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Adult Health I > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Major cation in ECF

Major anion in ECF

A

Cation: Sodium
Anion: Chloride

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2
Q

Major cation in ICF

Major anion in ICF

A

Cation: Potassium
Anion: Phosphate

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3
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

(Pushing) pressure exerted on the walls of the blood vessels

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4
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

(Pulling) pressure exerted by the protein in the plasma

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5
Q

What is -pheresis

A

takes blood out, filters it, and puts it back in (aquapheresis is taking blood out, filtering out the water, then putting the blood back in)

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6
Q

Fluid spacing: First spacing

A

Normal distribution of fluid in ICF & ECF

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7
Q

Fluid spacing: Second spacing

A

abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema-treatment TED hose, compression stockings)

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8
Q

Fluid spacing: Third spacing

A

fluid accumulation in part of body where it is no easily exchanged with ECF (ascites - treatment poke a hole & drain)

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9
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 1

A

Hypothalamic Regulation - Stimulates thirst and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release. ADH goes to Pituitary where it is stored

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10
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 2

A

(posterior) Pituitary Regulation - pituitary releases ADH which tells us to hang on to fluids; regulates water retention by the kidneys
* SIADH-Symptom of Inappropriate ADH (too much)
* DI-Diabetes Insipidus (too little ADH)

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11
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 3

A

Adrenal Cortical Regulation (adrenals control our energy source) - Releases hormones to regulate water & electrolytes
Aldosterone - hold on to salt (where salt goes water follows)

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12
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 4

A

Renal Regulation - primary organs for regulating fluid & electrolyte balance - selective reabsorption of water & electrolytes

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13
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 5

A

Cardiac Regulation - Natriuretic peptides are antagonists to RAAS. BNP-Brain Natriuretic Peptide: enzymes that turn off Aldosterone

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14
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 6

A

Gastrointestinal Regulation - Diarrhea & vomiting can lead to significant fluid & electrolyte loss b/c body can’t control what is being lost

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15
Q

Regulation of Water Balance Step 7

A

Insensible water loss-invisible vaporization from lungs and skin to regulate body temp. Approx 600-900 ml/day lost; no electrolytes are lost, only pure water

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16
Q

Hypotonic

A

solutes are less concentrated than in the cells (cell swells)

17
Q

Hypertonic

A

solutes more concentrated than in cells (water leaves cell to dilute ECF; cell shrinks)

18
Q

IV Fluids Replacement therapy Hypotonic

A
  • More water than electrolytes
  • Pure water lyses RBC’s
  • Water moves from ECF to ICF by osmosis
  • Maintenance fluids
19
Q

IV Fluids Replacement therapy Isotonic

A
  • Expands only ECF

* No net loss or gain from ICF

20
Q

IV Fluids Replacement therapy Hypertonic

A
  • Initially expands and raises the osmolality of ECF

* Require frequent monitoring of BP, lung sounds, serum sodium levels

21
Q

Normal Saline (NS) IV Fluids Replacement therapy

A

Expands IV volume (preferred fluid)
Risk for fluid overload higher
Does not change ICF volume
*compatible with most medications

22
Q

Lactated Ringers IV Fluids Replacement therapy

A
  • Isotonic
  • More similar to plasma than NS
  • Has less NaCl
  • Has K, Ca, PO4 lactate (metabolized to HCO3)
  • Expands ECF
23
Q

D5 1/2 NS IV Fluids Replacement therapy

A

*Hypertonic
*Common maintenance fluid
KCl added for maintenance or replacment

24
Q

D10W IV Fluids Replacement therapy

A
  • Hypertonic
  • Provides 340kcal/L
  • free water
  • limit of dextrose concentration may be infused peripherally
25
Q

Plasma Expanders IV Fluids Replacement therapy

A
  • Stay in vascular space and increase osmotic pressure
  • Colloids (Protein solutions)
  • *Packed RBCs
  • *Albumin
  • *Plasma
26
Q

TPN Therapy

A

*throw out everything Q 24 hours

27
Q

Hiatal hernia: sliding

A

Portion of stomach herniates through weakened diaphragm wall, heartburn after meals, burning pain w bending over or lying down, relieved by standing or sitting

28
Q

Hiatal hernia: paraesophageal (rolling)

A

Portion of stomach herniates through weakened diaphragm wall then rolls over

29
Q

Gastrectomy (Bilroth)

A

Removal of bottom portion of stomach

  • Instrinsic factor (needed for absorption of B12) no longer released from stomach; therefore, B12, folic acid, and iron deficiencies result
  • Pt will need B12 shots
30
Q

Diverticulosis

A

presence of many abnormal pouchlike herniations in the wall of the intestine

  • High fiber
  • 95% sigmoid
  • asymptomatic
31
Q

Diverticulitis

A

inflammation of one or more of the diverticula

  • cramps, pain over site
  • could lead to peritonititis
  • low fiber & clear liq until inflammation subsides
  • antibiotics
32
Q

normal appearance of colostomy stoma

A

beefy red; if it’s less than beefy red, indicated decreased blood flow; if it’s black, call dr immediately

33
Q

pernicious anemia

A

caused by absence of IF due to gastric mucosal atrophy or autoimmune destruction of parietal cells; decrease in HCl

34
Q

IV K should not exceed

A

10-20 mEq/hr & should be on pump

do not give > 40mEq at a time

Adult Health I (3 decks)

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