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Clinical Pathology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Polycythemia

A

Inc. RBC concentration (PCV)

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2
Q

Polycythemia: Relative causes

A

dehydration, fluid shifts, redistribution

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3
Q

Polycythemia: Absolute causes

A

Inc. erythropoietin (chronic hypocia, renal cyst/tumor), myeloproliferative disorder

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4
Q

Leukemia

A

presence of neoplastic cells in peripheral blood/bone marrow

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5
Q

Leukemia: Classification by amount

A

Leukemic, Subleukemic, Aleukemic

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6
Q

Leukemia: Classification by maturity

A

Acute, Chronic

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7
Q

Acute Leukemia

A

immature (blast) neoplastic cells, short patient survival time

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8
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A

mature cells, long patient survival time

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9
Q

Lymphoproliferative Disorders

A

lymphocyte and plasma cell neoplasm

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10
Q

Myeloproliferative Disorders

A

Bone marrow stem cell neoplasm

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11
Q

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Signs

A

pale MM, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lethargy, Wt loss

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12
Q

Lymphoma: CBC Abnormalities

A

anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphoblasts in blood

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13
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Lymphocyte appearance

A

small and well diferentiated

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14
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: CBC Abnormalities

A

Lymphocytosis, poss. anemia and thrombocytopenia,

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15
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Inc. plasma cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Lab Findings

A

Mono/Biclonal gammopathy, Bence-Jones proteins in urine

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17
Q

Multiple Myeloma: Signs

A

Lethargy, Anorexia, lameness, bleeding from nares, PU/PD, fundoscopic changes

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18
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Morphologic Abnormailities

A

Inc RBC lineage size, poss. inc. platelet and seg size, dysynchrony of nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation

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19
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Signs

A

lethargy, anorexia, wt loss

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20
Q

Fluid Cytology: Important Components

A

Cell concentration, Protein concentration, and types of cells present

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21
Q

Fluid Formation: Pure Transudate

A

hypoalbuminemia

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22
Q

Fluid Formation: Modified Transudate

A

impaired blood/lymph flow

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23
Q

Fluid Formation: Exudate

A

inc. capillary permiability (eg inflammation)

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24
Q

Transudate Appearance

A

clear, <6,000 NCC, no clot formation

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25
Q

Exudate Appearance

A

cloudy, >3g/dL TP, >6,000 NCC, clot formation

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26
Q

Criteria for Malignancy

A

variable nuclear size, large multiple nucleoli, abnormal mitoses, nuclear molding

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27
Q

Types of Solid Tissue Cytology Sampling

A

Needle Aspirates, tissue imprints

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28
Q

Round Cell Tumors

A

Lymphoma, Plasma Cell tumors, Histiocytoma, Transmissable Venereal Tumors, Malignant Histiocytosis

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29
Q

Lymphadenopathy: Types

A

Hyperplasia/Reactive, Lymphadenitis, Metastatic Neoplasia, Lymphoma

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30
Q

Reactive Lymph Nodes: Appearance

A

small lymphocytes, inc. plasma cells

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31
Q

Lymphadenitis: Appearance

A

Suppurative - inc. neutrophils; Mononuclear - inc. macrophages

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32
Q

Lymphoma: Appearance

A

> 50% lymphoblasts

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33
Q

Metastasis: Appearance

A

presence of cells not normally found in LN

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34
Q

Absorption Spectrum: Method

A

Pattern in which an analyte absorbs a specific wavelength

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35
Q

Photometry: Method

A

absorption spectrum based on concentration (intensity of light)

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36
Q

Spectrophotometry: Method

A

analyte + chemical -> color, then photometry

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37
Q

Reflectance Photometry: Method

A

Spectrophotometry on a pad

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38
Q

Electrophoresis: Method

A

movement of charged particles through solution under electrical field

39
Q

Sensitivity

A

frequency a test result is accurately positive

40
Q

Specificity

A

frequency a test result is accurately negative

41
Q

Albumin: Roles

A

transport and osmotic pressure

42
Q

Globulins a1, a2, B: Roles

A

inflammation, coagulation, transport

43
Q

Hypoalbuminemia: Dec. production Causes

A

Liver failure, malnutrition, inflammation, intestinal parasites

44
Q

Hypoalbuminemia: Abnormal Loss Causes

A

Blood loss, intestinal loss (PLE), Urinary loss (PLN), 3rd spacing, skin dz (burns)

45
Q

Hypoglobulinemia: Dec. Production Causes

A

SCIDS

46
Q

Hypoglobulinemia: Abnormal Loss Causes

A

hemorrhage, PLE

47
Q

Hypoglobulinemia: Other Causes

A

Failure of Passive Transport

48
Q

Hyperglobulinemia: Causes

A

dehydration, inflammation, neoplasia

49
Q

Hypofibrinogenemia: Causes

A

Liver Failure, DIC

50
Q

Hyperfibrinogenemia: Causes

A

Inflammation, renal dz

51
Q

Prerenal Proteinuria: Examples

A

paraproteinuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, post-colostral proteinuria

