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Clinical Pathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PCV

A

% of whole blood that is RBCs

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2
Q

Buffy Coat

A

Leukocytes, nRBCs, platelets

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3
Q

Yellow colored Plasma

A

indicates icterus or carotene diet

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4
Q

White colored Plasma

A

indicates lipemia

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5
Q

Red colored Plasma

A

indicates hemolysis

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6
Q

Total Nucleated Cell Count

A

counts all nucleated cells (including nRBCs)

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7
Q

Absolute Leukocyte count

A

TNCC x %differencial

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8
Q

Where will platelet clumps be found on a blood smear?

A

Feathered edge

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9
Q

How big are macroplatelets/giant platelets?

A

about the size of a RBC

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10
Q

Hematocrit (calculation)

A

MCVxRBC / 10

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11
Q

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (calculation)

A

Hgb/PCV x 100

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12
Q

Red cell Distribution Width

A

describes relative width of the size distribution curve

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13
Q

Neutrophil Production Line

A

Myeloblast -> Progranulocyte -> Myelocyte -> Metamyelocyte -> Band -> Segmented

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14
Q

How many segmented neutrophils result from 1 myeloblast?

A

16-32

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15
Q

How many segmented Neutrophils result from 1 Metamyelocyte?

A

1

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16
Q

Left shift

A

inc. concentration of immature neutrophils (bands and metas)

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17
Q

“Orderly” Maturation

A

concentration of cells inc. w/ maturity

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18
Q

leukemia

A

presence of neoplastic cells in blood or marrow

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19
Q

Toxic Neutrophils

A

accelerated production of neutrophils => persistance of ribosomes (more basophilic cytoplasm)

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20
Q

Pelger-Huet Anomaly

A

Neutrophils fail to segment

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21
Q

Birman Cat Neutrophil granulation Anomaly

A

distinct granulation in cytoplasm

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22
Q

Chediak-Higashe Syndrome

A

neutrophil lysosomes fuse => dec. efficiency

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23
Q

Lysosomal Storage disorders

A

inability for lysosomes to break down contents

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24
Q

Excitement Leukogram

A

leukophilia, lymphocytosis (cats)

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25
Q

Stress Leukogram

A

lymphopenia, neutrophilia (>2x means inflammation too)

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26
Q

Inflamation Leukogram

A

poss. Left shift, neutrophilia (acute), Neutropenia (chronic)

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27
Q

Causes of Neutrophilia

A

inflamation, exitement (w/ lymphocytosis), stress (w/ Lymphopenia

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28
Q

Causes of Lymphocytosis

A

Exitement, lymphocytic leukemia, antigenic stimulation, ehlichiosis

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29
Q

Causes of Neutropenia

A

inflammation, immune mediated destruction, lack of production

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30
Q

Causes of lymphopenia

A

stress (w/ neutrophilia), acute viral infection, innunodeficiency

31
Q

Causes of Monocytosis

A

inflammation, stress

32
Q

Causes of Eosinophilia

A

Parasitism, hypersensitivity, eosinophil chemoattractant lesions

33
Q

Echinocytes

A

many short spicules <= crenation, electrolyte imbalance, non-specific dz (renal), rattlesnake venom

34
Q

Acanthocytes

A

few uneven projections <= hepatic lipidosis, hamangiosarcoma

35
Q

Schistocytes

A

erythrocyte fragments <= intravascular trauma (DIC), Fe deficiency

36
Q

Keratocyte

A

spicules created by blistering

37
Q

Spherocyte

A

small RBCs lacking central pallor <= IMHA

38
Q

Ecccntrocytes

A

hemoglobin shifts to one side of the cell

39
Q

Torocyte

A

bowl shaped <= rbc going through capillary

40
Q

Heinz Body

A

oxidated Hgb (doesn’t show w/ dif quick stain)

41
Q

Causes of Heinz Bodies

A

All - alliums; Cats - acetaminophen, propylene glycol, illness; Dogs Cephalosporins, zinc toxicity; Horses - wilted maple leaves; Sheep - copper toxicity

42
Q

Basophilic Stippling

A

Abnormal aggregation of ribosomes (basophilic granules)

43
Q

Howell-Jolly bodies

A

remnants of nucleus (visible on dif quick stain)

44
Q

RBC Parasites

A

Mycoplasma haemofelis/haemocanis, Cytauxzoon felis, Babesia canis/gibsoni

45
Q

Rouleaux

A

stacking of RBCs. Normal in horses, suggests inc. globulin

46
Q

Anemia

A

dec. number/size of RBCs

47
Q

Signs of Anemia

A

pale MM, lethargy, inc. RR + HR

48
Q

Acute Blood Loss

A

TP dec. w/ PCV

49
Q

Methemoglobinemia

A

Fe is in ferric state, incapable of carrying oxygen

50
Q

Causes of Methemoglobinemia

A

acetaminophen toxicity, nitrite poisoning, wilted maple leaves

51
Q

Signs of RBC Parasites

A

splenomegaly, lethargy, anemia

52
Q

Hypophosphotemic Anemia

A

dec. P => dec. glycolysis => denatured RBC => destruction

53
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

generalized bone marrow suppression

54
Q

Adhesion Factors

A

von Wilibrand Factor, ADP, Ca, serotonin

55
Q

Platelet Activation

A

shape change (disc -> amoeba), flips membrane, secretes granules

56
Q

Mechanisms of Thrombocytopenia

A

Loss, Consumption, destruction, dec. production, abnormal distribution

57
Q

Pseaudothrombocytopenia

A

machine miscount due to clumping and platelets

58
Q

Acquired qualitative platelet disorders

A

uremia, drugs, fibrin degeneration, paraproteins

59
Q

Inherited Qualitative Platelet Disorders

A

Absence of glycoprotein receptors and/or platelet granules, signal transduction defects, von Willebrand’s Factor Deficiency

60
Q

Thrombopoetin

A

regulatory enzyme for thrombopoesis, produced in the liver

61
Q

Tissue factor

A

required for initiating secondary hemostasis

62
Q

Thrombin

A

needed to turn fibrinogen into fibrin. promotes amplification by acting on Va, VII, VIIIa, and XI.

63
Q

What are the 4 Vitamin K dependent factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X

64
Q

What 3 components contribute to coagulation efficiency?

A

Ca, Platelet membrane, Factor V

65
Q

What cofactor is required for antithrombin to inactivate thrombin?

A

Heparin

66
Q

What are the two major end-­‐products of fibrinolysis?

A

FDP and D-dimers

67
Q

What are the 2 tests that access the intrinsic/common pathway?

A

aPTT, ACT

68
Q

What is the 1 test that accesses the extrinsic/common pathway?

A

PT

69
Q

What 2 tests do you use to access fibrinolytic activity?

A

Quantitative kits, FDP and PLT funtion tests

70
Q

What is the mechanism of warfarin toxicosis?

A

inhibition of coumarins (recharging Vit K)

71
Q

What is the mechanism of DIC?

A

Hypercoagulable Phase: thrombosis, ischemic necrosis.

Consumptive phase: consumption of PLTs, coag factors, AT

72
Q

Equine Blood types

A

Aa and Qa

73
Q

Major Crossmatching

A

Patient’s serum, Donor’s RBC

74
Q

Minor Cross matching

A

Patient’s RBC, Donor’s serum

Clinical Pathology (3 decks)

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