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Crime and Society > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

victimology

A

The study of victims and the patterns of how they are victimized

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2
Q

secondary victimization

A

the victimization caused not by the criminal act, but through the inappropriate response of institutions and the individuals

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3
Q

informal sanctions

A

social norms that are enforced through the social forces of the family, school , government and religion

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4
Q

social norms

A

the expected normative behavior in a society

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5
Q

System of social control

A

a social system designed to maintain order and regulate interactions

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6
Q

due process rights

A

rights guaranteed to persons by the constitutions and its amendments

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7
Q

Presumption of innocence

A

the most important principle of the due process model requiring all accused persons to be treated as innocent until proven guilty in a court of law

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8
Q

arrest

A

the restriction of the freedom of a person by taking him or her into police custody

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9
Q

booking

A

police activity that established the identification of an arrested person and formally charges a person with a crime

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10
Q

bail

A

release of the defendant prior to trial

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11
Q

preliminary hearing

A

a hearing before a magistrate judge in which the prosecution presents evidence to convince the judge that there is probable cause to bring the public to trial

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12
Q

grand jury

A

a panel of citizens that decides where there is probably cause to indict a defendant on the alleged charges

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13
Q

indictment

A

the formal verdict of hte grand jury that there is sufficient evidence to bring a person to trial

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14
Q

arraignment

A

a hearing where charges are read and the defendant is asked to enter a plea

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15
Q

bench trial

A

a trial in which the judge rather than a jury makes the determination of guilt

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16
Q

probation

A

the conditional release of a convicted offender prior to his or her serving any prison

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17
Q

fleeting felon doctrine

A

the police practice of using deadly force against a fleeting suspect, made illegal in Tennessee v. Garner except when there is clear and present danger to the public

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18
Q

Miranda Rights

A

Rights that provide protection form self incrimination and confer the right to an attorney, of which citizens must be informed before police arrest and interrogation established Miranda v. Arizona

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19
Q

Parole

A

the release of an inmate before his or her maximum sentence has been served

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20
Q

jurisdiction

A

The authority of the court to try a case. Usually jurisdiction is established when some part of the crime was committed within the geographic jurisdictions of the district court

21
Q

chief law enforcement officer

A

the highest ranking law enforcement official within a system; the sheriff is the chief law enforcement officer of a county , the attorney general l is the chief law enforcement officer of a state, and the US attorney general is the chief law enforcement officer of the United States

22
Q

officers of the court

A

law enforcement officers who serve the court by serving papers providing courtroom security and transporting incercerated defendants

23
Q

order maintenance

A

non-crime fighting services performed by police such as using mediation providing for he welfare of vulnerable people and controlling crime

24
Q

police academy

A

a facility or program for the education and training of police officer

25
Q

field training program

A

a probationary period during which police academy graduates training the community under the direct supervision of experienced officers

26
Q

Department of Homeland Security

A

a newly created federal agency responsible for a wide range of security measures to protect against terrorist

27
Q

problem-oriented policing

A

a community policing strategy that emphasizes attacking the root problem that causes crime instead of responding to symptoms of the problem

28
Q

watchman style of policing

A

a style of policing that focuses on maintaing order and is associated with declining industrial, blue-collar communities

29
Q

legalistic style of policing

A

a style of policing that focuses on law enforcement and professionalism and is associated with reform-minded cities with mixed socioeconomic communities

30
Q

community policing

A

decentralized policing programs that focus on crime prevention , quality of life in a community, public order, and alternative to arrest

31
Q

racial profiling

A

allegations that police search and seizures, traffic stops, filed interrogations and arrests are made on non behavioral factors related to race and or ethnicity rather than suspicious behavior or probable cause

32
Q

self-incrimination

A

statements made by a person that might lead to criminal prosecution

33
Q

police lineup

A

an opportunity for victims to identify a criminal from among a number of line ups

34
Q

IAFIS

The Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System

A

a national automated fingerprind identification and criminal history maintained by the FBI

35
Q

CODIS

Combined DNA Index System

A

the generic term used ot describe the FBI’s program of support for criminal justice DNA databases as well as the software used to run these databases

36
Q

Latent Fingerprints

A

made of sweat and oil on the skin’s surface, invisible to the naked eye and requires additional processing in oder to be seen

37
Q

the CSI effect

A

the belief that jurors have come to demand more forensic evidence in criminal trials therby raising the effective standard of proof for prosecutors

38
Q

broken window theory

A

the belief that ignoring public-order violations and disruptive behavior leads to community neglect, which fosters further disorder and crime

39
Q

Carroll doctrine

A

terms allowing admissability of evidence obtained by police in a warrantless search of an automobile when the police have probable cause that a crime has occurred and delaying a search cold result in the loss of evidence

40
Q

exclusionary rule

A

a rule that prohibits the use of evidence or testimony obtained in violation of the Fourth and Fifth amendments of the US constituion established in the Weeks v. United States and extended to all state courts in Mapp v. Ohio

41
Q

search warrant

A

legal permission , signed by a judge, for police to conduct a search

42
Q

search incident to lawful arrest

A

the right of the police to search person who has ben arrested without a warrant

43
Q

Probable cause

A

the likelihood that there is a direct link between a suspect and a crime

44
Q

plain view search

A

the right of the police to gather without a warrant evidence is clearly visible

45
Q

pat down doctrine

A

the right of the police to search a person for a concealed weapon on the bassi of reasonable suspicion established in Terry v. Ohio

46
Q

public safety exception to search

A

the right of the police to search without probable cause when not doing so could pose a threat to harm the public

47
Q

good faith exception to search

A

an exception to the requirement that police must have a valid search warrant or probable cause when they act in good faith on the belief that the search was legal

48
Q

deadly force

A

the power of police to capacitate or killing in the line of duty

Crime and Society (5 decks)

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