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CV Anatomy I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Right Carotid Artery Supplies…

A

Supplies right side of head, neck, and brain

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2
Q

Right Subclavian Artery Supplies…

A

Supplies right upper extremity, some to brain and branch to heart

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3
Q

Left Carotid Artery Supplies…

A

Supplies left side of head, neck, and brain

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4
Q

Left Subclavian Supplies…

A

Supplies left upper extremity, some to brain, and branch to heart

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5
Q

Where does Subclavian artery become axillary artery?

A

1st rib

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6
Q

2 branches of the Subclavian artery

A

Vertebral Artery- 1st part of subclavian

Thyrocervical Trunk- short trunk

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7
Q

Common carotid arteries 2 branches

A

Internal Carotid Arteries

External Carotid Arteries

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8
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries supplies…

A

Anterior and middle brain, orbit, and scalp

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9
Q

External Carotid Arteries supplies…

A

Neck and face

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10
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

C3-C5 nerves
Supplies diaphragm
If injured, paralysis of diaphragm on that side

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11
Q

4 parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Diencephalon
Brain Stem

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12
Q

Cerebrum

A

controls thought

Control center for perception, communication, understanding and memory

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13
Q

Fold

A

gyri or convolutions

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14
Q

Deep grooves

A

fissures

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15
Q

Shallower grooves

A

Sulci

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16
Q

Longitudinal Fissures

A

separates the cerebrum into right and left halves called Cerebral Hemispheres

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17
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connect hemispheres

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18
Q

4 Lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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19
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

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20
Q

Pre-central Gyrus

A

anterior to the central sulcus; primary motor area

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21
Q

Post-central Gyrus

A

Posterior to the central sulcus; primary somatosensory area

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22
Q

Vertebral Artery Supplies….

A

Posterior Brain

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23
Q

Internal Carotid Artery Branches

A

Anterior Cerebral
Middle Cerebral
Anterior Communicating

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24
Q

Vertebral Artery Branches

A

Basilar Artery
Posterior Cerebral
Posterior Communicating

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25
Q

What makes up the Circle of Willis?

A

Anterior Cerebral
Anterior Communicating
Middle Cerebral
Posterior Communicating

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26
Q

Where does anterior cerebral Artery go after circle of willis?

A

Superior and then posteriorly along corpus callosum

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27
Q

Where does middle cerebral artery go after circle of willis?

A

Between parietal and temporal lobes

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28
Q

What does posterior communicating arteries (2) connect?

A

internal carotid to basilar artery

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29
Q

Anterior Circulation of Circle of Willis

A

Two Internal Carotid Arteries

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30
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries branches into…

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Middle Cerebral Artery

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31
Q

Internal Carotid Arteries Function

A

Majority of cerebral circulation

Obstruction: contralateral motor and sensory deficit

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32
Q

Collateral Circulation: Circle of Willis

A

Anterior Communicating Artery

Posterior Communicating Arteries (2)

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33
Q

Posterior Circulation of Circle of Willis

A

Two Vertebral Arteries

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34
Q

Vertebral arteries combine to form…

A

basilar artery

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35
Q

Basilar Artery divides to form…

A

posterior cerebral arteries

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36
Q

Two Vertebral Artery Function

A

Supplies cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum

Obstruction: Vision loss and vertigo

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37
Q

Anterior Circulation Supply to Brain

A

Majority of Cerebral Circulation

Obstruction will result in contralateral motor and sensory deficit

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38
Q

Posterior Circulation Supply to Brain

A

Provides flow to cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum

Obstruction will result in vision loss and vertigo

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39
Q

Left Dominant Hemisphere Stroke (dont memorize)

A 
Aphasia
Right Hemiparesis
Right-sided sensory loss
Right visual field defect
Poor right conjugate gaze
Dysarthria
Difficulty reading, writing, or calculating
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40
Q

Right Non-Dominant Hemisphere Stroke (don’t memorize)

A 
Neglect of left visual field
Extinction of left-sided stimuli
Left hemiparesis
Left-sided sensory loss
Left visual field defect
Poor left conjugate gaze
Dysarthria
Spatial disorientation
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41
Q

Most common cause of ischemic brain infarcts (strokes)

A

Thromboemboli

Most common: vessel wall embolus

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42
Q

Vessel Wall Embolus

A

Carotid artery most often the source

Related to thrombus formation distal to stenosis

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43
Q

Ischemic Brain Infarct Causes

A

Vessel Wall Embolus
Cardiac source (Hemispheric attack > 60 minutes)
Other vascular Sources

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44
Q

Cardiac Source (Hemispheric Attach > 60 min)

