Exam 1 Flashcards
what is vet tech?
the science and art of providing professional support service to professionals
AVMA accredited programs that educate vet techs are usually called _________
vet tech programs
when did vets hire and train employees?
1900’s
in what decade did colleges develop academic programs for vet techs?
1960’s
when and where was the first vet tech program?
Delhi, NY- 1961
vet techs are either ___,____, or ________ depending on the state.
certified, registered, or licensed
Ohio, vet techs are registered with the _____
OVMLB
vet techs must renew registration every _____
2 years
graduates must take the ______ to be licensed in the state of Ohio
VTNE
a doctor of veterinary medicine ; a graduate of a 4-year, AVMA Accredited program
vet
A graduate of an AVMA accredited program in veterinary technology; Must pass VTNE
vet technician
A graduate of a 4- year AVMA accredited program who holds a baccalaureate degree from veterinary technician study
vet technologist
person with training, knowledge, skills at the level of a clinical aide, but less than that required for a veterinary technician
vet aide/assistant
technicians responsibilities
anesthesia, clinical lab/pathology,dental care, hospitalized patients, surgery, radiology,patient services, office and hospital management, bio-medical research
vet techs cannot:
diagnose conditions, prescribe medication, perform surgery
Law in each state prescribing which persons may practice veterinary medicine and surgery in the state, and under which conditions
Veterinary Practice Act
Defines the practice of veterinary medicine, makes it illegal to practice without a license, states conditions under which a license can be revoked and penalties for violating the act
Veterinary Practice Act
_________ must be on the premises or reachable by telephone communication during and for a reasonable time after any veterinary procedure
a vet
Federal Agency; Existed only since the mid-1980’s; Concerned with hazards in the workplace
OSHA
diseases that are transmissible from animals to people
Zoonotic
Fatal viral disease that can affect any warm blooded animal, including people; Spread by contact with an infected animal’s saliva via bite wound or residue
rabies
Exposure to Pasteurella, E.coli, and Pseudomona; Commonly transferred by direct contact with the animal or its excretions; especially if you have cuts or open sores
Bacterial Infections
Ringworm; Superficial skin infection caused by the fungus Microsporum canis; Easily transmitted from animals to humans
Fungal infections
Roundworms and Hookworms can infect humans; Hookworms cause cutaneous larva migrans; affects children who play in areas where pets defecate.
Parasitism
Vials containing vaccines and bacterins, usually not hazardous unless agent can infect humans
Biologics
________ has been linked to genetic, skin, glandular and other disorders
radiation
Long-term exposure to __________ is linked to congenital abnormalities in children, spontaneous abortion, liver and kidney damage
waste anesthetic gas
Detailed information about each chemical product
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
Every chemical bottle is identified with a label containing:
Directions on use, Warnings, Ingredients
word part found at the beginning of a word
prefix
word part that gives the essential meaning of the word
root
word part found at the end of a word
suffix
a single vowel, usually an “o,” that is added to the end of a root to make the word easier to pronounce
Combining vowel
the combination of the root and the combining vowel
Combining form
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
ren/o
kidney
nephr/o
kidney
oste/o
bone
a-,an-
without or no
ab-
away from
ad-
toward
anti-
against
dys-
difficult, painful, bad
ecto-
outside of
endo-
within, inside
epi-
upper, above, upon
eu-
good, easy, normal
ex-, exo-
out of, outside, or away from
extra-
outside of or beyond
hyper-
excessive, above, beyond
hypo-
deficient, decreased, below
infra-
below, beneath
inter-
between
intra-
within
meta-
change, after, beyond
oligo-
scant or little
pan-
all, entire
per-
throughout
peri-
around
poly-
many, excessive
post-
after, behind
pre-
before
sub-
below, under
super-, supra-
above, beyond, excessive
trans-
across, through
ultra-
beyond, excess, above
-ac
pertaining to
-al
pertaining to
-an
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-eal
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
-ine
pertaining to
-ous
pertaining to