52
Q

Renal Proteinuria: Types

A

Glomerular - hypoalbuminemia, glomerularnephritis; Tubular proteinuria - acute renal dz, defective PCT

53
Q

Postrenal Proteinuria: Examples

A

hemorrhage in GU tract, inflammation

54
Q

Isosthenuria

A

Kidney can’t alter urine (1.007-1.013)

55
Q

Hyposthenuria

A

Active Dilution (<1.007)

56
Q

Polyuria: DDx

A

Renal - failure, pyelonephritis; Extra-renal - diuresis, medullary washout, endocrine, pyometra

57
Q

Pre-Renal Azotemia: Biochem

A

Inc. BUN, +/- CREA, SpGr

58
Q

Pre-renal Azotemia: DDx

A

Dec. renal blood flow, Inc. urea production

59
Q

Renal Azotemia: Biochem

A

Inc. BUN, CREA; Dec. SpGr (75% functional loss)

60
Q

Renal Azotemia: DDx

A

Infection, toxin, hypoxia, neoplasia, congenital, hydronephrosis

61
Q

Postrenal Azotemia: Biochem

A

Inc. BUN, CREA; variable SpGr

62
Q

Postrenal Azotemia: DDx

A

obstruction

63
Q

Dec. BUN: Prerenal Causes

A

Dec. production - dec. aa delivery, hepatic insufficiency; Intestinal Loss - monogastric species

64
Q

Dec. BUN: Renal Causes

A

Dec. water reabsorption (inc. GFR/tubular flow

65
Q

Protein:Creatinine Ratio

A

measures tubular and glomerular dmg

66
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

impairs concentrating ability, => mineralization of tubules

67
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

GFR hyperparathyroidism, => soft tissue mineralization

68
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

inc. urinary bicarb loss/dec. proton tubular secretion

69
Q

Uroabdomen: electrolyte imbalances

A

Inc. K, PO4; Dec. Na, Cl

70
Q

Acute Renal Failure: Signs

A

good BCS, anorexia, V/D, halitosis, olig/anuric, progressing neurologic

71
Q

Acute Renal Failure: Causes

A

toxins, renal ischemia, infection

72
Q

Acute Renal Failure: Bloodwork

A

Dec. GFR, azotemia, poss. metabolic acidosis

73
Q

Chronic Renal Failure: Signs

A

poor BCS, anorexia, V/D, halitosis, polyuric, depressed, hypertension

74
Q

Chronic Renal Failure: Bloodwork

A

nonregenerative anemia, azotemia, metabolic acidosis

75
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Causes

A

Immune complex deposition, amyloid deposition, podocyte retraction, loss of selective permeability

76
Q

Glomerulonephritis: Lab Findings

A

hypoproteinemia (hypoalbuminemia), proteinuria

77
Q

Sulphosalicylic Acid Test: Purpose

A

confirm dipstick protein results, urine supernatant + 5% acid, read turbidity

78
Q

Creatine Kinase (CK)

A

Free in cytoplasm, muscle specific

79
Q

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

A

in cytoplasm and organelles of muscle and liver

80
Q

Inc. CK (+ AST): Indication

A

Muscle injury/breakdown

81
Q

CK: Kinetics

A

rapid inc. and dec.

82
Q

AST: Kinetics

A

slow inc. and dec.

83
Q

Myoglobin

A

released from dead/dying muscle, not PP bound, excreted in urine

84
Q

Leakage Enzymes

A

ALT, AST, SDH, GLDH

85
Q

ALT: Kinetics

A

Very slow inc. and dec.

86
Q

Induced Enzymes

A

ALP, GGT

87
Q

Cholestasis: Causes

A

cholangitis, cholangiohepatitis, bile duct obstruction, hepatic lipidosis

88
Q

Cholestasis: Biochem

A

Inc. leakage enzymes, induced enzymes, serum bilirubin, bile acids; normal liver function tests

89
Q

Inc. Bilirubin: Causes

A

Inc. production, dec. uptake, obstruction

90
Q

Inc. Bile Acid: Causes

A

portosystemic shunt, dec. hepatic uptake, dec. bile excretion

91
Q

Early Portosystemic Shunt: Biochem

A

normal/inc. enzymes, inc. bile acids, poss. microcytic anemia

92
Q

Late Portosystemic Shunt: Biochem

A

Dec. albumin, BUN, glucose, cholesterol, coag; Inc. bile acids; poss. cholestasis (inc. bilirubin, ALP) microcytic anemia

93
Q

Chronic Hepatitis: Biochem

A

Inc. leakage and induced enzymes; normal/inc serum bilirubin

Clinical Pathology (3 decks)

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