Exam 2 Flashcards
bitch-
intact female dog
dog/stud-
intact male dog
whelp-
pup; young dog
whelping-
giving birth to whelps
pack-
group of dogs
litter-
multiple off spring born during same labor
feline-
cats
tom-
intact male cat/turkey
queen-
intact female cat
kitten-
young cat
queening-
giving birth to kittens
lagomorph-
rabbits
buck-
intact male rabbit
doe-
intact female rabbit
kit-
young rabbit/ferret
hob-
intact male ferret
jill-
intact female ferret
gib-
neutered male ferret
sprite-
spayed female ferret
psittacine-
parrots
cock-
intact male parrot
hen-
intact female parrot
chick-
young parrot/chicken
murine-
mice and rats
pup-
young mouse or rat
clutch-
group of eggs
rooster-
sexually mature male chicken (AKA: cock)
hen-
intact female chicken
pullet-
immature female chicken
poult-
young turkey/chicken
anserine-
geese/ducks
gander-
intact male goose
goose-
intact female goose
gosling-
young goose
drake-
intact male duck
duck-
intact female duck
duckling-
young duck
porcine-
pigs/swine
boar-
intact male pig
sow-
intact female pig
barrow-
male pig castrated when young
farrowing-
giving birth to pigs
equine-
horse/ponies/donkeys/mules
stalion-
intact male equine (4 y.o.)
colt-
intact male equine (4 y.o.)
filly-
intact female equine (4 y.o.)
gelding-
castrated male equine
mare-
intact female equine (4 y.o.)
foal-
young equine (male/female)
weanling-
young equine (1 y.o.)
yearling-
young equine between 1 and 2 y.o.
foaling-
giving birth to equine
pony-
equine between 8.2 ad 14.2 hands when mature (not young)
burro-
donkey
jack-
intact male donkey
jenny-
intact female donkey
ovine-
sheep
ram-
intact male doney
ewe-
intact female sheep
wether-
castrated male sheep
lamb-
young sheep
caprine-
goats
buck-
intact male goat
doe-
intact female goat
kid-
young goat
kidding-
giving birth to goats
camelid-
llamas/alpacas/guanocos
cria-
young llama
cavy-
guinea pigs
boar-
intact male guinea pig
sow-
intact female guinea pig
bovine-
cattle
bull-
intact male bovine
cow-
intact female bovine that has given birth
steer-
male bovine castrated when young
heifer-
young female bovine that has not given birth
calf-
young bovine
calving-
giving birth to cattle
freshening-
giving birth to dairy animals
springing heifer-
young female pregnant with first calf
definition of human-animal bond
a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and other animals that is influenced by behaviors that are essential to the well being of both
The Veterinary Professional’s Role in euthanasia
- Preparing the Client
- Preparation can begin early in the pet’s life
- Personal beliefs
- The difficult task of timing
- Explain the procedure
__________ is critical to a smooth euthanasia when the owners are present
Communication
Definition of Euthanasia
provide the animal with a quick and painless death, with minimal stress and anxiety
Death in Euthanasia is produced by
- Hypoxia
- Disruption of brain activity
Inhalation Euthanasia
- Completed with an enclosed chamber or induction mask used to deliver Inhalation anesthetics
- induces a state of unconsciousness and a second method is used to cause death
Intravenous injection Euthanasia
Most rapid and reliable, and a very desirable method for performing euthanasia; takes 3-5 minutes for death to occur
Intracardiac Injection Euthanasia
- Over dose of an anesthetic agent injected into the thoracic cavity
- Most painful method if not administered correctly
- Takes 3-5 seconds for death to occur
Captive Bolt, Gunshot Euthanasia
- Placement is between the eyes
- Used on large animals
Electrocution/Stunning Euthanasia
- Use of electricity to render the animal unconscious
- Used on large animals
Exsanguination Euthanasia
- Release of blood from the entire body, caused by cutting the jugular vein
- Used on large animals
Cervical dislocation Euthanasia
- Separation of the axis and atlas
- Animal is usually rendered unconscious by inhalation before separation
- Used on small birds, immature rats and rabbits, and mice
Pithing Euthanasia
- Injection of a sharp object into the brain stem
- Not commonly used
- Used on frogs
Decapitation Euthanasia
- Removal of the head with a guillotine
- Used for tissue on immature rats, mice, and rabbits
Verification of death methods:
- Check for eye reflex
- Vitals:Pulse,Respiration
- Cardiac stand still
Disposal of Euthanized
cremation, burial
Stages of Grief:
- Denial
- Bargaining
- Anger
- Guilt
- Sorrow
- Resolution
- Loneliness
- Replacement
Behavioral Problems seen in Dogs
- Jumping
- Obsessive behavior
- Aggression
- Separation anxiety
- Fear, nervousness
- Excessive barking
- Excitability
- House soiling, marking
- Spinning/tail chasing
- Fear of thunder
- Chewing
Behavioral Problems seen in Cats
- Fear
- Aggression
- Repetitive behavior
- Spraying/elimination problems
- Destructive behavior
Behavioral problems seen in birds
- Screaming
- Aggression
- Feather plucking
- Self-mutilation
What is behavior and where does it come from
