pressure
  • Constipation
  • Urinary retention
  • Hyperthermia
  • Tachycardia
95
Q

Contraindications of Atropine?

A
  • Glaucoma
  • Paralytic ileus
  • Urinary Retention
  • Tachycardia
  • Asthma (causes mucus plus that block passage of air)
96
Q

How can you prevent mucus plugs from forming?

A

Giving Atrovent

97
Q

Physiological Actions of Scopolamine?

A

[] Eye - Mydriasis
Prevents accommodation (Cycloplegia)
[] GI/Urinary Tract - Decreased motility
[] Heart - Increased HR
[] Secretions - decreased sweating, salivation, tearing, dry mouth (Xerostomia)
[] CNS - Sedation
[] Blocks emesis
[] used in obstetrics causes mild amnesia

98
Q

Where in the body can you find M1,M2,M3 receptors?

A

M1 - CNS & Salivary glands
M2 - HEART
M3 - Salivary glands, detrusor muscle, GI tract

99
Q

Name the drugs used for Overactive Bladder

A
  • Darifenacin (Enablex)
  • Oxybutynin (Ditropan)
  • Solifenacin (VESIcare)
100
Q

Used of overactive bladder drugs?

A

Urge incontinence

101
Q

Sx’s of Overactive Bladder?

A

Urinary urgency
Frequency
Nocturia
Urge Incontinence

102
Q

Which overactive bladder drugs are primarily M3 selective?

A

Oxybutynin (Ditropan) & Solifenacin (VESIcare)

103
Q

Which overactive bladder drug is highly M3 selective?

A

Darifenacin (Enablex)

104
Q

Action of Ganglionic Blockers (Antagonists)?

A

Act on nicotinic receptors blocking autonomic ganglia of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS

105
Q

List the Ganglionic Blockers?

A

Nicotine

Mecamylamine (Inversine)

106
Q

Physiologic actions of Nicotine?

A
  • At low doses like in cigarettes no blockade rather it stimulates blood vessel innervations which increases BP, and GI/urinary motility.
  • At high doses theres ganglionic blockade which decreases BP, and decreases GI/Urinary tract motility.

Ex. Chantix releases low doses of Dopamine

107
Q

What is Mecamylamine used for?

A

Emergencies: it lowers BP when other methods have failed

108
Q

Action of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents?

A
  • Central acting muscle relaxant.
    Ex. Diazepam enhances actions of GABA which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter
  • Peripheral acting muscle relaxant.
    a. Intracellular: Ex. Dantrolene inhibits the release of CA+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    b. Extracellular - nondepolarization, depolarization
109
Q

Types of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents?

A
  1. Nondepolarizing

2. Depolarizing (Agonists)

110
Q

List Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

A
  1. Tubocurarine

2. Cisatracurium (Nimbex)

111
Q

Tubocurarine is what kind of antagonist?

A

Competitive

112
Q

Tubocurarine binds to which receptor and what does it do and release?

A

N2 receptor, does not activate it and blocks actions of Ach and releases histamine and drops BP.

113
Q

Order of Tubocurarine effects on body?

A 
First = Facial muscles, eyes, fingers
Then = Muscles of limbs, neck, trunk, intercostals
Last = Diaphragm
114
Q

Therapeutic use of Tubocurarine?

A
  • Electric shock therapy
  • Seizures
  • Adjunct to a general anesthetic
  • Patients on a mechanical ventilator
115
Q

Adverse effects of Tubocurarine?

A

Bronchoconstriction

Hypotension

116
Q

Contraindications of Tubocurarine?

A

Any disorder that causes muscle weakness

117
Q

Cisatracurium facts

A
  • Doesn’t release histamine

- Don’t give to patients who have trouble contracting muscles

118
Q

List Depolarizing (Agonist) drug

A
  1. Succinylcholine
119
Q

Two phases that Succinylcholine works in?

A

Phase 1: Initial depolarization > muscle contracts (fasciculations), muscle stays in depolarized state flaccid paralysis occurs

Phase 2: Desensitization (muscles become desensitized to drug). > For short surgical procedures because it has a short duration of action a few minutes (3-6) because its broken down by pseudocholinesterase.
> Some people don’t have pseudocholinesterase in their blood and can cause Apnea and respiratory paralysis.
> To prevent this blood is tested by adding Dibucaine to it which temporarily inhibits pseudocholinesterase. (A little Dibucaine (20) needed patient is not at risk, is a lot (80) is needed patient is at risk)

120
Q

Adverse effects of Succinylcholine?

