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Biology 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that _____.

A

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells

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2
Q

In the fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the

A

size and weight of the component

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3
Q

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell EXCEPT _____.(Ribosomes,Endoplasmic Reticulum,cell wall,plasma membrane)

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. What would changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

A

Round the clay up into a sphere.

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5
Q

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?(Mitochondrion,Chloroplast,Central vacuole or Centriole)

A

Mitochondrion

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6
Q

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in Eukaryotes?

A

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNAs into and out of the nucleus.

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7
Q

Lare numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? (Glycogen, Nucleic acid, lipids, proteins)

A

Proteins

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8
Q

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell? (Peroxisome,Lysosome,Vacuole or Golgi apparatus)

A

Vacuole

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9
Q

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. What statement correctly describes this polarity?

A

Lipids and Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. Transport Vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side.

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10
Q

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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11
Q

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. What structure is primarily involved in this process and therefore, abundant in liver cells?

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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12
Q

Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fiber accumulate in________

A

Lysosomes

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13
Q

The Evolution of Eukarytoic Cells most likely involved___

A

Endosymbiosis of an aerobic bacterium in a larger host cell-The endosymbiont evolved into Mitochondria

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14
Q

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to Cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the____

A

Mitochondria

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15
Q

Which of the following contain the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets or microtubules and surrounding a pair of single microtubules.

A

flagella and motile cilia

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16
Q

Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of___

A

motor proteins causing microtubules to move

relative to each other.

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17
Q

The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?

A

integrins

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18
Q

H. V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cell-cell interaction (cell junctions), and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson’s experiments?

A

Molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion(cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.

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19
Q

Black

A

Black

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20
Q

Where would be exempt to find tight functions?

A

In the epithelium of an animal’s stomach

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21
Q

For a protein to be an integral membrane protein, it would have to be____

A

Amphipathic, with at least one hydrophobic region.

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22
Q

The membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold by___

A

increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane

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23
Q

Which of these are NOT embedded in the hydrophobic portion of the lipid bilayer at all?(Integral proteins,Peripheral proteins or Transmembrane proteins)

A

Peripheral proteins

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24
Q

Cell membranes are asymmetric. What statements is the most likely explanation for the membrane’s asymmetrical nature?

A

The two sides of a cell membrane face different environments and carry out different functions.

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25
Q

What is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep a membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?

A

The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, preventing adjacent lipids from packing tightly.

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26
Q

What statement most accurately describes selective permeability ?

A

Only Certain molecules can cross a cell membrane

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27
Q

What allows water to move much faster across cell membranes?

A

Aquaporins

28
Q

When a cell is in equilibrium with it’s environment, which of the following occurs for substances that can diffuse through the cell?

A

There is random movement of substances into and out of the cell

29
Q

A patient was involved a serious accident and lost a large quantity of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water-qual to the volume of blood lost-is added to the blood directly via one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?

A

The paint’s blood cells will swell and possibly butter because the plasma has become hypotonic compared to the cells.

30
Q

Celery stalks that are immersed in fresh water for several become stiff. Similar stalks left in a 0.15M salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the fresh water___

A

Is hypotonic and the salt solution is hypertonic to the cells of the celery stalks

31
Q

What will happen to a red blood cell (RBC), which has an internal ion concentration of about 0.9 percent, if it is placed into a beaker of pure water?

A

The cell would swell because the water in the beaker is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm of the RBC.

32
Q

In which of the following would there be the greatest need for osmoregulation?

A

Salmon moving from a river into an ocean

33
Q

A sodium-potassium pump_____

A

Move three sodium ions out of a cell and two potassium ions into a cell while consuming an ATP for each cycle

34
Q

The phosphate transport system bacteria imports phosphate into the cell even when the concentration of phosphate outside the cell is much lower than the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration. phosphate import depends on a pH gradient across the membrane-more acidic outside the cell than inside the cell. Phosphate transport is an example of________

A

Active transport

35
Q

Which of the following is most likely true of a protein that co-transports glucose and sodium ions into the intestinal cells of an animal?