- For any behavior to occur there must be a stimulus, some external or internal change that exceeds a threshold, causing stimulation of the nervous and/or endocrine systems
- This stimulation requires chemical messengers in the animal’s body
- Some problem behaviors are due to increased or decreased amounts of chemicals
Animal behaviors result from a combination of _______ _________ and what the animal learns as it develops
genetic inheritance
Diseases also play a role in animal behavior problems, such as ____________ in dogs, __________ in cats, and _____________ ______________ in older animals
hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cognitive dysfunction
Basic Learning Theory
- Positive reinforcement
- Rewarding stimulus immediately following a “good behavior”
- Must occur within 3-5 seconds
- Clicker Training
Negative reinforcement
- Often confused with punishment
- Traditional dog training method: Pulling up on a leash, Sitting
Punishment
- Most overused and misused behavior modification
- Punishment “after the fact” is not effective
- Can only teach an animal what not to do; cannot teach appropriate behavior
Systematic desensitization
-Process of exposing animal to a stimuli
that causes a problem
-Provokes: Anxiety/fear, Dominance aggression
_________ is the most common problem for which owners seek guidance
Aggression
Separation anxiety
animal becomes anxious and distressed when separated from owner
D.A.P. (Dog Appeasing Pheromone)
Electric diffuser helps calm and reassure your dog. Stops or prevents fear and stress in puppies and adult dogs
Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)
Normal behavior for the species, that is repetitive or constant, even to the point of being damaging to the animal
examples of OCD
Lick Granuloma, Flank or Tail Sucking, Tail Chasing, Shadow Chasing, Fly Snapping
Cognitive Dysfunction
A clinical state seen in older pets where their cognitive function declines
Causes of House soiling:
Territorial marking, Not house broken
_______ is the most important and first behaviors that young pets are expected to learn
Housetraining
____________ requires that the dog be taken out frequently, especially when it wakes up, after it eats, and whenever it appears to be sniffing around the house
Housebreaking
The puppy or dog’s confinement must not exceed the time the animal can control…
its bladder and bowels
Cats can be readily trained to use a _______
litter box
The litter box should offer some ______
privacy
Cats may avoid litter that is consistently _____, _____. or ______.
dirty, too deep, or scented
Common behavior problems in the Cat
House soiling, Spraying, Aggression
Aggression is behavior that is
intended to harm another individual
1 public health concern in children
Aggression
_____ ________ animals are typically fearful of people or may attach strongly to one or two individuals but are unable to generalize this acceptance to unfamiliar individuals
Poorly socialized
The digestive system is referred to as the:
- digestive system (or tract)
- alimentary system
- GI system (or tract)
The digestive system is basically a long, muscular tube that begins at the _____ and ends at the ______
mouth, anus
Functions of the digestive system: (3)
- intake and digestion of food and water
- absorption of nutrients
- elimination of solid wastes
Boundaries of the mouth are the ____ and _____
maxilla, mandible
forms the roof of the mouth
palate
movable muscular organ
Tongue
gloss/o and lingu/o
Tongue
front, cutting tooth
Incisor
long, pointed bonelike tooth for grasping and tearing
Canine
cheek tooth that grinds food
Premolar
caudal cheek tooth that grinds food
Molar
abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth; AKA: tartar
Dental Calculus
inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth
Periodontitis or Periodontal disease
surgical removal of a tooth
Extraction
the mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth
Gingiva
inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
groups of cells that secrete saliva
Salivary glands
sialaden/o and sial/o
Salivary glands
the cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems; AKA: throat
pharynx
a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach; AKA: gullet
esophagus
abnormally large esophagus
Megaesophagus
Also known as the peritoneal or abdominal cavity
abdomen
the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavity and some of the organs in this area
peritoneum
a saclike organ that aides in digestion of food
stomach
gastr/o
stomach
inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
inflammation of the stomach and the small intestine
Gastroenteritis
animals have one true, glandular stomach
Monogastric
have one true, glandular stomach plus three forestomachs
Ruminants
largest part of ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat
Rumen
most cranial portion of the ruminant stomach
Reticulum
third part of the ruminant stomach that squeezes fluid out of the food bolus
Omasum
fourth part of the ruminant stomach that is the true glandular stomach
Abomasum