A 
A Fib
Mitral valve stenosis
Mitral valve prolapse
Calcified mitral annulus
Ventricular aneurysm or dyskinesia
Atrial or ventricular clot
Valvular vegetation
ASD
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45
Q

Other Vascular Sources of Stroke

A

Intracranial artery thrombus (esp. blacks)
Aortic arch atherosclerotic Plaque
Transient hypotension w. Carotid Stenosis >75%

46
Q

Ulnar artery

A

Supplies medial muscles of anterior forearm

Terminated as deep and superficial ulnar palmar arches

47
Q

Radial artery

A

runs along cubital fossa along lateral side of forearm

supplies lateral forearm muscles

48
Q

Vena Comitantes

A

Deep veins

2 or more veins that wrap around an accompanying artery

49
Q

Superficial Veins in Arm

A

Basilic Vein
Cephalic Vein
Median Cubital Vein

50
Q

Basilic Vein

A

medial side of arm
becomes axillary vein
superficial vein

51
Q

Cephalic Vein

A

lateral side of arm
joins axillary vein in the shoulder
superficial vein

52
Q

Medial Cubital Vein

A

at elbow
connection between 2 superficial veins
used for blood draws
superficial vein

53
Q

Common Iliac Artery Divides into…

A

External Iliac

Internal Iliac

54
Q

External Iliac

A

Supplies blood to remained of lower limbs

Becomes femoral artery

55
Q

Internal Iliac

A

Primarily supplies blood to pelvic and gluteal regions

Divides into: superior gluteal artery, inferior gluteal artery, obturator artery

56
Q

Anterior Tibial Artery

A

aka. Dorsalis Pedis Artery
Supplies anterior compartment of the leg
Continues as Dorsalis Pedis Artery at ankle

57
Q

Dorsalis Pedia Artery Branches

A

Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery

Anterior Medial Malleolar Artery

58
Q

Anterior Lateral Malleolar Artery

A

eventually joins fibular artery

59
Q

Anterior Medial Malleolar ARtery

A

eventually joins the tibial artery

60
Q

Posterior Tibial Artery

A

Supplies the posterior compartment of the leg and foot
Gives rise to the fibular artery (runs along the medial side of the fibula)

Splits: Lateral Plantar Artery (deep plantar arch) joins deep plantar artery
& Medial Plantar Artery

61
Q

Fibular Artery Branches into….

A

Medial Plantar Artery

Lateral Plantar Artery

62
Q

Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Anterior Tibial Artery) branches into…

A

medial tarsal artery
lateral tarsal artery (supplies tarsals/ toes)

Courses to the base of metatarsals 1 and 2 then splits:
First Dorsal Metatarsal Artery (1st metatarsal/great toe)
Deep Plantar Artery (plantar surface of foot)

63
Q

Respiratory System is comprised of

A 
Nose
Pharynx (Throat)
Larynx (Voice Box)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs
64
Q

Upper Respiratory System

A

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, associated structures

65
Q

Lower Respiratory System

A

Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

66
Q

Conducting Zone

A

Cavities and tubes outside and within the lungs
Ex. Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Function: Filter, warm and moisten the air and conduct to the lungs

67
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Tubes and tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs
Respiratory Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Function: site of gas exchange

68
Q

Nose Function

A 
Warm air (via capillaries)
Moisten air (via mucous)
Filter incoming air
Detect olfactory stimuli
Modify speech vibrations as they pass through large hollow resonating chambers
69
Q

Pharynx

A

Funnel Shaped Tube
5’’ long
Starts at internal nares and extends to level of cricoid cartilage
Wall composed of skeletal muscle
Lined with mucous membrane
Relaxed, skeletal muscle keeps pharynx patent
Contract, skeletal muscle assists in swallowing
Passageway for air and food

70
Q

Pharynx 3 Regions

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

71
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Nasal cavity to soft palate

72
Q

Oropharynx

A

Soft palate inferior to hyoid bone
Opening of the mouth is in here
Common passageway for air and food

73
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

Hyoid bone inferior to esophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)

74
Q

Larynx

A

Short passageway that connects the largopharynx with the trachea
Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage
3 single pieces: thyroid, epiglottis, cricoid
3 paired pieces

75
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

Adam’s Apple
2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form an anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape
Present in males and females, more prominent in males

76
Q

Epiglottis

A

Large leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered by epithelium; covers larynx during swallowing and after swallowing opens back up to allow air to enter larynx and trachea
Stem- attached to anterior rim of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
Leaf- unattached, free to move up and down like a trap door