A

Malignant hyperthermia > temp increases
Post-op muscle pain
Hyperkalemia > Cardiac Arrest (patients with major burns, multiple trauma their K levels are already elevated)

121
Q

Define Adrenergic Agonists

A

Drugs that mimic the actions of NE and E at adrenergic receptors (Sympathomimetic)

122
Q

Classes of Adrenergic Agonists?

A

Catecholamines

Non-Catecholamines

123
Q

Define Catecholamines

A

Drugs that have the same basic chemical formula, but because of their biochemical properties they cannot be used orally, cross the blood-brain barrier, and have short 1/2 lives (rapid inactivation by MAO and COMPT)

124
Q

List the Catecholamines

A
  1. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
  2. Dopamine (Intropin) - NATURAL
  3. Isoproterenol (Isuprel) - SYNTHETIC
  4. Norepinephrine (Levphed) - NATURAL
  5. Dobutamine (Dobutrex) - SYNTHETIC

1-5 > All Direct-acting

125
Q

Define Non-Catecholamines

A

Drugs that are structurally similar to catecholamines but differ in 3 ways: 1. Usable orally

                       2. Can cross blood brain barrier
                       3. Longer 1/2 lives (not rapidly absorbed by MAO & COMT)
126
Q

Types of Non-catecholamines

A
  1. Regular non-catecholamines
  2. Resorcinols
  3. Saligenins
127
Q

List Regular non-catecholamines

A
  1. Ephedrine (Pretz-D) > Direct & Indirect Acting
  2. Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) > Direct Acting
  3. Phenylephrine (Neosynephrine) > Direct Acting
128
Q

List Resorcinols non-catecholamines

A
  1. Terbutaline (Brethine) > Direct Acting

2. Metaproterenol (Alupent) > Direct Acting

129
Q

What is Terbutaline used for?

A

Bronchodilation/Asthma

130
Q

List Saligenins non-catecholamines

A
  1. Albuterol
  2. Pirbuterol (Maxair)
  3. Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
  4. Salmeterol (Serevent)
  5. Formoterol (Foradil)

1-5 > All Direct Acting

  • More B2 specific with less cardiac excitation than Terbutaline
131
Q

How do Amphetamines work?

A

Act indirect in the CNS

132
Q

Tyramine is found where?

A

Fermented foods (ripe cheese, wine)

133
Q

Therapeutic uses of Drug that stimulate A1 activation?

A
  • Hemostasis (stops bleeding, like in surgery)
  • Nasal Decongestant (BV’s in nose are dilated so it constricts the BV’s)
  • Adjunct to a local anesthetic
  • Elevates BP
  • Mydriasis (to look at fundus of eye)
134
Q

Adverse effects of A1 activation?

A
  • HTN
  • Necrosis
  • Bradycardia
135
Q

Therapeutic use for A2 activation?

A
  • no clinical use in the peripheral system

- in CNS to lower BP: decreases sympathetic outflow to the heart and BV’s decreasing BP

136
Q

Therapeutic uses for B1 activation?

A
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Heart failure
  • Increased myocardial contractility
  • Shock (increased CO > improved BP)
  • AV heart block (improves impulse conduction through the heart)
137
Q

Adverse effects of B1 activation?

A
  • altered heart rate and rhythm

- angina pectoris (reduced blood flow)

138
Q

Therapeutic use for B2 activation?

A
  • asthma

- to delay pre-term labor

139
Q

Adverse effect for B2 activation?

A
  • hyperglycemia (mostly in diabetics)
  • tremor (start with low doses)
  • patients with asthma and diabetes increase insulin if given B2 stimulants
140
Q

Therapeutic uses for Dopamine activation?

A
  • Shock (works on A1>vasoconstrictor, on B1>increased HR, myocardial contraction
141
Q

Types of Adrenergic Antagonists?

A
  1. Alpha Blockers

2. Beta Blockers

142
Q

Action of Alpha Blockers?

A

Interrupt the action of E and NE at Alpha-Adrenergic Receptors

143
Q

List A1 Blockers

A
  1. Prazosin (Minipress)
  2. Terazosin (Hytrin
  3. Doxazosin (Cardura)
  4. Tamsulosin (Flomax)
  5. Alfuzosin (Uroxatral)
144
Q

List A1 and A2 Blockers

A
  1. Phentolamine (Regitine)

2. Phenoxybenzamine (Dibenzyline) > also noncompetitive antagonist

145
Q

Therapeutic uses of A1 Blockers?