Small intestine extends from the ________ to the _______________ _______________
pylorus, large intestine
Enter/o
small intestine
inflammation of the small intestine
Enteritis
proximal part of the small intestine
duodenum
middle part of the small intestine
jejunum
distal part of the small intestine
ileum
Four segments of the large intestine:
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus
inflammation of the colon
Colitis
abnormally large colon
Megacolon
located caudal to the diaphragm
Liver
hepat/o
Liver
degenerative disease that affects the structure and function of the liver
Cirrhosis
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
located on the undersurface of the liver; stores bile
Gallbladder
inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
Pancreas
metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use
Digestion
the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
Metabolism
the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system; AKA: assimilation
Absorption
Absorption occurs in the ________ ________
small intestine
contrast material used for radiographic studies
Barium
introduction of fluid into the rectum
Enema
removal of tissue to examine
Biopsy
_______ ________ can be used to detect some diseases of the GI tract
Blood tests
visual examination of the interior of any cavity of the body
Endoscopy
can be used to detect parasitic diseases of animals
Fecal examinations
imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves
Ultrasound
lack or loss of appetite
Anorexia
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
severe abdominal pain
Colic
condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard, dry, and difficult to pass
Constipation
ingestion of fecal material
Coprophagia
condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid
Dehydration
abnormal frequency and liquidity of fecal material
Diarrhea
disease of ruminants in which the 4th stomach becomes trapped under the rumen
Displaced abomasum (DA)
marked wasting or excessive lameness
Emaciation
forcible vomiting
Emesis
condition usually seen in deep chested dogs in which the stomach fills with air and expands
Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV)
elevated blood glucose
Hyperglycemia
low blood glucose
Hypoglycemia
stoppage of intestinal movement
Ileus
obstruction of an area, usually when the feed is too dry
Impaction
protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal; protrusion seen in the groin
Inguinal hernia
telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part
Intussusception
yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by elevated bilirubin levels; AKA: icterus
Jaundice
condition of drowsiness
Lethargy
impaired uptake of nutrients from the intestine
Malabsorption
black tarry stools containing digested blood
Melena
stomach upset or sensation of the urge to vomit
Nausea
complete stoppage or impairment to passage
Intestinal Obstruction
small growth on the mucous membrane
Polyp
protrusion of viscera (organ)
Prolapse
inflammation of the mouth
Stomatitis
erosion of tissue
Ulcer
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
Abdominocentesis
substance that prevents frequent and liquid stool
Antidiarrheal
rounded mass of food or large pharmaceutical preparation or to give something rapidly
Bolus
produces vomiting
Emetic
prevents vomiting
Antiemetic
abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs
Fistula
surgical incision into the abdomen
Laparotomy
placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach
Nasogastric intubation
passage of a tube from the mouth to the stomach
Orogastric intubation
_________ system removes wastes from the body
urinary
system that maintains homeostasis or a constant internal environment within the body
urinary
waste product filtered by the kidney
Urea
Urin/o and ur/o
urinary system
Urine is formed in the ______
kidneys
inflammation of the kidneys
Nephritis
a pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
Ureter/o
ureter
a singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine
urinary bladder
Cyst/o
urinary bladder
a tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
Urethr/o
urethra
The process of urine production
uropoiesis
-poiesis
formation
means cloudy
Turbid
the surgical puncture of the urinary bladder, usually to collect urine. A cystocentesis is performed with a needle and syringe
Cystocentesis
examination of urine components; abbreviated UA
Urinalysis
insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder.
Urinary catheterization
the hollow tube that is inserted into a body cavity to inject or remove fluid.
catheter
abnormal mineral deposit
Calculus
fibrous or protein materials found in the urine with renal disease or other abnormalities
Casts
naturally produced angular solid of definitive form
Crystals
inflammation of the urinary bladder
Cystitis
most common cause of cystitis in cats
Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)
eliminating urine at the wrong time or in the wrong place
Inappropriate urination
inability to control urine.