-tic
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-centesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid or gas
-dynia
pain
-ectomy
surgical removal
-emia
blood condition
-gram
record of
-graph
instrument that records
-graphy
procedure that records
-itis
inflammation
-lysis
seperation or breakdown
-malacia
abnormal softening
-megaly
enlargement
-osis
abnormal condition
-pathy
disease or condition
-penia
deficiency or lack of
-pexy
suture to stabilize; fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhage
bursting forth
-rrhaphy
to suture in place
-rrhea
flow, discharge
-rrhexis
rupture
-scope
instrument to examine
-scopy
Procedure to visually examine
-therapy
treatment
-tomy
cutting into
-um
part of
toward midline
medial
away from midline
lateral
toward the head
cranial
toward the tail
caudal
toward theabdomen
ventral
toward the back
dorsal
within the head and toward the muzzle
rostral
pertaining to the head
cephalic
nearest the midline or closer to the body
proximal
farthest from midline or from the body
distal
caudal surface of front paw
palmar
caudal surface of rear paw
plantar
front of the body
anterior
rear of the body
posterior
above, toward the head
superior
below, or toward the tail
inferior
near the surface
duperficial
below the surface
deep
divides the body into equal right and left halves
Midsagittal (Medial) plane
divides the body into right and left unequal parts
Sagittal plane
divides the body into dorsal (back) and ventral (belly) parts
Dorsal plane
divides the body into cranial and caudal parts
Transverse plane
study of body structure
anatomy
study of body function
physiology
study of the nature, causes, and development of abnormal conditions
pathology
study of disease
etiology
the arrangement of teeth
dental arcade
faces the tongue
Lingual surface
faces the cheek
Buccal surface
facing the lips
Labial surface
contains the brain in the skull
Cranial cavity
contains the spinal cord within the spinal column
Spinal cavity
contains the heart and lungs
Thoracic cavity/chest cavity
contains the reproductive and some excretory organs
Pelvic cavity
contains the major organs of digestion ; also known as the “peritoneal cavity”
Abdominal cavity
lying on the back
Dorsal recumbency
lying on the abdomen
Ventral recumbency
lying on the left side
Left lateral recumbency
lying on the right side
Right lateral recumbency
the basic structural units of the body
cells
the study of cells
Cytology
any disease or condition caused by defective genes
Genetic disorder
denotes something that is present at birth
Congenital
a deviation from what is regarded as normal
Anomaly
a group of specialized cells that join together to perform a certain function
tissue
the study of tissues
Histology
covers internal and external body surfaces
Epithelial
holds organs in place and binds body parts together
connective
ability to contract and relax
Muscle
react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses
Nervous
-plasia
describes formation, development, and growth of tissue and cell numbers
-trophy
describes formation, development, and increased size of tissue and cells
aplasia
no development of an organ, tissue, or cell
Hypoplasia
less than normal development of an organ , tissue, or cell
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of normal cells
Dysplasia
abnormal growth or development of an organ, tissue, or cell
Anaplasia
change in the structure of cells
Neoplasia
any abnormal growth of tissue in which multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, more rapid than normal, and progressive
a distinct mass of tissue
tumor
Benign
not recurring
Malignant
tending to spread and become life-threatening
-oma
means tumor
groups of specialized cells that secrete material used elsewhere in the body
glands
aden/o
means gland
glands that secrete material into ducts
Exocrine glands
exo-
means out
-crine
means secrete
glands that secrete chemicals into the bloodstream for transportation to organs and other structures throughout the body
Endocrine glands
endo-
means within
a part of the body that performs a special function or functions
organ
the science of preventing disease in animals
Veterinary preventative medicine
Room temp. at ________ degrees for small animals
65-84
Light sufficient for _________ is adequate for most animals
humans
All species do better when there is a definite difference between _____________.
day and night
Animals should never be kept in ____________ without access to shade.