A
  • Tx of patients with essential HTN (aka idiopathic aka primary HTN) 90-95% have this
  • Reverse toxicity of Alpha agonist
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Raynaud’s disease
146
Q

Define benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

In this condition theres an increased number of cells in the prostate that puts pressure on the urethra which makes it difficult to urinate, alpha blockers helps by relaxing the sphincter.

147
Q

Define Pheochromocytoma

A

A tumor often found on the adrenal medulla, secreted by catecholamines derived from cells of the sympathetic system. This disease causes Hypertensive emergencies. Tumor can be removed surgically.

148
Q

Define Raynaud’s disease

A

A peripheral vascular disorder characterized by vessel spasm (blood vessel narrowing) in fingers, toes, nose resulting in pain, cold due to no blood flow, change in color of skin.

149
Q

Adverse effects of A1 Blockers?

A
  1. Orthostatic Hypotension
  2. Reflex tachycardia ( body tried to compensate for the decreased BP by trying to increase it)
  3. Nasal congestion
  4. Inhibition of ejaculation which is a sympathetic response (only while on drug)
  5. Sodium retention and increased blood volume (prescribe diuretics with A1 blockers)
150
Q

Adverse effect of A2 blockers?

A

Potentiation of reflex tachycardia

151
Q

Action of Beta Blockers?

A

Interrupt the action of E & NE at beta-adrenergic receptors

152
Q

Types of Beta Blockers?

A
  1. Cardioselective B1 Blockers

2. Nonselective Beta Blockers

153
Q

List the Cardioselective B1 blockers

A
  1. Metropolol (Lopressor, Toprol XL)
  2. Acebutolol (Sectral)
  3. Atenolol (Tenormin)
  4. Esmolol (Brevibloc)
154
Q

List the Nonselective Beta Blockers

A
  1. Propranolol (Inderal, Inno Pran XL)
  2. Labetolol (Normodyne) > blocks A1 adrenergic receptors in addition to beta receptors
  3. Carvedilol (Coreg) > blocks A1 adrenergic receptors also
  4. Nadolol (Corgard)
  5. Pindolol (Visken) > Intrinsic Sympathetic Activity
  6. Sotalol (Betapace)
  7. Timolol (Blocadren)
155
Q

Therapeutic effects of Beta Blockers?

A
  • Angina pectoris (decreased myocardial contractility)
  • HTN
  • Cardiac Dysrhythmias (suppress impulses in the heart)
  • Myocardial infarction (decreased work load, increased blood flow, O2 supply in the myocardium)
  • Heart Failure
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Migraine Headaches
  • Stage Fright
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Glaucoma (B1 blockers decrease production of aqueous humor resulting in decreased intraocular pressure)
156
Q

Adverse effects of B1 blockers?

A
  • bradycardia
  • reduced CO
  • heart failure
  • AV heart block
  • rebound cardiac excitation
157
Q

Adverse effects of B2 blockers?

A
  • bronchoconstriction

- inhibition of glycogenolysis

158
Q

Indirect-Acting Adrenergic Drug types?

A
  1. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents

2. Central-Acting Alpha-2 Agonists

159
Q

Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agent drugs?

A
  1. Reserpine

2. Guanethidine (Ismelin)

160
Q

Central-Acting Alpha-2 Agonist drugs?

A
  1. Clonidine

2. Methyldopa

161
Q

MOC of Reserpine?

A

Blocks reuptake of Dopamine into synaptic vesicle so it gets broken down by MAO & NE isn’t released and won’t act on receptor

162
Q

What do Reserpine & Guanethidine Tx?

163
Q

Action of Guanethidine

A

Inhibits the release of NE

164
Q

Action of Clonidine?

A

Acts on A2 receptors in the CNS, it inhibits sympathetic outflow through BV’s & heart.

Tx - HTN

165
Q

Action of Methyldopa?

A
  1. Acts on A2 receptors in the CNS, it inhibits sympathetic outflow through BV’s & heart.
  2. Neurons of the brain stem take up Methyldopa and convert it into methylnorepinephrine and works on A2 receptors

Tx - HTN

166
Q

Adverse effects of Methyldopa?

A

+ Coombs test = antibodies form against patients own blood (hemolytic anemia)

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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