77
Q

Swallowing

A

Pharynx and larynx rise.
Elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food and drink
Elevation of the larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the vocal cords: keep food out of larynx and guides it into esophagus

78
Q

Trachea

A

Aka. Windpipe
Tubular passageway for air
5’’ long and 1’’ in diameter
Located anterior to esophagus
Extends form larynx to superior border of 5th thoracic vertebrae
Divides into right and left primary bronchi
Contain incomplete rings of cartilage

79
Q

Layers of the Tracheal Wall (inside to out)

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia

16-20 incomplete hyaline cartilage rings stacked horizontally: interconnected via dense connective tissue; can be palpated through the skin inferior to the larynx, provides semi-rigid support to maintain patency so the trachea doesn’t collapse

80
Q

Right Primary Bronchus vs Left

A

Right Primary bronchus is more vertical, wider, and shallower than the left; aspirated objects more likely to lodge here

81
Q

Epi

A

over

82
Q

Glottis

A

tongue

83
Q

Carina

A

point where trachea divides, internal ridge; mucous membranes here are one of the most sensitive areas of the entire larynx and trachea for triggering cough reflex

84
Q

Secondary Bronchi AKA…

A

Lobar

85
Q

How many lobes in each lung?

A

3 on the right

2 on the left

86
Q

Tertiary Bronchi AKA…

A

segmental

87
Q

Terminal Bronchioles

A

End of conducting zone

88
Q

How does smooth muscle maintain patency of airway?

A

Muscle spasms can close off airways (Asthma)
Exercise increase release Epi/NE by SNS causes smooth muscle relaxation, airway dilation, increase vent.
PNS and allergic rxns; histamine, contract bronchiolar smooth muscle and constricts airway

89
Q

Histology: Bronchi vs. Bronchioles

A

Presence of cartilage in bronchus which allows larger diameter of the airway and prevent collapse

90
Q

Lung Hilum

A

Bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit

Vagus nerve, epi, and norepi

91
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

parasympathetic innervation (Ach) causes bronchial smooth muscle constriction

92
Q

Epi & Norepi

A

bronchial dilation

93
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Adherant to chest wall

Highly sensitive to pain

94
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Adherant to surface of the lungs

No pain sensation

95
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

Space between the two pleura
Small amount serous fluid is useful to lubricate lung surface during respiration (acculumate large amt of fluid and compress lung)
provides surface tension for the lungs to remain adherant to chest wall during respiration and movement of chest muscles: lung expand

96
Q

Left Lung

A

Contains concavity (cardiac notch)
Apex of the heart sits there (cardiac notch)
10% smaller than the right due to space occupied by heart
Oblique fissure separates the superior and inferior lobes

97
Q

Right Lung

A 
thicker, broader, shorter than left lungs because diaphragm is higher on the right side to accomodate the liver
Oblique fissure (superior)-separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe. The inferior part separates the inferior lobe from the middle lobe
Horizontal fissure- separates the superior and middle lobes
98
Q

What divides lobes of the lungs?

A

1-2 fissures

99
Q

How many tertiary (segmental bronchi) in each lung?

A

10 in each lung

100
Q

Bronchopulmonary segment

A

Tertiary bronchi go to this segment of lung tissue

101
Q

Lobules

A

Each bronchopulmonary segment has many small compartments called lobules
Have lymphatic vessels, arteriole, a venule, branch of terminal bronchus
Surrounded by elastic connective tissue

102
Q

Respiratory Bronchioles

A

have alveoli budding from walls where gas exchange occurs
respiratory bronchioles start the respiratory zone of respiratory system
Respiratory bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts

103
Q

Alveolar sacs

A

2 or more alveoli that share a common opening

104
Q

How many alveoli in lungs?

A

300 million alveoli

105
Q

What is the surface area of alevoli?

A

70m^2

106
Q

Surfactant

A 
secreted by alevoli
phospholipids and lipoproteins
lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid
reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse
maintains patency
107
Q

Respiratory membrane contains…

A

Alveolar Wall (2 types of cells)
Epithelial basement membrane
Capilary basement membrane (fused to epithelial basement membrane)
Capillary endothelium

108
Q

How big is the respiratory membrane?

A

0.5 micrometers

109
Q

How do pulmonary blood vessels respond to hypoxia?

A

They constrict (all other body tissues dilate to increase blood flow)

Vasocontriction diverts pulmonary blood flow to better ventilated areas of the lung where gas exchange is better
(Ventilation-perfusion coupling)

110
Q

2 blood supplies of the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

Bronchial circulation- supply terminal bronchioles, outer walls pulmonary vessels, supporting tissues

CV Anatomy I (4 decks)

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