direct sunlight
Inadequate_______________ in an enclosure increases urine odors, ammonia levels, and airborne bacteria and viruses
air exchange
an enclosure should be minimum of times the body size of the animal
10
Do not buy feed that shows large amounts of ________ by the bag or box
oil uptake
consists of two systems that work together to support the body and allow for movement of the animal
musculoskeletal system
branch of surgery dealing with preservation and restoration of bones
Orthopedic
- form the framework that supports and protects -the body
- aid in body movement
- function to form blood cells
- store and release minerals like calcium
bones
protects the ends of bones where they contact each other; connective tissue that is more elastic than bone
Cartilage
______ is one of the hardest tissues in the body.
bone
The formation of bone from fibrous tissue
ossification
a type of cartilage that covers the joint surfaces of bone
Articular cartilage
a curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints
meniscus
chondr/o
means cartilage
connections between bones; aid in movement of the body
joints
are also known as articulations
joints
arthr/o
means joints
bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect one bone to another
Ligaments
ligament/o
means Ligaments
destabilizes the stifle joint causing destruction to the cartilage
Anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACL)
bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
Tendons
ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o
means tendon
oste/o, oss/e, and oss/i
mean bone
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
axial skeleton
the framework that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle
appendicular skeleton
The skeleton is divided into two parts:
axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
supports the head and body and provides protection for the spinal cord
vertebral column
The vertebral column is comprised of individual bones called
vertebra
spondyl/o and vertebr/o
mean vertebra
skull has air or fluid filled spaces called
sinuses
dogs with short, wide heads
Brachycephalic
dogs that have long, narrow heads
Doliocephalic
Digits are extremities made up of _________.
phalanges
Digit 1 of dogs is commonly called _________.
dewclaw
mammal with hooves
Ungulate
one bone of the digit
Phalanx
onych/o
means claw or nail
In cats a surgical procedure to remove the claws is commonly called _________.
declaw
the medical term for declaw
onychectomy
the surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis
Arthrocentesis
visual exam of the joint using a fiber optic scope
Arthroscopy
study of internal structures used to detect fractures and diseases of bones
Radiology
abnormal development of the pelvis causing improper alignment; most commonly seen in large breed dogs
Hip dysplasia
rupture or protrusion of cushioning disc found between vertebrae that results in pressure on the spinal cord
Intervertebral Disc Disease; IVDD
dislocation or displacement of a bone from its joint
Luxation
degenerative joint disease commonly associated with aging or wear and tear on the joints
Osteoarthritis
disorder of cartilage maturation creating a flap on the surface of the cartilage
Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)
inflammation/infection of the bone or bone marrow
Osteomyelitis
abnormal loss of bone density
Osteoporosis
malignant bone cancer in dogs and cats
Osteosarcoma
inflammation of every part of a bone in young, large breed dogs
Panosteitis
inflammation of the spinal column vertebrae
Spondylosis
broken bone
Fracture
crackling sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together
Crepitation
attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or dislocation
Manipulation/reduction
the act of holding, suturing, or fastening a bone in a fixed position, usually with a bandage or cast
Immobilization
deposit around the area of bone fracture that may eventually become bone
Callus
broken bone in which there is no open wound in the skin
Closed fracture
also known as a simple fracture
Closed fracture
broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin
Open fracture
also known as: compound fracture
Open fracture
broken bone is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces
Comminuted fracture
bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent
Greenstick fracture
also called: incomplete fracture
Greenstick fracture
the removal of all or part of a body part
Amputation
surgical procedure where the head of the femur is removed.
Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO)
organs that contract to produce movement
Muscles
made up of long, slender cells called muscle fibers
Muscles
my/o
means muscle
fibr/o and fibros/o
means fibrous tissue
is a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
fascia
fasci/o and fasc/i
means fascia
fibrous connective tissues that connect muscle to bone
tendons
tend/o, tendin/o, and ten/o
means tedon
band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion
Adhesion
inability to voluntarily control muscle movement
Ataxia
tumor made of connective tissue
Fibroma
protrusion of a body part through tissues that normally contain it
hernia
looseness
Laxity
abnormal condition or disease of muscle
Myopathy
inflammation of the tendons
Tendonitis
muscle spasms or twitching
Tetany
surgical removal of muscle or part of a muscle
Myectomy
surgical incision into a muscle
Myotomy
The digestive system is referred to as the
digestive system (or tract), alimentary system, and GI system (or tract)
a long, muscular tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
digestive system
Functions of the digestive system:
intake and digestion of food and water, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid wastes
Contains the lips, cheeks, palates (hard and soft), salivary glands, tongue, and teeth
mouth or oral cavity
Boundaries of the mouth are the ________ and________.
maxilla and mandible
forms the roof of the mouth
palate
palat/o
means palate
a movable muscular organ
Tongue
gloss/o and lingu/o
means tongue
front, cutting tooth
Incisor
long, pointed bonelike tooth for grasping and tearing
Canine
cheek tooth that grinds food
Premolar
caudal cheek tooth that grinds food
Molar
abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth
Dental Calculus
Also called Tartar
Dental Calculus
inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth
Periodontitis or Periodontal disease
surgical removal of a tooth
Extraction
mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth
Gingiva
inflammation of the gums
Gingivitis
are groups of cells that secrete saliva
Salivary glands
sialaden/o and sial/o
means Salivary glands
the cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems
pharynx
Also known as the throat
pharynx
a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach
esophagus
Also known as the gullet
esophagus
esophag/o
means esophagus
abnormally large esophagus
Megaesophagus
Also known as the peritoneal or abdominal cavity
abdomen
the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavity and some of the organs in this area
peritoneum
a saclike organ that aides in digestion of food
stomach
gastr/o
means stomach
inflammation of the stomach
Gastritis
nflammation of the stomach and the small intestine
Gastroenteritis
animals have one true, glandular stomach
Monogastric
have one true, glandular stomach plus three forestomachs
Ruminants
largest part that serves as a fermentation vat
Rumen
most cranial portion
Reticulum
third part that squeezes fluid out of the food bolus
Omasum
fourth part that is the true glandular stomach
Abomasum
Small intestine extends from the _____ to the _______
pylorus, large intestine
Enter/o
means small intestine
inflammation of the small intestine
Enteritis
proximal part of small intestine
duodenum
middle part of small intestine
jejunum
distal part of small intestine
ileum
Four segments of the large intestine are:
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus
inflammation of the colon
Colitis
abnormally large colon
Megacolon
located caudal to the diaphragm
Liver
hepat/o
means liver
degenerative disease that affects the structure and function of the liver
Cirrhosis
Inflammation of the liver
Hepatitis
located on the undersurface of the liver; stores bile
Gallbladder
nflammation of the gallbladder
Cholecystitis
organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones
Pancreas
metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)
inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
is the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use
Digestion
is the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
Metabolism
the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system
Absorption
also called assimilation
Absorption
contrast material used for radiographic studies
Barium
introduction of fluid into the rectum
Enema
removal of tissue to examine
Biopsy
can be used to detect some diseases of the GI tract
Blood tests
visual examination of the interior of any cavity of the body
Endoscopy
can be used to detect parasitic diseases of animals
Fecal examinations
imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves
Ultrasound
lack or loss of appetite
Anorexia
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
severe abdominal pain
Colic
condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard, dry, and difficult to pass
Constipation
ingestion of fecal material