Incontinence
inability of the kidneys to function
Renal failure
is the sudden onset of the inability of the kidneys to function
Acute
the progressive onset of the inability of the kidneys to function
Chronic
increased urine production
Polyuria
increased thirst
Polydipsia
elevated excretion of urine
Diuresis
drugs that increase urine production
Diuretics
waste products in the blood. Uremia is seen with many types of kidney disease
Uremia
inability to completely empty the urinary bladder
Urinary retention
invasion of microorganisms into the urinary system; abbreviated UTI
Urinary tract infection
urinary bladder stone
Urolith
surgical incision into the urinary bladder
Cystotomy
surgical removal of a kidney
Nephrectomy
the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin between the anus and scrotum
Perineal urethrostomy (PU)
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular
The heart is located inside the ________ or _______ _________
thoracic, chest cavity
a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart
pericardium
Peri-
around
The upper chambers of the heart are known as _______
atria
The lower chambers of the heart are known as ________
ventricles
a membranous fold in the heart
valve
valv/o and valvul/o
valve
The rate and regularity of the heart rhythm
heartbeat
volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time
Cardiac output
abnormal heart rhythm (also known as dysrhythmia)
Arrhythmia
abnormally slow heartbeat
Bradycardia
abnormally fast heartbeat
Tachycardia
(ECG or EKG) is the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
Electrocardiogram
is listening to body sounds with a stethoscope
Auscultation
abnormal sound associated with turbulent blood flow
murmur
are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
angi/o and vas/o
vessel
single-cell thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems
Capillaries
blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart
Veins
drawing blood from a vein using a needle and syringe
Venipuncture
the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls
Blood pressure
the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure
pulse
evaluating heart structures using sound waves
Echocardiography
constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood.
Tourniquet
heart enlargement
Cardiomegaly
disease of heart muscle
Cardiomyopathy
insufficient cardiac output to meet the body’s needs; abbreviated CHF
Congestive heart failure
accumulation of fluid in heart
Congestion
accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces in heart
Edema
substances that increase urine excretion
Diuretics
heartworm infection found in dogs, cats, and ferrets
Dirofilariasis
larvae
Microfilariae
obstruction of blood flow caused by heavy heartworm infestation
Caval syndrome
prevention
Prophylaxis
inflammation of the heart
Endocarditis
below-normal levels of oxygen
Hypoxia
inadequate tissue perfusion that can occur after cardiac arrest or cessation of heartbeat.
Shock
treatment of shock, which may include fluid administration, cardiac massage, and artificial respiration
Resuscitation
use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythm
Defibrillation
introduction of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream of the recipient
Transfusion
blood flow through tissues
Perfusion
the body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells
respiratory system
the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells
Respiration
Air enters and exits the body through the _____
nose
nas/o and rhin/o
nose
the area from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx; AKA: throat
pharynx
the area between the pharynx and the trachea; AKA: voice box
larynx
extends from the neck to the chest and passes air from the larynx to the thoracic cavity
trachea
The trachea divides into two branches to form ___________
bronchi
main organ of respiration
lung
the inhalation and exhalation of air
Breathing
the drawing in of a breath
Inspiration
the release of a breath
Expiration
absence of breathing
Apnea
difficult or labored breathing
Dyspnea
respirations near death or extreme suffering
Agonal breathing
inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue
Hypoxia
act of listening
Auscultation
number of respirations per minute
Respiratory rate
instrument used to visually examine the voice box
Laryngoscope
thick mucous
Phlegm
puncture of chest with a needle to obtain fluid
Thoracocentesis
sterile collection of fluid from the trachea via a catheter
Transtracheal wash
inhalation of a foreign substance into the upper respiratory system
Aspiration
chronic allergic disorder
Asthma
inflammation of the bronchi; can be acute or chronic
Bronchitis
abnormal condition of blue discoloration
Cyanosis
localized protective response to destroy, dilute, or wall off injury
Inflammation
inflammation of the voice box
Laryngitis
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
Pleural effusion
abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion
Pneumonia
abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity
Pneumothorax
accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue
Pulmonary edema
inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes
Rhinitis
inflammation of a sinus
Sinusitis
common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits
Snuffles
inflammation of the wind pipe or trachea
Tracheitis
invasion of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, or trachea by pathogenic organisms
Upper respiratory infection (URI)
a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
Cough
hollow device inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid or gas
Chest Tube
passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the trachea; provides patent airway for anesthetics, oxygen
Endotracheal intubation
surgical incision into the windpipe
Tracheostomy