A

unsure

36
Q

What is an example of potential rather then kinetic energy?

A

A molecule of glucose

37
Q

What term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller one?

A

Catabolism

38
Q

Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

A

unsure

39
Q

Biological evolution of life on earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to large, multicelluar eukaryotic organisms,___

A

has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics

40
Q

a chemical reaction that has a positive delta G is best described as____

A

Endergonic

41
Q

In solution, why do hydrolysis reactions occur more readily than condensation reactions?

A

Hydrolysis increases entropy and is exergonic

42
Q

A number of systems for pumping ions across membranes are powered by ATP. Such ATP-powered pumps are often called ATPases, although they do not often hydrolyze ATP unless they are simultaneously transporting ions. Because small increases in calcium ions in the cytosol can trigger a number of different intracellular reactions, cells keep the cytosolic calcium concentration quite low under normal conditions, using ATP-powered calcium pumps. For example, muscle cells transport calcium from the cytosol into the membranous system called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). If a resting muscle cell’s cytosol has a free calcium ion concentration of 10-7 while the concentration in the SR is 10-2, then how is the ATPase acting?

A

ATPase activity must be powering an inflow of calcium from the outside of the cell into the SR.

43
Q

The lock and key analogy for enzymes applies to the specificity of enzymes

A

binding to their substrates

44
Q

Reactions capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction’s_____

A

activation energy

45
Q

during a laboratory experiment, you dissever that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a delta g of -20 kcal/mol. if you double the amour of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the delta G for the new reaction?

A

-20 kcal/mol

46
Q

zinc, and essential trance element for most organisms, is present in the active site of the enzyme carboxypeptidase. the zinc most limey functions as_____

A

a cofactor necessary for enzyme activity

47
Q

black

A

black

48
Q

black

A

black

49
Q

You have isolated a previously unstudied protein, identified its complete structure in detail, and determined that it catalyzes the breakdown of a large substrate. You notice it has two binding sites. One of these is large, apparently the bonding site for the large substrate; the other is small, possibly a binding site for a regulatory molecule. What do these findings tell you about the mechanism of this protein?

A

It is probably an enzyme that works through allosteric regulation

50
Q

Besides turning enzymes on or off, what other means does a cell use to control enzymatic activity?

A

localization of enzymes into specific organelles or membranes

51
Q

substrate level phosphorylation occurs____

A

in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

52
Q

The molecules that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction____

A

loses electrons and loses potential energy

53
Q

When a molecule of ADH+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton) the molecule becomes___

A

Reduced

54
Q

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

A

Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

55
Q

A cell has enough available ATP to meet it’s needs for about 30 seconds. what is limey to happen when an athlete exhausts his or her ATP supply?

A

Catabolic processes are activated that generate more ATP

56
Q

Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but before the electron transport chain and
oxidative phosphorylation, the carbon skeleton of glucose has been broken down to CO2 with
some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original glucose molecule at that point in the process, however, is in the form of _____.

A

NADH

57
Q

Carbon dioxide is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

58
Q

For each mole of glucose oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle?

A

4

59
Q

In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A. The three listed steps result in the formation of _____.

A

acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2

60
Q

Which of the following events takes place in the electron transport chain?

A

the extraction of energy from high-energy electrons remaining from glycolysis and the
citric acid cycle

61
Q

The chemiosmotic hypothesis is an important concept in our understanding of cellular metabolism in general because it explains _____.

A

How ATP is synthesized by a proton motive force.

62
Q

During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the
water come from?

A

molecular oxygen (O2)

63
Q

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP +  i to ATP?

A

energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient

64
Q

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of _____.

A

an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction

65
Q

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in _____.

A

all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron
acceptors

Biology 101 (4 decks)

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