Coprophagia
condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid
Dehydration
abnormal frequency and liquidity of fecal material
Diarrhea
disease of ruminants in which the 4th stomach becomes trapped under the rumen
Displaced abomasum (DA)
marked wasting or excessive lameness
Emaciation
forcible vomiting
Emesis
condition usually seen in deep chested dogs in which the stomach fills with air and expands
Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV)
elevated blood glucose
Hyperglycemia
low blood glucose
Hypoglycemia
stoppage of intestinal movement
Ileus
obstruction of an area, usually when the feed is too dry
Impaction
protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal; protrusion seen in the groin
Inguinal hernia
telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part
Intussusception
yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by elevated bilirubin levels
Jaundice
Also called icterus
Jaundice
condition of drowsiness
Lethargy
impaired uptake of nutrients from the intestine
Malabsorption
black tarry stools containing digested blood
Melena
stomach upset or sensation of the urge to vomit
Nausea
complete stoppage or impairment to passage
Intestinal Obstruction
small growth on the mucous membrane
Polyp
protrusion of viscera (organ)
Prolapse
inflammation of the mouth
Stomatitis
erosion of tissue
Ulcer
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
Abdominocentesis
substance that prevents frequent and liquid stool
Antidiarrheal
rounded mass of food or large pharmaceutical preparation or to give something rapidly
Bolus
producing vomiting
Emetic
prevents vomiting
Antiemetic
abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs
Fistula
surgical incision into the abdomen
Laparotomy
placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach
Nasogastric intubation
passage of a tube from the mouth to the stomach
Orogastric intubation
____________ nutrients have a hydrocarbon structure that produces energy through digestion, metabolism, or transformation
Energy-producing
Dietary protein is used _______________
to build body tissues
Composed of fatty acids; Contain more energy per unit of weight than any other nutrient
fats
2 kinds of carbohydrates
soluble or insoluble
Non-energy producing nutrients play an important role throughout the body system often called ______________
the “gatekeepers of metabolism”
______ balance affects the ability to excrete waste into the urine by the kidneys
water
Organic molecules required only in minute amounts
vitamins
Usually distributed in ionized form as a cation or anion electrolyte; Involved with acid/base balance, clotting factors, nerve conditioning, muscle contractions
minerals
Feeding methods
Portion control, Free choice, and Time control
Feeding geriatric dogs
Dietary protein should be of high value, Dietary fats must be sufficiently digestible, Phosphorus should be limited
Kittens that are orphaned or born to queens unable to nurse must be _______________
hand fed
Adult cats typically eat _________ meals
several small
Feeding cats with lower urinary tract disease
more often in obese, sedentary cats; Dietary management help prevent future episodes; manipulation of dietary mineral, fiber, and water intake; Special diets are available
Feeding geriatric cats
It may be necessary to enhance the aroma and taste of foods to improve their palatability
Feeding the gestating and lactating cat
Allow the queen free access to food during the last 30 days of gestation; Assess weight gain and body condition; Free food should be available
The patient is a candidate for nutritional support if:
- The patient loses more than 10% of body weight
- The patient has a decreased appetite or anorexia
- The patient loses body condition from vomiting, diarrhea, trauma, or wounds
- The patient has increased needs due to fever, sepsis, wounds, surgery, organ dysfunction, or chronic disease
Pet rodents can be fed ____________________
commercial rodent chow or pellets (90% of diet)
Guinea pigs require a dietary source of _________
vitamin C
Rabbits should be fed mainly free-choice ________
hay
Ferrets can be fed ______________________
specially formulated ferret diets, or commercial kitten or cat food
Iguanas are _________
herbivores
Most species of snakes are ________ and eat _________
carnivores, whole prey
ox turtles eat a large amount of __________ and _________
plant material, animal proteins
Forages are made up of most or all of the ________
plant
concentrates are _____ in fiber, and ______ in energy and/or protein
Low, high
Residues of the feed processing industry, including sugar beet pulp, bakery waste, blood, meat, fish, and bone meal, brewer’s grains, tallow, and whey
By-product
Buffers, hormones, binders, and medications; Used to stimulate animal performance, improve feed efficiency, and improve animal health or metabolic status
Non-nutritive Additives
